Chuukese(/tʃuːˈkiːz/), also renderedTrukese(/trʌˈkiːz/),[2]is aChuukic languageof theAustronesian language familyspoken primarily on the islands ofChuukin theCaroline IslandsinMicronesia.There are communities of speakers onPohnpei,andGuam.Estimates show that there are about 45,900 speakers in Micronesia.[1]
| Chuukese | |
|---|---|
| Trukese | |
| Chuuk | |
| Native to | Federated States of Micronesia |
| Region | Chuuk |
| Ethnicity | Chuukese |
Native speakers | (51,330 cited 2000 census)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Latin script | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Federated States of Micronesia |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | chk |
| ISO 639-3 | chk |
| Glottolog | chuu1238 |
Classification
editChuukese is anAustronesian languageof theMicronesiansubbranch. It is one of the dialects making up the Chuukic subgroup of Micronesian languages, together with its close relatives likeWoleaian,andCarolinian.[3]
Phonology
editChuukese has the unusual feature of permitting word-initialgeminate(double) consonants. The common ancestor of Western Micronesian languages is believed to have had this feature, but most of its modern descendants have lost it.[4]
TrukandChuukare a difference in orthography, and both older⟨tr⟩and current⟨ch⟩transcribe the sound[ʈʂ].
| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar/ Palatal |
Velar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lab. | |||||
| Nasal | plain | m | mʷ | n | ŋ | |
| tense | mː | mːʷ | ŋː | |||
| Plosive/Affricate | p | pʷ | t | ʈʂ | k | |
| Fricative | plain | f | s | |||
| tense | fː | sː | ||||
| Trill | r | |||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | |||
Consonants are doubled in Chuuk when they have a voiceless sound. Some consonant combinations are frequently denasalized between vowels when doubled.[5][6][7]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | ɨ | u |
| Mid | e | ʌ | o |
| Low | æ | a | ɒ |
Orthography
editChuukese is one of the few languages allowing for word initial double consonants:[4]
| Chuukese spelling | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | á | e | é | i | o | ó | u | ú | f | ff | s | ss | k | kk | m | mm | mw | mmw | n | ng | nng | p | pp | pw | ppw | r | ch | t | tt | w | y |
| IPA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ɐ | a | e | ə | i | o | ɑ | u | ɨ | f | fː | s | sː | k | kː | m | mː | mˠ | mˠː | nn̩ | ŋ | ŋː | p | pː | p~b | pː | r | tʂ | t̪ | t̪ː | w | j |
References
edit- ^abChuukeseatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
- ^Bauer, Laurie (2007).The linguistic student's handbook(1 ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.ISBN9780748627592.
- ^Lynch, John;Ross, Malcolm;Crowley, Terry(2002).The Oceanic languages.Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.ISBN978-0-7007-1128-4.OCLC48929366.
- ^ab"Reflexes of initial gemination in Western Micronesian languages"(PDF).University of California, Los Angeles.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on June 9, 2012.Retrieved8 September2005.
- ^Goodenough, Ward Hunt; Sugita, Hiroshi (1980).Trukese-English dictionary = Pwpwuken tettenin fóós, Chuuk-Ingenes(1 ed.). Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.ISBN978-0871691415.
- ^Yunick, Stanley Jr. (2000). "Linguistics, TESL, and language planning in Micronesia".Studies in the Linguistic Sciences.30(1). Champaign: University of Illinois Press:183–200.
- ^Goodenough, Ward H. (1992).Gradual and Quantum Changes in the History of Chuukese (Trukese) Phonology.Oceanic Linguistics 31. pp.93–114.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
External links
edit- Chuukese Wordlist at the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database(Archive)
- Howard, Jocelyne. "CHUUKESE TRANSLATIONS."()University of Hawaii.
- Kaipuleohone have archive materials for Chuukese includingwritten materials,audio recordings,and additionalaudio recordings from Brian Diettrich's MA thesis.
- Portland State University Multicultural Topics in Communications Sciences & Disorders | ChuukeseArchived2020-05-19 at theWayback Machine