Wikipedia

Chuvash people

For other uses, seeChuvash (disambiguation).
Not to be confused withChumash people.

TheChuvash people[a](Chuvash:чӑвашсем,romanized:çăvaşsem,pronounced[tɕəˈʋaʃsem];Russian:чуваши,romanized:čuvaši,pronounced[tɕʊˈvaʂɨ]) are aTurkicethnic group, a branch of theOğurs,inhabiting an area stretching from theIdel-Uralregion toSiberia.

Chuvash
чӑвашсем
çăvaşsem
Old Chuvash men, the beginning of 20th century
Total population
c. 1.1 million
Regions with significant populations
Russia
(Chuvashia)		1,067,139
684,930[1]
Kazakhstan22,305[2]
Ukraine10,593[3]
Uzbekistan10,074[4]
Tajikistan3,904[5]
Turkmenistan2,281[6]
Belarus2,242[7]
Moldova1,204[8]
Languages
Chuvash
Russian
Religion
Majority:
Orthodox Christianity
Minority:
Vattisen Yaly(ethnic religion)
Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Volga Tatars[9]

Most of them live inChuvash Republicand the surrounding areas, although Chuvash communities may be found throughout theRussian Federationas well as inCentral Asia.They speakChuvash,aTurkic languagethat diverged from other languages in thefamilymore than a millennium ago. Among the Chuvash believers, the majority areEastern Orthodox Christiansalthough a minority followVattisen YalyorSunni Islam.

Etymology

edit

There is no universally acceptedetymologyof the wordChuvash,but there are two theories. One theory suggests that the wordChuvashmay be derived fromCommon Turkicjăvaş('friendly', 'peaceful'), as opposed toşarmăs('warlike').

Another theory is that the word is derived from theTabghach,an early medievalXianbeiclan and founders of theNorthern Wei dynastyin China. TheOld TurkicnameTabghach(TuobainMandarin) was used by someInner Asianpeoples torefer to Chinalong after this dynasty.Gerard Clausonhas shown that through regular sound changes, the clan name Tabghach may have transformed to the ethnonym Chuvash.[12]

Language

edit
Main article:Chuvash language

Chuvash is aTurkic languagespoken inEuropean Russia,primarily in theChuvash Republicand adjacent areas. It is the only surviving member of theOghurbranch of Turkic languages, one of the two principal branches of the Turkic family.[13][14]

Although there is no direct evidence, some scholars believe that Chuvash may be descendant from a dialect ofVolga Bulgar language[15]while others support the idea that Chuvash is another distinctOghur Turkiclanguage.[16]Since the surviving literary records for the non-Chuvash members of Oghuric (Bulgarand possiblyKhazar) are scant, the exact position of Chuvash within the Oghuric family cannot be determined.

Some scholars suggestHunnishhad strong ties withBulgarand to modern Chuvash[17]and refer to this extended grouping as separate Hunno-Bulgar languages.[18][19]However, such speculations are not based on proper linguistic evidence, since the language of the Huns is almost unknown except for a few attested words and personal names. Scholars generally consider Hunnish as unclassifiable.[20][21][22][23]

Chuvash woman in traditional attire

Italian historian and philologistIgor de Rachewiltznoted a significant distinction of the Chuvash language from other Turkic languages. According to him, the Chuvash language does not share certain common characteristics with Turkic languages to such a degree that some scholars consider Chuvash as an independent branch from Turkic and Mongolic. The Turkic classification of Chuvash was seen as a compromise solution for classification purposes.[24][25][b]

Despite grammatical similarity with the rest of Turkic language family, the presence of changes in Chuvash pronunciation (which are hard to reconcile with other members of the Turkic family) has led some scholars to see Chuvash as originating not fromProto-Turkic,but from another proto-language spoken at the time of Proto-Turkic (in which case Chuvash and all the remaining Turkic languages would be part of a larger language family).[26]

The Oghuric branch is distinguished from the rest of the Turkic family (theCommon Turkic languages) by twosound changes:rcorresponding to Common Turkiczandlcorresponding to Common Turkicš.[27]The first scientific fieldwork description of Chuvash, byAugust Ahlqvistin 1856, allowed researchers to establish its proper affiliation.[28]

Chuvash is so divergent from the main body of Turkic languages that Chuvash was first believed to be aTurkifiedFinno-Ugriclanguage, or an intermediate branch betweenTurkicandMongoliclanguages.[29][30]Russianlanguage and neighboringMariandVolga Tatarheavily influenced the Chuvash language.[31][32]

Mongolian,ArabicandPersianalso influenced Chuvash.[33][34]Chuvash language has two to three dialects.[35][36]Although Chuvash is taught at schools and sometimes used in the media, it is consideredendangeredby theUNESCO,[37][38]sinceRussiandominates in most spheres of life and few children learning the language are likely to become active users.

The subdivision of the Chuvash people are as below:

  • Virjal(вирьял, тури,'upper')
  • Anat jenchi(анат енчи,'mid-lower')
  • Anatri(анатри,'lower')
  • Hirti(хирти,'steppe') (this is a sub-group that is recognized by some researchers)

History

edit
Main article:History of Chuvashia

Origins

edit

There are two rival schools of thought on the origin of the Chuvash people. One is that they originated from a mixing between theSabirtribes and theFinno-Ugrians.[39]The other is that they have descendant fromVolga Bulgars.Throughout history, they have experienced significant infusion and influence, not only fromRussianand other Turkic peoples but also from neighboringUralic tribeswith whom they were persistently and mistakenly identified for centuries.[25]

TheSabirswho believed to have come fromSiberia,they lived there at least the end of the third millennium BC.[40][41][42]They were skilled in warfare, used siege machinery,[43]had a large army (including women[44]) and were boatbuilders. Sabirs led incursions intoTranscaucasiain thelate-400s/early-500s,but quickly began serving as soldiers and mercenaries during theByzantine–Sasanian Warson both sides. Their alliance with the Byzantines laid the basis for the laterKhazar-Byzantine alliance.[45]

Early history

edit
Chuvash girls in traditional costumes

In the early first century AD, theBulgarswhom may related to Chuvash started moving west throughZhetysuand the steppes of modern-dayKazakhstan,reaching theNorth Caucasusin the 2nd to 3rd centuries AD. There they established several states (Old Bulgariaon theBlack Seacoast and theSuar Duchyin modern-day Dagestan). Old Bulgaria broke up in the second half of the 7th century after a series of successfulKhazarinvasions.Sabirswho were a tribe within theKhazar Khanate,subsequently undertook a migration to theVolga-Kamaregion along with otherOghuric tribes,ultimately founded theVolga Bulgaria,which eventually became extremely wealthy: its capital then being the 4th-largest city in the world.[citation needed]

Shortly after that, another state founded by Sabirs in Caucasus known asSuar Principalitywas forced to become avassal stateof Khazaria. About half a century later, the Suars took part in theArab–Khazar warsof 732–737. The adoption of Islam in the early tenth century in Volga Bulgaria led to most of its people embracing that religion.[46]

After theMongolsdestroyedVolga Bulgariain 1236, theGolden Hordekept control of the region until its slow dissolution fromc.1438. TheKazan Khanatethen became the new authority of the region and of the Chuvash. The modern name "Chuvash" began to appear in records starting from the sixteenth century from Russian and other foreign sources.[47]

In 1552, the Russians conquered the Kazan Khanate and its territories. The Chuvash, required to payyasak,gradually became dispossessed of much of their land. Many Chuvash who traditionally engaged in agriculture were forced to becomebonded laborersin the timber industry or to work inbargesdue to growing poverty.[48]The subsequent centuries saw theChristianizationandRussificationof the Chuvash. During this period, most Chuvash converted toOrthodox Christianity,but theTsarsnever achieved their complete Russification.[47][need quotation to verify]

After conversion, Russian HistorianVasily Nikitich Tatishchevpersonally visited the lands ofVolga Bulgariaand wrote in 1768 that Bulgars also migrated toBashkortostanand North of Kazan (i.e. modern-dayChuvashia).

Down theVolga River,the Chuvash, the ancientBulgars,filled the entire county ofKazanandSimbirsk.Now, after receiving baptism, very few of them remain, because many, not wanting to be baptized, moved to theBashkirsand settled in other counties.

— V. N. Tatishchev."Russian History". Part I. Chapter 22.[49]

Modern history

edit
Chuvash diaspora inVolga Federal District

The 18th and 19th centuries saw the revival of Chuvash culture and the publication of many educational, literary, and linguistic works, along with the establishment of schools and other programs. TheChuvash languagebegan to be used in local schools, and a special written script for the Chuvash language was created in 1871.[47]

On 24 June 1920, theBolshevikgovernment of theRSFSRestablished theChuvash Autonomous Region;it became theChuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republicon 21 April 1925. Around this time Chuvash nationalism grew, but theSovietauthorities attempted to suppress nationalist movements by re-drawing the borders of the republic, leaving many Chuvash living in neighboring republics or in Russian districts. During most of the Soviet period of 1917–1991, the Chuvash were subjected to Russification campaigns.[50]

The Chuvash language vanished from educational and public use. In 1989, another Chuvash cultural revival began[51]- partly in response to these changes. Soon the Chuvash language once again came into use in educational, public, and political life.[47]As of 2005,schools in the Chuvash Republic and in areas outside that have large Chuvash populations teach the Chuvash language and culture. Chuvash people around Russia also have media available to them in their local communities.[47][need quotation to verify]

Genetics

edit
Autosomal ancestry proportions of the Chuvash and several other populations, according to Kushniarevich et al. (2015).[52]

Physical anthropologists using the racial frameworks of the early 20th century saw the Chuvash as a mixedFinno-UgricandTurkicpeople.[53][25]An autosomal analysis (2015) detected an indication ofOghurand possiblyBulgarancestry in modern Chuvash. These Oghur tribes brought the Chuvash language with them.[54]Another study found some Finno-Ugric components in Chuvash people.[55]

Phenotypically, there is no particular differences among the Chuvash, as more Caucasoid or more Mongoloid phenotypes can be found among all subgroups.[56][57]In 2017, a full genome study found Chuvash largely show a Finno-Ugric genetic component despite having a small commonTurkiccomponent withBashkirandTatarpeoples. This study supportedlanguage shifthypothesis among Chuvash population.[58]

Culture

edit
A group of Chuvash children with their traditional dress (Anat jenchi - Middle Low Chuvash)

They speak theChuvash languageand have some pre-Christiantraditions. The Chuvash have specific patterns used in embroidery, which is found in their traditional clothing.[59]Many people also use theRussianandTatarlanguages, spoken in Chuvashia and nearby regions along the middle course of the Volga River, in the central part of European Russia.[citation needed]

Religion

edit
Baptized Chuvash people, 1870

Most Chuvash people areEastern Orthodox Christiansand belong to theRussian Orthodox Churchwhile a minority areSunni Muslimsor practitioners ofVattisen Yaly.After the Russian subjugation of the Chuvash in the 16th century, a campaign of Christianization began. However, most Chuvash were not converted until the mid-19th century.[60]The Chuvash retain some pre-Christian and pre-Islamicshamanismtraditions in their cultural activities.[60][47]Parallel pray in the shrines calledkeremetand sacrifice geese there. One of the main shrines is located in the town of Bilyarsk.Vattisen Yalyis a contemporary revival of the ethnic religion of the Chuvash people.

A minority of Chuvash may have been exposed to Islam as early as the Volga Bulgaria era but most of those early Chuvash likely converted during the Golden Horde period.[48]An inscription dated at 1307 indicates that some Chuvash were converted to Islam, and religious terms occur in Chuvash in the form of Tatar loanwords.[61]However, sources do not specify the practices of the Chuvash during this period. Some Chuvash who converted to Christianity following the Russian conquest converted to Islam during the 19th and early 20th century.[48]During this period, several Chuvash communities were influenced byTatarsand became Muslim. This caused some Muslim Chuvash to define themselves as Tatars but they retained their language and several Chuvash customs.[62][63]

See also

edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related toChuvash people.

Notes

edit
  1. ^UK:/ˈtʃuːvɑːʃ/CHOO-vahsh,[10]US:/tʃʊˈvɑːʃ/chuu-VAHSH;[11]
  2. ^Rachewiltz's classification implies that Chuvash is a separate branch of the wider "Altaic"language grouping, which is itself controversial and has no general consensus within linguistic circles.

References

edit
  1. ^Ethnic groups of Russia in the 2021 census.(in Russian)
  2. ^"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей".Demoscope.ru.21 March 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 4 June 2011.Retrieved9 February2016.
  3. ^"Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 - English version - Results - Nationality and citizenship - The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue - Selection".2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua.
  4. ^[1][dead link‍]
  5. ^"Chuvash".Ethnologue.Retrieved26 September2023.
  6. ^"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей".Demoscope.ru.21 March 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 14 March 2012.Retrieved9 February2016.
  7. ^"НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СОСТАВ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ (ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF POPULATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS)".Archived fromthe originalon 7 February 2009.Retrieved21 October2009.
  8. ^"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей".Demoscope.ru.21 March 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 25 January 2016.Retrieved9 February2016.
  9. ^"Татары и чуваши ветви одного древа"(PDF)(in Russian). Cheboksary, Kazan. 8 October 2021.Archived(PDF)from the original on 23 April 2023.Retrieved23 April2023.
  10. ^"Chuvash".LexicoUK English Dictionary.Oxford University Press.Archived fromthe originalon 12 June 2020.
  11. ^"Chuvash".LexicoUK English Dictionary US English Dictionary.Oxford University Press.Archived fromthe originalon 12 June 2020.
  12. ^Gerard Clauson,Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics.Routledge, 2002, p. 23.
  13. ^Clauson, Gerard (2002).Studies in Turkic and Mongolic linguistics.Taylor & Francis.ISBN0-415-29772-9.
  14. ^Price, Glanville (2000).Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe.Wiley-Blackwell.ISBN0-631-22039-9.
  15. ^Agyagási, K. (2020)."A Volga Bulgarian Classifier: A Historical and Areal Linguistic Study".University of Debrecen.3:9.Modern Chuvash is the only descendant language of the Ogur branch.The ancestors of its speakers left the Khazar Empire in the 8th century and migrated to the region at the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers, where they founded the Volga Bulgarian Empire in the 10th century. In the central Volga region three Volga Bulgarian dialects developed, and Chuvash is the descendant of the 3rd dialect of Volga Bulgarian (Agyagási 2019: 160–183). Sources refer to it as a separate language beginning with 1508
  16. ^Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á, eds. (2021).The Turkic Languages.Routledge.doi:10.4324/9781003243809.ISBN978-1-003-24380-9.Another Turkic people in the Volga area are the Chuvash, who, like the Tatars, regard themselves as descendants of the Volga Bulghars in the historical and cultural sense. It is clear that Chuvash belongs to the Oghur branch of Turkic, as the language of the Volga Bulghars did, but no direct evidence for diachronic development between the two has been established. As there were several distinct Oghur languages in the Middle Ages, Volga Bulghar could represent one of these, and Chuvash another.
  17. ^Pritsak, Omeljan(1982). "The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan".Harvard Ukrainian Studies.IV(4). Cambridge, Massachusetts:Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute:470.ISSN0363-5570.JSTOR41036005.The language had strong ties to Bulgar language and to modern Chuvash, but also had some important connections, especially lexical and morphological, to Ottoman Turkish and Yakut
  18. ^Ramer, Alexis Manaster."Proto-Bulgarian/Danube Bulgar/Hunno-Bulgar Bekven".Granberg's suggestion that we should revive the term Hunno-Bulgar may well became that replacement — once it is clear that Hunnic and Bulgar were closely related and perhaps even the same language.
  19. ^PRITSAK, OMELJAN (1982)."The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan".Harvard Ukrainian Studies.6(4):428–476.ISSN0363-5570.JSTOR41036005.Archived fromthe originalon 23 April 2023.Retrieved23 April2023.p. 430 "I was able to establish a Danube- Bulgarian nominative- suffix /A/ from the consonant stems. Recalling that Danube- Bulgarian was a Hunnic language."
  20. ^Savelyev, Alexander (27 May 2020).Chuvash and the Bulgharic Languages.Oxford University Press. p. 448.ISBN978-0-19-880462-8.Retrieved30 March2024.
  21. ^Golden, Peter B. (1992).An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state-formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East.Turcologica. Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz. pp. 88 89.ISBN978-3-447-03274-2.
  22. ^RÓNA-TAS, ANDRÁS (1 March 1999).Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages.Central European University Press. p. 208.doi:10.7829/j.ctv280b77f.ISBN978-963-386-572-9.
  23. ^Sinor, Denis (1997).Studies in medieval inner Asia.Collected studies series. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate. p. 336.ISBN978-0-86078-632-0.
  24. ^Rachewiltz, Igor de.Introduction to Altaic philology: Turkic, Mongolian, Manchu/ by Igor de Rachewiltz and Volker Rybatzki; with the collaboration of Hung Chin-fu. p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental Studies = Handbuch der Orientalistik. Section 8, Central Asia; 20). — Leiden; Boston, 2010. — P. 7.
  25. ^abcKrueger, John R. (1961).Chuvash Manual. Introduction, Grammar, Reader, and Vocabulary.Hague. pp.7–8.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  26. ^Encyclopedia of Linguistics.p. 39.
  27. ^Johanson (1998); cf. Johanson (2000, 2007) and the articles pertaining to the subject in Johanson & Csató (ed., 1998).
  28. ^Korhonen, Mikko (1986).Finno-Ugrian Language Studies in Finland 1828-1918.Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica. p. 80.ISBN951-653-135-0.
  29. ^Savelyev, Alexander (June 2020)."Chuvash and the Bulgharic languages".The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages.p. 446-464.doi:10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0028.ISBN978-0-19-880462-8.Retrieved25 April2023.
  30. ^"Chuvash language | Alphabet, People, & Meaning | Britannica".Retrieved25 April2024.Formerly, scholars considered Chuvash to be a Turkicized Finno-Ugric (Uralic) language or an intermediate branch between Turkic and Mongolian. The distinct character of Chuvash is also indicated by its lack of mutual intelligibility with the other Turkic languages
  31. ^Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á, eds. (2021).The Turkic Languages.Routledge. p. 7.doi:10.4324/9781003243809.ISBN978-1-003-24380-9.Chuvash have a quite a different history than their neighbors, the Tatars, but they have been in a cultural contact with them, as is clear from linguistic evidence.
  32. ^Matti Miestamo; Anne Tamm; Beáta Wagner-Nagy (24 June 2015).Negation in Uralic Languages.John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 646.ISBN978-90-272-6864-8.
  33. ^"Chuvash".Encyclopedia.The Chuvash language by virtue of a number of peculiarities differs more widely than others from the Turkic languages. There are many Chuvash words in Mari, Udmurt, Russian, and other languages. Likewise, the Chuvash language has borrowings from Arabic, Persian, Kypchak-Tatar, Finnish-Ugric, and Russian.
  34. ^Poppe, Nicholas (1977). "On Chuvash-Mongolian Linguistic Contacts".Journal of the American Oriental Society.97(2):111–114.doi:10.2307/598999.ISSN0003-0279.JSTOR598999.
  35. ^Carl Skutsch; Martin Ryle (2005).Encyclopedia of the world's minorities.New York: Routledge.ISBN1-57958-392-X.OCLC56420105.
  36. ^Savelyev, Alexander (30 June 2020)."Chuvash and the Bulgharic languages".The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages.pp.446–464.doi:10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0028.ISBN978-0-19-880462-8.
  37. ^"Zheltov, Pavel. An Attribute-Sample Database System for Describing Chuvash Affixes"(PDF).mt-archive.info.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 21 July 2011.Retrieved21 March2018.
  38. ^Tapani Salminen (22 September 1999)."UNESCO red book on endangered languages: Europe".
  39. ^Graf, Orion M; John Mitchell; Stephen Wilcox; Gregory Livshits; and Michael H. Crawford.Chuvash origins: Evidence from mtDNA Markers. (2010).Their maternal markers appear to most closely resemble Finno-Ugric speakers rather than fellow Turkic speakers.
  40. ^Sinor, Denis (March 1990).The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia.Cambridge University Press. pp.200–201.ISBN978-0-521-24304-9.
  41. ^Golden, Peter B.An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples.p. 104.
  42. ^Golden, Peter B.Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes.p. 146.
  43. ^Golden, Peter B.Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes.p. 112.
  44. ^Golden, Peter B.Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes.p. 91.
  45. ^Golden, Peter B.Khazar Studies.p. 35.
  46. ^Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005).Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities.New York: Routledge. pp. 312, 313.ISBN1-57958-468-3.
  47. ^abcdefSkutsch, Carl, ed. (2005).Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities.New York: Routledge. pp. 312, 313.ISBN1-57958-468-3.
  48. ^abcAkiner, Shirin (1986).Islamic Peoples Of The Soviet Union (With an Appendix on the non-Muslim Turkic peoples of the Soviet Union.Routledge. pp.70–77.ISBN978-1-136-14274-1.
  49. ^Tatishchev, Vasily Nikitich (1768).Russian History(in Russian). АСТ.ISBN978-5-17-018268-8.
  50. ^ Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005).Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities.New York: Routledge (published 2013). p. 313.ISBN978-1-135-19388-1.Retrieved13 August2021.During the Soviet era, the Chuvash [...] were subjected to Russification campaigns.
  51. ^Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005).Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities.New York: Routledge (published 2013). p. 313.ISBN978-1-135-19388-1.Retrieved13 August2021.In the wake of the changes in 1989, a new Chuvash revival movement started [...].
  52. ^Kushniarevich, Alena; Utevska, Olga; Chuhryaeva, Marina; Agdzhoyan, Anastasia; Dibirova, Khadizhat; Uktveryte, Ingrida; Möls, Märt; Mulahasanovic, Lejla; Pshenichnov, Andrey; Frolova, Svetlana; Shanko, Andrey; Metspalu, Ene; Reidla, Maere; Tambets, Kristiina; Tamm, Erika (2015). Calafell, Francesc (ed.)."Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data".PLOS ONE.10(9): e0135820.Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1035820K.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135820.ISSN1932-6203.PMC4558026.PMID26332464.
  53. ^Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911)."Chuvashes".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 350.
  54. ^Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; Valeev, Albert; Litvinov, Sergei; Valiev, Ruslan; Akhmetova, Vita; Balanovska, Elena; Balanovsky, Oleg; Turdikulova, Shahlo; Dalimova, Dilbar; Nymadawa, Pagbajabyn; Bahmanimehr, Ardeshir; Sahakyan, Hovhannes; Tambets, Kristiina; Fedorova, Sardana; Barashkov, Nikolay; Khidiyatova, Irina; Mihailov, Evelin; Khusainova, Rita; Damba, Larisa; Derenko, Miroslava; Malyarchuk, Boris; Osipova, Ludmila; Voevoda, Mikhail; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Kivisild, Toomas; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Villems, Richard (21 April 2015)."The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia".PLOS Genet.11(4): e1005068.doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068.ISSN1553-7404.PMC4405460.PMID25898006.
  55. ^Suslova, T. A.; Burmistrova, A. L.; Chernova, M. S.; Khromova, E. B.; Lupar, E. I.; Timofeeva, S. V.; Devald, I. V.; Vavilov, M. N.; Darke, C. (1 October 2012). "HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in Russians, Bashkirs and Tatars, living in the Chelyabinsk Region (Russian South Urals)".International Journal of Immunogenetics.39(5):394–408.doi:10.1111/j.1744-313X.2012.01117.x.ISSN1744-313X.PMID22520580.S2CID20804610.
  56. ^http://xn--c1acc6aafa1c.xn--p1ai/?question=chuvashi-kto-oni-na-samom-deleChuvash people — who are they really
  57. ^Anthropological material about the origin of Chuvash people
  58. ^Triska, Petr; Chekanov, Nikolay; Stepanov, Vadim; Khusnutdinova, Elza K.; Kumar, Ganesh Prasad Arun; Akhmetova, Vita; Babalyan, Konstantin; Boulygina, Eugenia; Kharkov, Vladimir; Gubina, Marina; Khidiyatova, Irina; Khitrinskaya, Irina; Khrameeva, Ekaterina E.; Khusainova, Rita; Konovalova, Natalia (28 December 2017)."Between Lake Baikal and the Baltic Sea: genomic history of the gateway to Europe".BMC Genetics.18(1): 110.doi:10.1186/s12863-017-0578-3.ISSN1471-2156.PMC5751809.PMID29297395.
  59. ^"Неведомый, чудный узор"[Unknown, Wonderful Pattern. History of cross stitch in the Russian Empire].pattern.rusneb.ru.Retrieved14 October2022.[permanent dead link‍]
  60. ^abCole, Jeffrey (2011).Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia.ABC-CLIO. p. 74.ISBN978-1-59884-302-6.
  61. ^"Chuvash | Encyclopedia.com".www.encyclopedia.com.Retrieved21 April2023.
  62. ^Iagafova, Ekaterina; Bondareva, Valeriia (1 June 2020)."Chuvash 'Paganism' at the Turn of the 21st Century: Traditional Rituals in the Religious Practice of Volga–Urals Chuvash Groups".Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics.14(1):111–120.doi:10.2478/jef-2020-0007.ISSN2228-0987.In some cases, the Chuvash perceived Tatar ethnic identity as parallel to Islam, although they retained the Chuvash language and kept some elements of Chuvash culture in everyday life as well as in rituals.
  63. ^Arik, Durmuş (1 April 2007). "Islam among the Chuvashes and its Role in the Change of Chuvash Ethnicity".Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs.27(1):37–54.doi:10.1080/13602000701308814.ISSN1360-2004.Chuvashes who accepted Islam later on became imams, muezzins, teachers in madrasahs and the other religious employees. Many Chuvashes were influenced by Tatars who were strong representatives of Islam in the Volga-Urals region. This caused Chuvashes to define themselves as Tatars.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuvash_people&oldid=1273522444"