Cigar

This article is about the tobacco product. For other uses, seeCigar (disambiguation).

Not to be confused withCigarette.

Acigaris a rolled bundle of dried andfermentedtobaccoleaves made to besmoked.Cigars are produced in a variety of sizes and shapes. Since the 20th century, almost all cigars are made of three distinct components: the filler, the binder leaf which holds the filler together, and a wrapper leaf, which is often the highest quality leaf used. Often there will be acigar bandprinted with the cigar manufacturer's logo. Modern cigars can come with two or more bands, especiallyCuban cigars,showing Limited Edition (Edición Limitada) bands displaying the year of production.

A cigar with a semi-airtight storage tube and a double guillotine-style cutter

Cigar tobacco is grown in significant quantities primarily inBrazil,Central America(Costa Rica,Ecuador,Guatemala,Honduras,Mexico,Nicaragua,andPanama), and theislands of the Caribbean(Cuba,theDominican Republic,Haiti,andPuerto Rico); it is also produced in theEastern United States(mostly inFlorida,Kentucky,Tennessee,andVirginia) and in theMediterranean countriesofItaly,Greece,Spain(in theCanary Islands), andTurkey,and to a lesser degree inIndonesiaand thePhilippinesofSoutheast Asia.

Cigar smokingcarriesserious health risks,including increased risk of developing various types and subtypes ofcancers,respiratory diseases,cardiovascular diseases,cerebrovascular diseases,periodontal diseases,teeth decayandloss,andmalignant diseases.In theUnited States,thetobacco industryandcigar brandshave aggressively targetedAfrican AmericansandNon-Hispanic Whiteswith customizedadvertising techniques and tobacco-related lifestyle magazinessince the 1990s.

Etymology

The wordcigaroriginally derives from the Mayansikar( "to smoke rolled tobacco leaves" —fromsi'c,"tobacco" ). The Spanish word, "cigarro" spans the gap between the Mayan and modern use. The English word came into general use in 1730.

History

Main articles:Age of DiscoveryandHistory of smoking

Further information:European colonization of the AmericasandTobacco in the American colonies

Indigenous tobacco pipe on display at the regional museum inSan Andrés Tuxtla,Mexico

Although the origins of cigar smoking are unknown, cigar smoking was first observed by European explorers when encountering the indigenousTainopeople ofCubain 1492. While tobacco was widely diffused among many of theIndigenous peoplesof the islands of theCaribbean,it was completely unfamiliar toEuropeansbefore thediscovery of the New Worldin the 15th century.The Spanish historian, landowner, and Dominican friarBartolomé de las Casasvividly described how the first scouts sent byChristopher Columbusinto the interior ofCubafound

Men with half-burned wood in their hands and certain herbs to take their smokes, which are some dry herbs put in a certain leaf, also dry, like those the boys make on the day of the Passover of the Holy Ghost; and having lighted one part of it, by the other they suck, absorb, or receive that smoke inside with the breath, by which they become benumbed and almost drunk, and so it is said they do not feel fatigue. These, muskets as we will call them, they calltabacos.I knew Spaniards on this island of Española who were accustomed to take it, and being reprimanded for it, by telling them it was a vice, they replied they were unable to cease using it. I do not know what relish or benefit they found in it.

Following the arrival of Europeans with thefirst wave of European colonization,tobacco became one of the primary products fuelingEuropean colonialism,and also became a driving factor in the incorporation ofAfrican slave labor.The Spanish introduced tobacco to Europeans in about 1528, and by 1533,Diego Columbusmentioned a tobacco merchant ofLisbonin his will, showing how quickly the traffic had sprung up. The French, Spanish, and Portuguese initially referred to the plant as the "sacred herb" because of its alleged medicinal properties.

In time, Spanish and other European sailors adopted the practice of smoking rolls of leaves, as did theSpanishandPortugueseconquistadors.Smoking primitive cigars spread toSpain,Portugal,and eventuallyFrance,most probably throughJean Nicot,the French ambassador to Portugal, who gave his name tonicotine.Later, tobacco use spread to theItalian kingdoms,theDutch Empire,and, after SirWalter Raleigh's voyages to the Americas, toGreat Britain.Tobacco smoking became familiar throughout Europe—inpipesin Britain—by the mid-16th century.

Spanish cultivation of tobacco began in earnest in 1531 on the islands ofHispaniolaandSanto Domingo.In 1542, tobacco started to be grown commercially in North America, when Spaniards established the first cigar factory in Cuba.Tobacco was originally thought to have medicinal qualities, but some considered it evil. It was denounced byPhilip II of SpainandJames I of England.

Around 1592, the SpanishgalleonSan Clementebrought 50 kilograms (110 lb) of tobacco seed to the Philippines over theAcapulco-Manila trade route.It was distributed among Roman Catholic missionaries, who found excellent climates and soils for growing high-quality tobacco there. The use of the cigar did not become popular until the mid 18th century, and although there are few drawings from this era, there are some reports.

Harry Nelson Pillsburysmoking a cigar

It is believed thatIsrael Putnambrought back a cache ofHavana cigarsduring theSeven Years' War,making cigar smoking popular in the US after theAmerican Revolution.He also brought Cuban tobacco seeds, which he planted in theHartfordarea ofNew England.This reportedly resulted in the development of the renowned shade-grownConnecticut wrapper.

Towards the end of the 18th century and in the 19th century, cigar smoking was common, whilecigaretteswere comparatively rare. Towards the end of the 19th century,Rudyard Kiplingwrote his famous smoking poem,The Betrothed(1886). The cigar business was an important industry and factories employed many people before mechanized manufacturing of cigars became practical. Cigar workers in both Cuba and the US were active in labor strikes and disputes from early in the 19th century, and the rise of modern labor unions can be traced to the CMIU and other cigar worker unions.

Inside anYbor Citycigar factory c. 1920

Hand rolling cigars and relevant artifacts,Ybor City Museum State Parkdisplay, Tampa, Florida

Cigar making at Tampa's J.C. Newman Cigar Company, using machines from the 1930s

In 1869, Spanish cigar manufacturerVicente Martinez Ybormoved hisPrincipe de Gales(Prince of Wales) operations from thecigar manufacturing centerofHavana, CubatoKey West, Floridato escape the turmoil of theTen Years' War.Other manufacturers followed, and Key West became an important cigar manufacturing center. In 1885, Ybor moved again, buying land near the small city ofTampa, Floridaand building the largest cigar factory in the world at the timein the newcompany townofYbor City.Friendly rival andFlor de Sánchez y Hayaowner Ignacio Haya built his factory nearby the same year, and many other cigar manufacturers followed, especially after an 1886 fire that gutted much of Key West. Thousands ofCubanandSpanishtabaqueroscame to the area from Key West, Cuba and New York to produce hundreds of millions of cigars annually. Local output peaked in 1929, when workers in Ybor City andWest Tamparolled over 500 million "clear Havana" cigars, earning the town the nickname "Cigar Capital of the World".At its peak, there were 150 cigar factories in Ybor city, but by early in the next decade, nearly all of the factories had closed.Only one company still makes cigars in the Ybor City area, theJ. C. Newman Cigar Company,which moved to Tampa from Ohio in 1954 and took over the previous Regensburg cigar factory. The company was continuing to utilize some antique, hand-operated ARENCO and American Machine and Foundry cigarmaking machines from the 1930's.

In New York, cigars were made by rollers working in their homes. It was reported that as of 1883, cigars were being manufactured in 127 apartment houses in New York, employing 1,962 families and 7,924 individuals. A state statute banning the practice, passed late that year at the urging of trade unions on the basis that the practice suppressed wages, was ruled unconstitutional less than four months later. The industry, which had relocated toBrooklyn(then a separate municipality) and other places onLong Islandwhile the law was in effect, then returned to New York.

As of 1905, there were 80,000 cigar-making operations in the US, most of them small, family-operated shops where cigars were rolled and sold immediately.While most cigars are now made by machine, some, as a matter of prestige and quality, are rolled by hand—especially in Central America and Cuba, as well as in smallchinchalesin sizable cities in the US.

Manufacture

An aged tobacco leaf being examined

Cigar makers inPuerto Rico,c. 1942

Cigars making inInle Lake(Myanmar)

Tobacco leaves are harvested and aged using acuringprocess that combines heat and shade to reduce sugar and water content without causing the larger leaves to rot. This takes between 25 and 45 days, depending upon climatic conditions and the nature of sheds used to store harvested tobacco. Curing varies by type of tobacco and desired leaf color. A slowfermentationfollows, where temperature and humidity are controlled to enhance flavor, aroma, and burning characteristics while forestalling rot or disintegration.

The leaf will continue to be baled, inspected, un-baled, re-inspected, and baled again during the aging cycle. When it has matured to manufacturer's specifications it is sorted for appearance and overall quality, and used as filler or wrapper accordingly. During this process, leaves are continually moistened to prevent damage.

Quality cigars are still handmade.An experienced cigar-roller can produce hundreds of good, nearly identical cigars per day. The rollers keep the tobacco moist—especially the wrapper—and use specially designed crescent-shaped knives, calledchavetas,to form the filler and wrapper leaves quickly and accurately.Once rolled, the cigars are stored in wooden forms as they dry, in which their uncapped ends are cut to a uniform size.From this stage, the cigar is a complete product that can be "laid down" and aged for decades if kept as close to 21 °C (70 °F) and 70%relative humidityas possible. Once purchased, proper storage is typically in a specializedcedar-lined woodenhumidor.

Vendor rolling cigars at theEyipantla FallsinSan Andrés Tuxtla,Mexico

Some cigars, especially premium brands, use different varieties of tobacco for the filler and the wrapper.Long filler cigarsare a far higher quality of cigar, using long leaves throughout. These cigars also use a third variety of tobacco leaf, called a "binder", between the filler and the outer wrapper. This permits the makers to use more delicate and attractive leaves as a wrapper. These high-quality cigars almost always blend varieties of tobacco. Even Cuban long-filler cigars will combine tobaccos from different parts of the island to incorporate several different flavors.

Inlow-gradeandmachine-made cigars,chopped tobacco leaves are used for the filler, and long leaves or a type of "paper" made from reconstituted tobacco pulp is used for the wrapper.Chopped leaves and a pulp wrapper alter the flavor and burning characteristics of the result vis-a-vis handmade cigars.

Historically, alectoror reader was employed to entertain cigar factory workers. This practice became obsolete onceaudiobooksfor portable music players became available, but it is still practiced in some Cuban factories.

Dominant manufacturers

Cigars (top to bottom) byH. Upmann,Montecristo,Macanudo,Romeo y Julieta

Two firms dominate the cigar industry,Altadisand theScandinavian Tobacco Group.

Altadis, a Spanish-owned private concern, produces cigars in the US, the Dominican Republic, and Honduras, and owns a 50% stake in CorporaciónHabanos S.A.,the state owned national Cuban tobacco company. It also makes cigarettes. The Scandinavian Tobacco Group produces cigars in the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua, Indonesia, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark and the United States; it also makespipe tobaccoand fine cut tobacco. The Group includesGeneral Cigar Co.

The town ofTamborilin Santiago, Dominican Republic is considered by many as today's "Cigar Capital of the World" housing more cigar factories and rollers than anywhere else in the world.According toCigar Aficionadomagazine, 44% of the world's most traded cigars come from the Dominican Republic, the world's largest producer of cigars,especially from the fertile lands of the Cibao capital, where 90% of the factories are located.The area has also been the largest supplier of cigars to the US in the last decades.

Families in the cigar industry

Nearly all modern premium cigar makers are members of long-established cigar families, or purport to be, most originally rooted in the historicCuban cigarindustry. The art and skill of hand-making premium cigars has been passed from generation to generation. Families are often shown in many cigar advertisements and packaging.

ATuscancigar

In 1992,Cigar Aficionadomagazine created the "Cigar Hall of Fame" and recognized the following six individuals:

• Edgar M. Cullman, Chairman, General Cigar Company, New York, United States
• Zino Davidoff,Founder, Davidoff et Cie.,Geneva,Switzerland
• Carlos Fuente Sr., Chairman, Tabacalera A. Fuente y Cia.,Santiago de los Caballeros,Dominican Republic
• Frank Llaneza,Chairman, Villazon & Co.,Tampa, Florida,United States
• Stanford J. Newman, Chairman,J.C. Newman Cigar Company,Tampa, Florida, United States
• Ángel Oliva Sr. (founder); Oliva Tobacco Co., Tampa, Florida, United States

Other families in the cigar industry (2015)

• Manuel Quesada (MATASA Current CEO) Fonseca, Casa Magna, Quesada cigars, Dominican Republic
• Don José "Pepín" Garcia, Chairman, El Rey de Los Habanos, Miami, Florida, United States
• Aray Family – Daniel Aray Jr, Grandson of Founder (1952) Jose Aray, ACC Cigars, Guayaquil Ecuador, San Francisco, CA, Miami Florida, Macau SAR, Shanghai China.
• EPC – Ernesto Perez-Carillo, Founder EPC Cigar Company (2009), Miami, Florida, United States
• Nestor Miranda – Founder, Miami Cigar Company (1989) Miami, FL, United States
• Blanco family – Jose "Jochy" Blanco, son of Founder (1936) Jose Arnaldo Blanco Polanco, Tabacalera La Palma, Santiago, Dominican Republic
• Hermann Dietrich Upmann,founder of theH. Upmannbrand 1844 in Cuba

Marketing and distribution

Cigar casesfrom the Te Amo and Sihuapan manufacturers in Mexico

Arturo Fuentecigar boxes at 2005 Tampa Cigar Heritage Festival. The Montesino cigars are also produced by Tabacalera A. Fuente y Cia.

Pure tobacco, hand rolled cigars are marketed viaadvertisements,product placementin movies and other media, sporting events, cigar-friendly magazines such asCigar Aficionado,and cigar dinners. Since handmade cigars are a premium product with a hefty price, advertisements often include depictions ofaffluence,sensual imagery, and explicit or impliedcelebrity endorsement.

Cigar Aficionado,launched in 1992, presents cigars as symbols of a successful lifestyle, and is a major conduit of advertisements that do not conform to thetobacco industry's voluntary advertisement restrictions since 1965, such as a restriction not to associate smoking with glamour. The magazine also presents pro-smoking arguments at length, and argues that cigars are safer than cigarettes, since they do not have the thousands of chemical additives that cigarette manufactures add to the cutting floor scraps of tobacco used as cigarette filler. The publication also presents arguments that risks are a part of daily life and that (contrary to the evidence discussed inHealth effects) cigar smoking has health benefits, that moderation eliminates most or all health risk, and that cigar smokers live to old age, that health research is flawed, and that several health-research results support claims of safety.Like its competitorSmoke,Cigar Aficionadodiffers from marketing vehicles used for other tobacco products in that it makes cigars the main (but not sole) focus of the magazine, creating a symbiosis between product and lifestyle.

In the US, cigars have historically been exempt from many of the marketing regulations that govern cigarettes. For example, thePublic Health Cigarette Smoking Actof 1970 exempted cigars from its advertising ban,and cigar ads, unlike cigarette ads, need not mention health risks.As of 2007, cigars were taxed far less than cigarettes, so much so that in many US states, a pack oflittle cigarscost less than half as much as a pack of cigarettes.It is illegal for minors to purchase cigars and other tobacco products in the US, but laws are unevenly enforced: a 2000 study found that three-quarters of web cigar sites allowed minors to purchase them.

In 2009, the USFamily Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Actprovided theFood and Drug Administrationregulatory authority over the manufacturing, distribution, and marketing of cigarettes, roll-your-own tobacco andsmokeless tobacco.In 2016, a deeming rule extended the FDA's authority to additional tobacco products including cigars,e-cigarettesandhookah.The objective of the law is to reduce the impact of tobacco on public health by preventing Americans from starting to use tobacco products, encourage current users to quit, and decrease the harms of tobacco product use.

In the US,inexpensive cigarsare sold inconvenience stores,gas stations,grocery stores,andpharmacies.Premium cigars are sold intobacconists,cigar bars,and other specialized establishments.Some cigar stores are part ofchains,which have varied in size: in the US,United Cigar Storeswas one of only three outstanding examples of national chains in the early 1920s, the others beingA&PandWoolworth's.Non-traditional outlets for cigars include hotel shops, restaurants, vending machinesand the Internet.

Composition

Cigars are composed of three types of tobacco leaves, whose variations determine smoking and flavor characteristics:

Wrapper

Darker wrappers reflect tobacco type, age, and greater fermentation

A cigar's outermost layer, or wrapper (Spanish:capa), is the most expensive component of a cigar.The wrapper determines much of the cigar's character and flavor, and as such its color is often used to describe the cigar as a whole. Wrappers are frequently grown underneath huge canopies made of gauze so as to diffuse direct sunlight and are fermented separately from other rougher cigar components, with a view to the production of a thinly-veined, smooth, supple leaf.

Wrapper tobacco produced without the gauze canopies under which "shade grown" leaf is grown, generally more coarse in texture and stronger in flavor, is commonly known as "sun grown". A number of different countries are used for the production of wrapper tobacco, including Cuba, Ecuador, Indonesia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Brazil, Mexico,Cameroon,and the United States.

While dozens of minor wrapper shades have been touted by manufacturers, the seven most common classifications are as follows,ranging from lightest to darkest:

Color	Description
Candela ( "Double Claro" )	very light, slightly greenish. Achieved by picking leaves before maturity and drying quickly, the color coming from retained greenchlorophyll.
Claro	very light tan or yellowish
Colorado Claro	medium brown
Colorado ( "Rosado" )	reddish-brown
Colorado Maduro	darker brown
Maduro	very dark brown
Oscuro ( "Double Maduro" )	black

Some manufacturers use an alternate designation:

Designation	Acronym	Description
American Market Selection	AMS	synonymous with Candela ( "Double Claro" )
English Market Selection	EMS	any natural colored wrapper which is darker than Candela, but lighter than Maduro
Spanish Market Selection	SMS	one of the two darkest colors, Maduro or Oscuro

In general, dark wrappers add a touch of sweetness, while light ones add a hint of dryness to the taste.

Binder

Beneath the wrapper is a small bunch of "filler" leaves bound together inside of a leaf called a "binder" (Spanish:capote). The binder leaf is typically the sun-saturated leaf from the top part of a tobacco plant and is selected for its elasticity and durability in the rolling process.Unlike the wrapper leaf, which must be uniform in appearance and smooth in texture, the binder leaf may show evidence of physical blemishes or lack uniform coloration. The binder leaf is generally considerably thicker and hardier than the wrapper leaf surrounding it.

Filler

Long-leaf filler as used in a hand-rolled cigar (slightly crumbled during cutting)

The bulk of a cigar is "filler" —a bound bunch of tobacco leaves. These leaves are folded by hand to allow air passageways down the length of the cigar, through which smoke is drawn after the cigar is lit.A cigar rolled with insufficient air passage is referred to by a smoker as "too tight"; one with excessive airflow creating an excessively fast, hot burn is regarded as "too loose". Considerable skill and dexterity on the part of the cigar roller is needed to avoid these opposing pitfalls—a primary factor in the superiority of hand-rolled cigars over their machine-made counterparts.

By blending various varieties of filler tobacco, cigar makers create distinctive strength, aroma, and flavor profiles for their various branded products. In general, fatter cigars hold more filler leaves, allowing a greater potential for the creation of complex flavors. In addition to the variety of tobacco employed, the country of origin can be one important determinant of taste, with different growing environments producing distinctive flavors.

Short or chopped filler

Thefermentationand aging process adds to this variety, as does the particular part of the tobacco plant harvested, with bottom leaves (Spanish:volado) having a mild flavor and burning easily, middle leaves (Spanish:seco) having a somewhat stronger flavor, with potent and spicyligeroleaves taken from the sun-drenched top of the plant. When used, ligero is always folded into the middle of the filler bunch due to its slow-burning characteristics.

Some cigar manufacturers purposely place different types of tobacco from one end to the other to give the cigar smokers a variety of tastes, body, and strength from start to finish.

If full leaves are used as filler, a cigar is said to be composed of "long filler". Cigars made from smaller bits of leaf, including many machine-made cigars, are said to be made of "short filler".

World's largest cigar at the Tobacco and Matchstick Museum inSkansen,Stockholm, Sweden

If a cigar is completely constructed (filler, binder, and wrapper) of tobacco produced in only one country, it is referred to in the cigar industry as a "puro", from the Spanish word for "pure".

Size and shape

See also:Factory name

Cigars are commonly categorized by their size and shape, which together are known as thevitola.

The size of a cigar is measured by two dimensions: its ring gauge (its diameter in sixty-fourths of an inch) and its length (in inches). In Cuba, next toHavana,there is a display of the world's longest rolled cigars.

Parejo

The most common shape is theparejo,sometimes referred to as simply "coronas", which have traditionally been thebenchmarkagainst which all other cigar formats are measured. They have acylindricalshape their entire length, one end open, and a round tobacco-leaf "cap" on the other end that must be sliced off, notched, or pierced before smoking.

Parejosare designated by the following terms:

Term	Length in inches	Width in 64ths of an inch	Metric length	Metric width	Etymology
Cigarillo	~3+1⁄2	~ 21	~ 8 cm	~ 8 mm	Sizes may vary significantly. According to CigarCyclopedia, cigarillo is shorter than 6 inches (15 cm) and thinner than 29 ring gauge (11.5 mm).
Rothschild	4+1⁄2	48	11 cm	19 mm	after theRothschild family
Robolo	4+1⁄2	60	11 cm	24 mm
Robusto	4+7⁄8	50	12 cm	20 mm
Small Panatella	5	33	13 cm	13 mm
Ascot	4+1⁄2	24	11 cm	13 mm
Petit Corona	5+1⁄8	42	13 cm	17 mm
Carlota	5+5⁄8	35	14 cm	14 mm
Corona	5+1⁄2	42	14 cm	17 mm
Corona Gorda	5+5⁄8	46	14 cm	18 mm
Panatella	6	38	15 cm	15 mm
Toro	6	50	15 cm	20 mm
Corona Grande	6+1⁄8	42	16 cm	17 mm
Lonsdale	6+1⁄2	42	17 cm	17 mm	named forHugh Cecil Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale
Churchill	7	47–50	18 cm	19–20 mm	named forSir Winston Churchill
Double Corona	7+5⁄8	49	19 cm	19 mm
Presidente	8	50	20 cm	20 mm
Gran Corona	9+1⁄4	47	23 cm	19 mm
Double Toro/Gordo	6	60	15 cm	24 mm

These dimensions are, at best, idealized. Actual dimensions can vary considerably.

Figurado

The parejo is the easiest and least expensive common cigar shape to produce

Irregularly shaped cigars are known asfiguradosand are often priced higher than generally similar sizedparejosof a like combination of tobaccos because they are more difficult to make.

Historically, especially during the 19th century,figuradoswere the most popular shapes, but by the 1930s they had fallen out of fashion and all but disappeared. They have recently received a small resurgence in popularity, and currently many manufacturers producefiguradosalongside the simplerparejos.The Cuban cigar brandCuabaonly hasfiguradosin their range.

Figuradosinclude the following:

Figurado	Description
Torpedo	Like aparejoexcept that the cap is pointed
Cheroot	Like aparejoexcept that there is no cap, i.e. both ends are open
Pyramid	Has a broad foot and evenly narrows to a pointed cap
Perfecto	Narrow at both ends and bulged in the middle
Presidente/Diadema	shaped like aparejo,but considered afiguradobecause of its enormous size and occasional closed foot akin to a perfecto
Culebras	Three long, pointed cigars braided together
Chisel	Is much like the Torpedo, but instead of coming to a rounded point, comes to a flatter, broader edge, much like an actual chisel. This shape was patented and can only be found in the La Flor Dominicana (LFD) brand

In practice, the terms Torpedo and Pyramid are often used interchangeably, even among knowledgeable cigar smokers. Min Ron Nee, the Hong Kong-based cigar expert whose workAn Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Post-Revolution Havana Cigarsis generally considered to be the definitive work on cigars and cigar terms,defines Torpedo as "cigar slang". Nee regards the majority usage of torpedoes as pyramids by another name as acceptable.

Arturo Fuente,a large cigar manufacturer based in the Dominican Republic, has also manufactured figurados in exotic shapes ranging from chili peppers to baseball bats and American footballs. They are highly collectible and extremely expensive, when available to the public.

Cigarillo

Cohiba Mini and Dannemann Moods cigarillos

Acigarillois a machine-made cigar that is shorter and narrower than a traditional cigar but larger than little cigars,filtered cigars, and cigarettes, thus similar in size and composition to small panatela sized cigars,cheroots,and traditionalblunts.Cigarillos are usually not filtered, although some have plastic or wood tips, and unlike other cigars, some are inhaled when used.Cigarillos are sold in varying quantities: singles, two-packs, three-packs, and five-packs. Cigarillos are very inexpensive: in the United States, usually sold for less than a dollar. Sometimes they are informally calledsmall cigars,mini cigars,orclub cigars.Some famous cigar brands, such asCohibaorDavidoff,also make cigarillos—Cohiba Mini and Davidoff Club Cigarillos, for example. And there are purely cigarillo brands, such as Café Crème,DannemannMoods, Mehari's, Al Capone, andSwisher Sweets.Cigarillos are often used in makingmarijuana cigars.

Little cigars

Little cigars (sometimes calledsmall cigarsorminiaturesin the UK) differ greatly from regular cigars.They weigh less than cigars andcigarillos,but, more importantly, they resemble cigarettes in size, shape, packaging, and filters.Sales of little cigars quadrupled in the US from 1971 to 1973 in response to thePublic Health Cigarette Smoking Act,which banned the broadcast of cigaretteadvertisementsand required stronger health warnings oncigarette packs.Cigars were exempt from the ban, and perhaps more importantly, weretaxedat a far lower rate. Little cigars are sometimes called "cigarettes in disguise", and unsuccessful attempts have been made to reclassify them as cigarettes. In the US, sales of little cigars reached an all-time high in 2006, fueled in great part by favorable taxation.In some states, little cigars have successfully been taxed at the rate of cigarettes, such as Illinois,as well as other states. This has caused yet anotherloophole,in which manufacturers classify their products as "filtered cigars" instead to avoid the higher tax rate. Yet, many continue to argue that there is in fact a distinction between little cigars and filtered cigars. Little cigars offer a similar draw and overall feel to cigarettes, but with aged and fermented tobaccos, while filtered cigars are said to be more closely related to traditional cigars, and are not meant to be inhaled.Research shows that people do inhale smoke from little cigars.

Cannagar

Not to be confused withBlunt (cannabis).

Recently, with the changingLegality of cannabis,some suppliers are creating so-called "cannagars" (a portmanteau of "cannabis" and "cigar" ). These are different from cannabis blunts. Modeled after a traditional cigar, a cannagar is cannabis wrapped within either cannabis or hemp leaf, like a traditional cigar is tobacco wrapped inside dried tobacco leaf. Unlike a cigar, cannagars do not usually contain tobacco, but they do need to be cut and lit like a cigar.

Smoking

Main article:Tobacco smoking

A double guillotine-style cutter, used for cutting the tip of a cigar, next to a hand-rolledH. UpmannCoronas Majorcigar. The "Made in Cuba" label (seeCuban cigar) is visible on the lower tube.

Most machine-made cigars have pre-formed holes in one end or a wood or plastic tip for drawing in the smoke. Hand-rolled cigars require the blunt end to be pierced before lighting. The usual way to smoke a cigar is to not inhale, but to draw the smoke into the mouth. Some smokers inhale the smoke into the lungs, particularly withlittle cigars.A smoker may swirl the smoke around in the mouth before exhaling it, and may exhale part of the smoke through the nose in order to smell the cigar better as well as to taste it.

Cutting

Main article:Cigar cutter

Although a handful of cigars are cut or twirled on both ends, the vast majority come with one straight cut end and the other capped with one or more small pieces of wrapper adhered with either a natural tobacco paste or with a mixture of flour and water. The cap end of a cigar must be cut or pierced for the cigar smoke to be drawn properly.

The basic types of cigar cutter include:

• Guillotine (straight cut)
• Punch
• V-cut (a.k.a. notch cut, cat's eye, wedge cut, English cut)
• Grip cutters
• Cigar Scissors

Lighting

The head, or cap, of the cigar is usually the end closest to thecigar band,the other the "foot". The band identifies the type of the cigar and may be removed or left on. The smoker cuts or pierces the cap before lighting.

The cigar should be rotated during lighting to achieve an even burn while slowly drawn with gentle puffs. If a match is used it should be allowed to burn past its head before being put to the cigar, to avoid imparting unwelcome flavors or chemicals to the smoke. Many specialized gas and fluid lighters are made for lighting cigars. The tip of the cigar should minimally touch any flame, with special care used with torch lighters to avoid charring the tobacco leaves.

A third and most traditional way to light a cigar is to use a splinter ofcedarknown as a spill, which is lit separately before using.Some cigars come individually wrapped in thin cedar sleeves or envelopes, and these can be used to assist in lighting them.

Flavor

Each brand and type of cigar has its unique taste. Whether a cigar is mild, medium, or full bodied does not correlate with quality.

Among the factors which contribute to the scent and flavor of cigar smoke are tobacco types and qualities used for filler, binder, and wrapper, age and aging method, humidity, production techniques (handmade vs. machine-made), and added flavors. Among wrappers, darker tend to produce a sweetness, while lighter usually have a "drier", more neutral taste.

Evaluating the flavor of cigars is in some respects similar towine-tasting.Journals are available for recording personal ratings, description of flavors observed, sizes, brands, etc. Some words used to describe cigar flavor and texture include; spicy, peppery (red or black), sweet, harsh, burnt, green, earthy, woody, cocoa, chestnut, roasted, aged, nutty, creamy, cedar, oak, chewy, fruity, and leathery.

Smoke

Smoke is produced by incompletecombustionof tobacco during which at least three kinds of chemical reactions occur:pyrolysisbreaks downorganic moleculesinto simpler ones, pyrosynthesis recombines these newly formed fragments into chemicals not originally present, anddistillationmoves compounds such asnicotinefrom the tobacco into the smoke. For every gram of tobacco smoked, a cigar emits about 120–140 mg ofcarbon dioxide,40–60 mg ofcarbon monoxide,3–4 mg ofisoprene,1 mg each ofhydrogen cyanideandacetaldehyde,and smaller quantities of a large spectrum of volatileN-nitrosaminesandvolatile organic compounds,with the detailed composition unknown.

The most odorous chemicals in cigar smoke arepyridines.Along withpyrazines,they are also the most odorous chemicals in cigar smokers' breath. These substances are noticeable even at extremely low concentrations of a few parts per billion. During smoking, it is not known whether these chemicals are generated bysplitting the chemical bondsof nicotine or byMaillard reactionbetweenamino acidsandsugarsin the tobacco.

Cigar smoke is morealkalinethan cigarette smoke, and is absorbed more readily by themucous membrane of the mouth,making it easier for the smoker to absorb nicotine without having to inhale.A single premium cigar may contain as much nicotine as a pack of cigarettes.

Parasites

Main article:List of tobacco diseases

Illustration with photographs oftobacco leavesinfested byLasioderma serricorne(tobacco beetles), from Runner, G. A.,The tobacco beetle(1919), Bulletin of the U.S. Department of Agriculture,Biodiversity Heritage Library

Cigars, alongside othertobacco products,can be infested byparasitessuch as theLasioderma serricorne(tobacco beetle) and theEphestia elutella(tobacco moth), which are the most widespread and damaging parasites to thetobacco industry.Infestation can range from the tobacco cultivated in the fields to theleavesused for manufacturing cigars, cigarillos, cigarettes, etc.Both thelarvaeofLasioderma serricorneandcaterpillarsofEphestia elutellaare considered apest.

Humidors

Main article:Humidor

The level ofhumidityin which cigars are kept has a significant effect on their taste and evenness of burn. It is believed that a cigar's flavor best evolves when stored at a relative humidity similar to where the tobacco is grown, and in most cases, the cigars rolled, of approximately 65–70% and atemperatureof 18 °C (64 °F).Dry cigars become fragile and burn faster while damp cigars burn unevenly and take on a heavyacidicflavor. Humidorsare used to maintain an even humidity level. Without one, cigars will lose moisture and acquire the ambient humidity within 2 to 3 days.A humidor's interior lining is typically constructed with three types ofwood:Spanish cedar,American (or Canadian) red cedar, and Honduranmahogany.Other materials used for making or lining a humidor areacrylic,tin(mainly seen in older early humidors) andcopper,used widely in the 1920s–1950s.

Most humidors come with aplasticor metal case with aspongethat works as the humidifier, although most recent versions are of polymer acryl. The latter are filled only withdistilled water;the former may use a solution ofpropylene glycoland distilled water. Humidifiers, and the cigars within them, may become contaminated withbacteriaif they are kept too moist. New technologies employing plastic beads or gels which stabilize humidity are becoming widely available.

A new humidor requires seasoning, after which a constant humidity must be maintained. The thicker the cedar lining the better. Many humidors contain ananalogordigitalhygrometerto aid in maintaining a desired humidity level. There are three types of analog: metal spring, natural hair, and synthetic hair.

In recent times Electric Humidors, which feature a thermoelectric humidification system have become popular for larger cigar collections.

Accessories

A cigar case made ofcrocodileskin with sterling silver appointments bearing aBirminghamhallmarkfor 1904

A wide variety of cigar accessories are available, in varying qualities.

Travel case

Travel cases protect cigars from direct exposure to the elements and minimize potential damage. Most come in expandable or sturdy leather, although metal leather and plastic lined cases are found. Some feature cardboard or metal tubes for additional protection.

Tube

Cigar Tubesare used to carry small numbers of cigars, typically one or five, referred to by their number of "fingers". They are usually made from stainless steel, and used for short durations. For longer, a built in humidifier and hygrometer is used.

Ashtray

Ashtraysare used for collecting theashproduced by the cigar. Such ashtrays are typically larger than those used for cigarette smoking.

Holder

A cigar holder stood on end

A cigar holder is small tube in which the end of the cigar is held while smoked, to protect the hand from acquiring the odor of a burning cigar, historically used by women (for cigarettes as well). A cigar stand is a device used to keep a lit cigar out of an ashtray.

Health effects

Main article:Health effects of tobacco

Like other forms of tobacco use, cigar smoking poses a significant health risk depending on dosage: risks are greater for those who smoke more cigars, smoke them longer, or inhale more.A review of 22 studies found that cigar smoking is associated withlung cancer,oral cancer,esophageal cancer,pancreatic cancer,oropharyngeal cancer,laryngeal cancer,coronary heart disease(CHD), andaortic aneurysm.Among cigar smokers who reported that they did not inhale, relative mortality (likelihood of death) risk was still highly elevated for oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers.

Danger of mortality increases proportionally to use,with smokers of one to two cigars per day showing a 2% increase in death rate, compared to non-smokers.The precise statistical health risks to those who smoke less than daily is not established.

The depth of inhalation of cigar smoke into the lungs appears to be an important determinant of lung cancer risk:

When cigar smokers don't inhale or smoke few cigars per day, the risks are only slightly above those of never smokers. Risks of lung cancer increase with increasing inhalation and with increasing number of cigars smoked per day, but the effect of inhalation is more powerful than that for number of cigars per day. When 5 or more cigars are smoked per day and there is moderate inhalation, the lung cancer risks of cigar smoking approximate those of a one pack per day cigarette smoker. As the tobacco smoke exposure of the lung in cigar smokers increases to approximate the frequency of smoking and depth of inhalation found in cigarette smokers, the difference in lung cancer risks produced by these two behaviors disappears.

Cigar smoking can lead to nicotine addiction and cigarette usage.For those who inhale and smoke several cigars a day, the health risk is similar tocigarettesmokers.Cigar smoking can also increase the risk ofchronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).

So-called "little cigars" are commonly inhaled and likely pose the same health risks as cigarettes, while premium cigars are not commonly inhaled or habitually used.

Popularity

Further information:1990s cigar boom

Display of various cigar cases with prices in a cigar store inAmsterdam,Netherlands

The prevalence of cigar smoking varies depending on location, historical period, and population surveyed. TheUnited Statesis the top consuming country by total sales by a considerable margin,followed byGermanyand theUnited Kingdom.The U.S. andWestern European countriesaccount for about 75% of cigar sales worldwide.

United States

Consumption of cigars in the U.S. rose from 6.2 billion in 2000 to the peak of an enormous "cigar boom" of 13.8 billion in 2012, which had receded to 11.4 billion by 2015.

Among US adults ages 18 and older, 3% reported that they smoke cigars some days or every day (6% of men, 1% of women) in the 2015 National Health Interview Survey.

Cigar use among youth declined sharply from 12% reporting having smoked a cigar within the past 30 days approaching the peak of the cigar boom in 2011 to 8% by 2016. Among high school students, cigar use is more common among males (10%) than females (6%). For African American high school students, cigar use is more prevalent (10%) than cigarette use (4%).

In popular culture

Jimmy Savilewas renowned for his almost constant usage of a cigar as a part of his public image.

In a reversal of previous decades' portrayal, beginning in the 1980s and 1990s major U.S. print media began to feature cigars favorably. Cigar use was generally framed as a lucrative business or trendy habit, rather than as amajor health risk.It is an item whose highest quality is still something most can afford, at least for special occasions. Historic portrayals of the wealthy often caricatured cigar smokers as wearingtop hatsandtailcoats.Cigars are often given out and smoked to celebrate special occasions, such as the birth of a baby,but also graduations, promotions, and other totems of success. Theexpression"close but no cigar" comes from the practice of giving away cigars asprizesinfairgroundgames which require the player to hit a target (e.g., abullseye).

See also

• Box-pressed
• Cabinet selection
• Cigar ash
• Cigar etiquette
• Cigar makers strike of 1877
• Cigarette
• Cigarillo
• List of cigar brands
• Smoking jacket

Further reading

• Edith Abbott, "Employment of Women in Industries: Cigar-Making: Its History and Present Tendencies,"Journal of Political Economy,vol. 15, no. 1 (January 1907), pp. 1–25.In JSTOR
• Patricia A. Cooper,Once a Cigar Maker: Men, Women, and Work Culture in American Cigar Factories, 1900–1919Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1987.