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Contempt of court

(Redirected fromCivil contempt)

Contempt of court,often referred to simply as "contempt",is the crime of being disobedient to or disrespectful toward acourtof law and its officers in the form of behavior that opposes or defies the authority, justice, and dignity of the court.[1][2]A similar attitude toward a legislative body is termedcontempt of Parliamentorcontempt of Congress.The verb for "to commit contempt" iscontemn(as in "to contemn a court order" ) and a person guilty of this is acontemnororcontemner.[3]

There are broadly two categories of contempt: being disrespectful to legal authorities in the courtroom, or willfully failing to obey a court order.[4]Contempt proceedings are especially used to enforceequitable remedies,such asinjunctions.[5]In some jurisdictions, the refusal to respond tosubpoena,to testify, to fulfill the obligations of a juror, or to provide certain information can constitute contempt of the court.

When a court decides that an action constitutes contempt of court, it can issue an order in the context of a courttrialorhearingthat declares a person or organization to have disobeyed or been disrespectful of the court's authority, called "found" or "held" in contempt. That is the judge's strongest power to imposesanctionsfor acts that disrupt the court's normal process.

A finding of being in contempt of court may result from a failure to obey a lawful order of a court, showing disrespect for the judge, disruption of the proceedings through poor behavior, or publication of material or non-disclosure of material, which in doing so is deemed likely to jeopardize afair trial.A judge may impose sanctions such as afine,jailor social service for someone found guilty of contempt of court, which makes contempt of court aprocess crime.Judges incommon lawsystems usually have more extensive power to declare someone in contempt than judges incivil lawsystems.

In use today

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Contempt of court is essentially seen as a form of disturbance that may impede the functioning of the court. The judge may impose fines and/or jail time upon any person committing contempt of court. The person is usually let out upon an agreement to fulfill the wishes of the court.[6]Civil contempt can involve acts of omission. The judge will make use of warnings in most situations that may lead to a person being charged with contempt if the warnings are ignored. It is relatively rare that a person is charged for contempt without first receiving at least one warning from the judge.[7]Constructive contempt, also calledconsequential contempt,is when a person fails to fulfill the will of the court as it applies to outside obligations of the person. In most cases, constructive contempt is considered to be in the realm of civil contempt due to its passive nature.

Indirect contempt is something that is associated with civil and constructive contempt and involves a failure to follow court orders. Criminal contempt includes anything that could be considered a disturbance, such as repeatedly talking out of turn, bringing forth previously banned evidence, or harassment of any other party in the courtroom, including committing an assault against the defendant in a criminal case. There have been instances during murder trials that grieving family members of murder victims have attacked the defendants in courtrooms in plain view of judges, bailiffs, and jurors, leading to said family members to be charged with contempt.[6]Direct contempt is an unacceptable act in the presence of the judge (in facie curiae), and generally begins with a warning; it may be accompanied by the immediate imposition of a punishment.[8]

Australia

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InAustralia,a judge may impose a fine or jail for contempt of court.[9][10]

Belgium

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A Belgian correctional or civil judge may immediately try the person for insulting the court.[11]

Canada

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Common law offense

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In Canada, contempt of court is an exception to the general principle that all criminal offences are set out in the federalCriminal Code.Contempt of court is the only remainingcommon law offencein Canada.

Contempt of court includes the following behaviors:

  • Failing to maintain a respectful attitude, failing to remain silent or failing to refrain from showing approval or disapproval of the proceeding
  • Refusing or neglecting to obey a subpoena
  • Willfully disobeying a process or order of the court
  • Interfering with the orderly administration of justice or impairing the authority or dignity of the court
  • Failing to perform duties as an officer of the court
  • A sheriff or bailiff not executing a writ of the court forthwith or not making a return thereof

Canadian Federal courts

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This section applies only to theFederal Court of AppealandFederal Court.

Under Federal Court Rules, Rules 466, and Rule 467 a person who is accused of Contempt needs to be first served with a contempt order and then appear in court to answer the charges. Convictions can only be made when proof beyond a reasonable doubt is achieved.[12]

If it is a matter of urgency or the contempt was done in front of a judge, that person can be punished immediately. Punishment can range from the person being imprisoned for a period of less than five years or until the person complies with the order or fine.

Tax Court of Canada

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UnderTax Court of CanadaRules ofTax Court of Canada Act,a person who is found to be in contempt may be imprisoned for a period of less than two years or fined. Similar procedures for serving an order first is also used at the Tax Court.

Provincial courts

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Different procedures exist for different provincial courts. For example, inBritish Columbia,ajustice of the peacecan only issue a summons to an offender for contempt, which will be dealt with by a judge, even if the offence was done in the face of the justice.[13]

Hong Kong

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Judges from theCourt of Final Appeal,High Court,District Courtalong with members from the various tribunals and Coroner's Court all have the power to impose immediate punishments for contempt in the face of the court, derived from legislation or throughcommon law:

  • Insult a judge or justice, witness orofficers of the court
  • Interrupts the proceedings of the court
  • Interfere with the course of justice
  • Misbehaves in court (e.g., use ofmobile phoneor recording devices without permission)
  • Jurorwho leaves without permission of the court during proceedings
  • Disobeying a judgment or court order
  • Breach of undertaking
  • Breach of a duty imposed upon a solicitor by rules of court

The use of insulting or threatening language in themagistrates' courtsor against a magistrate is in breach of section 99 of the Magistrates Ordinance (Cap 227) which states the magistrate can 'summarily sentence the offender to a fine at level 3 and to imprisonment for 6 months.'

In addition, certain appeal boards are given the statutory authority for contempt by them (e.g., Residential Care Home, Hotel and Guesthouse Accommodation, Air Pollution Control, etc.). For contempt in front of these boards, the chairperson will certify the act of contempt to theCourt of First Instancewho will then proceed with a hearing and determine the punishment.

England and Wales

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InEngland and Wales(acommon lawjurisdiction), the law on contempt is partly set out in case law (common law), and partly codified by theContempt of Court Act 1981.Contempt may be classified ascriminalorcivil.The maximum penalty for criminal contempt under the 1981 Act is committal to prison for two years.

Disorderly, contemptuous or insolent behaviour toward the judge or magistrates while holding the court, tending to interrupt the due course of a trial or other judicial proceeding, may be prosecuted as "direct" contempt. The term "direct" means that the court itself cites the person in contempt by describing the behaviour observed on the record. Direct contempt is distinctly different from indirect contempt, wherein another individual may file papers alleging contempt against a person who has willfully violated a lawful court order.

There are limits to the powers of contempt created by rulings ofEuropean Court of Human Rights.Reporting on contempt of court, theLaw Commissioncommented that "punishment of an advocate for what he or she says in court, whether a criticism of the judge or a prosecutor, amounts to an interference with his or her rights under article 10 of the ECHR" and that such limits must be "prescribed by law" and be "necessary in a democratic society",[14]citing Nikula v Finland.[15]

Criminal contempt

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TheCrown Courtis asuperior courtaccording to theSenior Courts Act 1981,and Crown Courts have the power to punish contempt. TheDivisional Courtas part of theHigh Courthas ruled that this power can apply in these three circumstances:

  1. Contempt "in the face of the court" (not to be taken literally; the judge does not need to see it, provided it took place within the court precincts or relates to a case currently before that court);
  2. Disobedience of a court order; and
  3. Breaches of undertakings to the court.

Where it is necessary to act quickly, a judge may act to impose committal (to prison) for contempt.

Where it is not necessary to be so urgent, or where indirect contempt has taken place theAttorney Generalcan intervene and theCrown Prosecution Servicewill institute criminal proceedings on his behalf before a Divisional Court of theKing's Bench Divisionof theHigh Court of Justice of England and Wales.In January 2012, for example, ajurorwho had researched information on the internet was jailed for contempt of court. Theodora Dallas, initiallysearchingfor the meaning of the term "grievous bodily harm",added search criteria which localised her search and brought to light another charge against the defendant. Because she then shared this information with the other jurors, the judge stated that she had compromised the defendant's right to a fair trial and the prosecution was abandoned.[16]

Magistrates' courtsalso have powers under the 1981 Act to order to detain any person who "insults the court" or otherwise disrupts its proceedings until the end of the sitting. Upon contempt being admitted or proved the (invariably)District Judge(sitting as amagistrate) may order committal to prison for a maximum of one month, impose a fine of up to £2,500, or both.

It will be contempt to bring an audio recording device or picture-taking device of any sort into an English court without the consent of the court.[17]

It will not be contempt according to section 10 of the Act for ajournalistto refuse to disclose his sources, unless the court has considered the evidence available and determined that the information is "necessary in the interests of justice or national security or for the prevention of disorder or crime".

Strict liability contempt

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Under the Contempt of Court Act it is criminal contempt to publish anything which creates a real risk that the course of justice in proceedings may be seriously impaired. It only applies where proceedings are active, and theAttorney Generalhas issued guidance as to when he believes this to be the case, and there is also statutory guidance. The clause prevents the newspapers and media from publishing material that is too extreme or sensationalist about a criminal case until the trial or linked trials are over and the juries have given their verdicts.

Section 2 of the Act defines and limits the previouscommon lawdefinition of contempt (which was previously based upon a presumption that any conduct could be treated as contempt, regardless of intent), to only instances where there can be proved an intent to cause a substantial risk of serious prejudice to the administration of justice (i.e./e.g., the conduct of a trial).

Civil contempt

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In civil proceedings there are two main ways in which contempt is committed:

  1. Failure to attend at court despite asummonsrequiring attendance. In respect of the High Court, historically awrit of latitatwould have been issued, but now abench warrantis issued, authorizing thetipstaffto arrange for the arrest of the individual, and imprisonment until the date and time the court appoints to next sit. In practice a groveling letter of apology to the court is sufficient to ward off this possibility, and in any event the warrant is generally "backed for bail" —i.e.,bailwill be granted once the arrest has been made and a location where the person can be found in future established.[18]
  2. Failure to comply with a court order. A copy of the order, with a "penal notice" —i.e., notice informing the recipient that if they do not comply they are subject to imprisonment—is served on the person concerned. If, after that, they breach the order, proceedings can be started and in theory the person involved can be sent to prison. In practice this rarely happens as the cost on the claimant of bringing these proceedings is significant and in practice imprisonment is rarely ordered as an apology or fine are usually considered appropriate.

India

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Main article:Contempt of court in India

In India, contempt of court is of two types:

  1. Civil contempt: Under Section 2(b) of the Contempt of Courts Act of 1971, civil contempt has been defined as wilful disobedience to any judgment, decree, direction, order, writ or other process of a court or wilful breach of an undertaking given to a court.
  2. Criminal contempt: Under Section 2(c) of the Contempt of Courts Act of 1971, criminal contempt has been defined as the publication (whether by words, spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise) of any matter or the doing of any other act whatsoever which:
    1. Scandalises or tends to scandalise, or lowers or tends to lower the authority of, any court, or
    2. Prejudices, or interferes or tends to interfere with the due course of any judicial proceeding, or
    3. Interferes or tends to interfere with, or obstructs or tends to obstruct, the administration of justice in any other manner.

Pakistan

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Main article:Contempt of Court (Pakistan)

Singapore

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Main article:Offence of scandalizing the court in Singapore

United States

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In United Statesjurisprudence,acts of contempt are generally divided into direct or indirect, and civil or criminal. Direct contempt occurs in the presence of a judge; civil contempt is "coercive and remedial" as opposed topunitive.In the United States, relevant statutes include18 U.S.C.§§ 401–403andFederal Rule of Criminal Procedure42.[19]

  1. Direct contempt is that which occurs in the presence of the presiding judge (in facie curiae) and may be dealt with summarily: the judge notifies the offending party that he or she has acted in a manner which disrupts the tribunal and prejudices the administration of justice. After giving the person the opportunity to respond, the judge may impose the sanction immediately.
  2. Indirect contempt occurs outside the immediate presence of the court and consists of disobedience of a court's prior order. Generally a party will be accused of indirect contempt by the party for whose benefit the order was entered. A person cited for indirect contempt is entitled to notice of the charge and an opportunity for hearing of the evidence of contempt and, since there is no written procedure, may or may not be allowed to present evidence in rebuttal.

Contempt of court in acivil suitis generally not considered to be a criminal offense, with the party benefiting from the order also holding responsibility for the enforcement of the order. However, some cases of civil contempt have been perceived as intending to harm the reputation of the plaintiff, or to a lesser degree, the judge or the court.

Sanctions for contempt may be criminal or civil. If a person is to be punished criminally, then the contempt must be proven beyond areasonable doubt,but once the charge is proven, then punishment (such as afineor, in more serious cases, imprisonment) is imposed unconditionally. The civil sanction for contempt (which is typically incarceration in the custody of thesheriffor similar court officer) is limited in its imposition for so long as the disobedience to the court's order continues: once the party complies with the court's order, the sanction is lifted. The imposed party is said to "hold the keys" to their own cell, thus conventionaldue processis not required. In federal and most state courts, theburden of prooffor civil contempt isclear and convincing evidence,a lower standard than in criminal cases.[20]

In civil contempt cases there is noprinciple of proportionality.InChadwick v. Janecka(3d Cir. 2002), a U.S. court of appeals held thatH. Beatty Chadwickcould be held indefinitely for his failure to produce $2.5 million as a state court ordered in a civil trial. Chadwick had been imprisoned for nine years at that time and continued to be held in prison until 2009, when a state court set him free after 14 years, making his imprisonment the longest on a contempt charge to date.

Civil contempt is only appropriate when the imposed party has the power to comply with the underlying order.[21]Controversial contempt rulings have periodically arisen from cases involvingasset protectiontrusts, where the court has ordered a settlor of an asset protection trust to repatriate assets so that the assets may be made available to a creditor.[22]A court cannot maintain an order of contempt where the imposed party does not have the ability to comply with the underlying order. This claim when made by the imposed party is known as the "impossibility defense".[23]

Contempt of court is considered aprerogativeof the court, and "the requirement of a jury does not apply to 'contempts committed in disobedience of any lawful writ, process, order, rule, decree, or command entered in any suit or action brought or prosecuted in the name of, or on behalf of, the United States.'"This stance is not universally agreed with by other areas of the legal world, and there have been many calls to have contempt cases to be tried by jury, rather than by judge, as a potential conflict of interest rising from a judge both accusing and sentencing the defendant. At least one Supreme Court justice has made calls for jury trials to replace judge trials on contempt cases.[24]

The United States Marshals Service is the agency component that first holds all federal prisoners. It uses the Prisoner Population Management System /Prisoner Tracking System. The only types of records that are disclosed as being in the system are those of "federal prisoners who are in custody pending criminal proceedings." The records of "alleged civil contempors" are not listed in the Federal Register as being in the system leading to a potential claim for damages under The Privacy Act,5 U.S.C.§ 552a(e)(4)(I).[25]

News media in the United States

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In the United States, because of the broad protections granted by theFirst Amendment,with extremely limited exceptions, unless the media outlet is a party to the case, a media outlet cannot be found in contempt of court for reporting about a case because a court cannot order the media in general not to report on a case or forbid it from reporting facts discovered publicly.[26]Newspapers cannot be closed because of their content.[27]

Criticism

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There have been criticisms over the practice of trying contempt from the bench. In particular,Supreme CourtJusticeHugo Blackwrote in a dissent, "It is high time, in my judgment, to wipe out root and branch the judge-invented and judge-maintained notion that judges can try criminal contempt cases without a jury."[24]

See also

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References

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  1. ^"contempt: definition of contempt in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)".Oxforddictionaries.com. 2014-08-05. Archived fromthe originalon February 3, 2014.Retrieved2014-08-13.
  2. ^Lehman, Jeffrey; Phelps, Shirelle (2005).West's Encyclopedia of American Law, Vol. 3(2 ed.). Detroit: Thomson/Gale. p. 155.ISBN9780787663704.
  3. ^"Civil Contempt of Court".Findlaw.Retrieved2022-05-01.
  4. ^"Legal Dictionary | Law.com".Dictionary.law.com. 2010-12-09.Retrieved2014-08-13.
  5. ^Bray, Samuel (2014). "The Myth of the Mild Declaratory Judgment".Duke Law Journal.63:1091.SSRN2330050.
  6. ^abHill, G. (2008). Contempt of Court. Retrieved April 12, 2008 from, Law.dictionary.com Web site:[1]
  7. ^Hill, G. (2008). Contempt of Court. Retrieved April 12, 2008 from, Law.dictionary.com Web site: [2]
  8. ^Liu, Caitlin (April 20, 2005),"Sleepy Juror Gets Rude Awakening",Los Angeles Times
  9. ^"Contempt & court reporting in Australia".Thenewsmanual.net.Retrieved2014-08-13.
  10. ^Robinson, Natasha (9 December 2016)."Islamic State recruiter's wife Moutia Elzahed may be first charged under disrespectful behaviour laws".ABC News.Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived fromthe originalon 9 December 2016.
  11. ^Article 181 Belgian Judicial Code.
  12. ^"Federal Court Rules Chapter 12".Archived fromthe originalon 3 May 2003.
  13. ^"Provincial Court Act Jurisdiction of justice".Archived fromthe originalon 2008-12-19.Retrieved2009-05-20.
  14. ^"CONTEMPT OF COURT A Consultation Paper"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on 2017-08-09.
  15. ^"Nikula v Finland".
  16. ^Bowcott, O.,Juror jailed over online research,The Guardian,published 23 January 2012, accessed 21 November 2023
  17. ^"Contempt of Court, Reporting Restrictions and Restrictions on Public Access to Hearings".www.cps.gov.uk.2018-05-11.Retrieved2019-07-08.
  18. ^Londono, Patricia; Eady, David; Smith, A.T.H.;Mackay, Ronald(2019).Arlidge, Eady & Smith on Contempt(5th ed.). 11-111.ISBN9780414074507.
  19. ^C., Doyle (2010)."Obstruction of Justice: An Overview of Some of the Federal Statutes That Prohibit Interference with Judicial, Executive, or Legislative Activities".Congressional Research Service.Archived fromthe originalon 2013-06-15.
  20. ^Fischer, James M. (2010-12-07).Understanding Remedies.LexisNexis.ISBN9781422486559.
  21. ^"See In re Marciano".Donlevy-Rosen & Rosen, P.A.: Westlaw. Archived fromthe originalon 2013-04-06.Retrieved2013-02-05.
  22. ^Howard Rosen; Patricia Donlevy-Rosen."The Importance of Proper APT Design & Counsel".The Asset Protection News. Archived fromthe originalon 2014-02-03.Retrieved2014-01-29.
  23. ^Phillips, Sam."In re Marciano - an analysis of the impossibility defense in contempt".Donlevy-Rosen & Rosen, P.A. Archived fromthe originalon 2013-04-06.Retrieved2013-02-05.
  24. ^abUnited States v. Barnett,376U.S.681(1964).
  25. ^Federal Register on November 8, 1999 in Vol. 64, No. 215 page 60836 a "Revised Notice regarding its Prisoner Tracking System"
  26. ^Nebraska Press Assn. v. Stuart,427U.S.539(1976).
  27. ^Near v. Minnesota,283U.S.697(1931).

Further reading

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  • Scarce, Rik. "Contempt of Court: A Scholar's Battle for Free Speech from behind Bars" (2005) (ISBN0759106436).
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