Wikipedia

Coachbuilder

Not to be confused withCustom car.

Acoachbuildermanufactures bodies for passenger-carrying vehicles.

Ashbody frame ready to be clad in metal mounted on aMorgan 4/4chassis
The coachbuilder's wooden frame fixed to its replica Bentley chassis
Original 1930Bentley Speed SixGurney Nuttingcoupé

The trade of producing coachwork began with bodies forhorse-drawn vehicles.Today it includes customautomobiles,buses,motor coaches,andrailway carriages.

The word "coach" was derived from the Hungarian town ofKocs.[1]A vehicle body constructed by a coachbuilder may be called a "coachbuilt body" (British English) or "custom body" (American English), and is not to be confused with acustom car.

Prior to the popularization ofunibodyconstruction in the 1960s, many independent coachbuilders built bodies onrolling chassisprovided byluxuryorsports carmanufacturers, both for individual customers and makers themselves. Marques such asFerrarioriginally outsourced all bodywork to coachbuilders such asPininfarinaandScaglietti.

Today, the coach building trade has largely shifted to making bodies for short runs of specialized commercial vehicles such as motor coaches and luxuryrecreational vehicles.A 'conversion' is built inside an existing vehicle body.

Many renowned automotive coachbuilders have been based in Italy (carrozzeria) and France (carrosserie).

Terminology

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Construction of specialty vehicle bodies has always been a skilled trade requiring a relatively lightweight product with sufficient strength. The manufacture of necessarily fragile, but satisfactory wheels by a separate trade, a wheelwright, held together by iron or steeltyres,was always most critical.
From about AD 1000 rough vehicle construction was carried out by awainwright,a wagon-builder. Later names includecartwright(a carpenter who makes carts, from 1587);coachwright;andcoachmaker(from 1599). Subtrades includewheelwright,coachjoiner,etc. The wordcoachbuilderfirst appeared in 1794.[2]

Horse-drawn vehicles

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Portugal 18th century
Main articles:Coach (carriage)andCarriage
Further information:Wainwright (occupation)

A British trade association theWorshipful Company of Coachmakers and Coach Harness Makerswas incorporated in 1630. Some British coachmaking firms operating in the 20th century were established even earlier.Ripponwas active in the time ofQueen Elizabeth I,Barkerfounded in 1710 by an officer inQueen Anne's Guards.Brewster,the oldest in the U.S., was formed in 1810.[3]

Coach-building had reached a high degree of specialization in Britain by the middle of the 19th century. Separate branches of the trade dealt with the timber, iron, leather, brass and other materials used in their construction. And there were many minor specialists with each of these categories. The “body-makers” produced the body or vehicle itself, while the “carriage-makers” made the stronger timbers beneath and around the body. The timbers used included ash, beech, elm, oak, mahogany, cedar, pine, birch and larch. The tools and processes used were similar to those used in cabinet-making, plus other specific to coach-making. Making the curved woodwork alone called for considerable skill. Making the iron axles, springs and other metal used was the work of the “coach-smith,” one of the most highly paid classes of London workmen.[4]The coating of the interior of the coach with leather and painting, trimming, and decorating the exterior called for specialist tradesmen with a high degree of skill. Building carts and wagons required similar skills, but of a coarser kind.

Automobiles

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From the beginning of the automobile industry manufacturers offered complete cars assembled in their own factories commonly using entire bodies made by specialist people using different skills. Soon after the start of the twentieth century mass production coachbuilders developed such asMullinersorPressed Steelin Great Britain,Fisher Body,Budd,Briggsin the U. S., orAmbi-Buddin Germany. Many other big businesses remain involved.

Swallow body on anAustin Sevenchassis bySwallow Coachbuilding Companywhich becameJaguar Cars

Many coachbuilt chassis would come with all lights, standard instruments and their panel, engine cover, mudguards and running boards and spare wheel(s)[citation needed]

Specialist market sector

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There remained a market for bodies to fit low production, short-run and luxury cars. Custom or bespoke bodies were made and fitted to another manufacturer'srolling chassisby the craftsmen who had previously built bodies for horse-drawn carriages. Bespoke bodies are made of hand-shaped sheet metal, often aluminum alloy. Pressed or hand-shaped metal panels were fastened to a wooden frame of particularly light but strong types of wood. Later many of the more important structural features of the bespoke or custom body such as A, B and C pillars were cast alloy components. Some bodies such as those entirely alloy bodies fitted to somePierce-Arrowcars[5]contained little or no wood, and were mounted on a conventional steel chassis.

Bugatti Type 57 rolling chassis

The car manufacturer would offer for sale achassis frame,drivetrain(consisting of an engine, gearbox, differential, axles, and wheels), brakes, suspension, steering system, lighting system, spare wheel(s), front and rear mudguards (vulnerable and so made of pressed steel for strength and easy repair) and (later) bumpers,scuttle(firewall) anddashboard.The very easily damagedhoneycomb radiator,later enclosed and protected by a shell or even reduced to an air intake, was or held the visual element identifying the chassis' brand. To let car manufacturers maintain some level of control over the final product their warranties could be voided if coachbuilders fitted unapproved bodies.

As well as bespoke bodies the same coachbuilders also made short runs of more-or-less identical bodies to the order of dealers or the manufacturer of a chassis. The same body design might then be adjusted to suit different brands of chassis. Examples includeSalmons & Sons'Tickfordbodies with a patent device to raise or lower a convertible's roof, first used on their 19th-century carriages, orWinghamconvertible bodies byMartin Walter.

Obsolescence

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Separate coachbuilt bodies became obsolete when vehicle manufacturers found they could no longer meet their customers' demands by relying on a simple separate chassis (on which a custom or bespoke body could be built) mounted onleaf springsonbeam axles.Unibodyormonocoquecombined chassis and body structures became standardised during the middle years of the 20th century to provide the rigidity required by improved suspension systems without incurring the heavy weight, and consequent fuel penalty of a truly rigid separate chassis. The improved more supple suspension systems gave vehicles better road-holding and much improved the ride experienced by passengers.

Ultra-luxury vehicles

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1920Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8was only available from the manufacturer as arolling chassis
Hooper7-seater touring limousine forHRH The Prince Regent of Iraq(1953).Rolls-Roycebuilt only 18Phantom IVchassis for bodies by independent coachbuilders

Larger car dealers or distributors would commonly preorder stock chassis and the bodies they thought most likely to sell and order them for sale off their showroom floor.

All luxury vehicles during the automobile's Golden Era before World War II were available as chassis only. For example, whenDuesenbergintroduced their Model J, it was offered as chassis only, for $8,500. Other examples include theBugatti Type 57,Cadillac V-16,Packard Twelve,Ferrari 250,Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8,Hispano-Suiza J12,and allRolls-Roycesproduced before World War II. Delahaye had no in-house coachworks, so all its chassis were bodied by independents, who created their designs on the Type 135. For theDelahaye,most were bodied byChapron,Labourdette,Franay,Saoutchik,Figoni et Falaschi,orPennock.[citation needed]

The practice continued after World War II waning dramatically in the 1950s and 1960s. Rolls-Royce debuted its firstunibodymodel, theirSilver Shadow,in 1965.

Unibody construction

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Decapotable (convertible) byHenri Chapronon aCitroen DSchassis 1967

Independent coachbuilders survived for a time after the mid-20th century, making bodies for the chassis produced by low-production companies such asRolls-Royce,Ferrari,andBentley.[6]Producing bodydiesis extremely expensive (a single door die can run toUS$40,000), which is usually only considered practical when large numbers are involved—though that was the path taken by Rolls-Royce and Bentley after 1945 for their own in-house production. Because dies for pressing metal panels are so costly, from the mid 20th century, many vehicles, most notably theChevrolet Corvette,were clothed with large panels offiberglass-reinforced resin, which only require inexpensive molds. Glass has since been replaced by more sophisticated materials, if necessary hand-formed. Generally, these replace metal only where weight is of paramount importance.

The advent ofunibodyconstruction, where the car body is unified with and structurally integral to the chassis, made custom coachbuilding uneconomic. Many coachbuilders closed down, were bought by manufacturers, or changed their core business to other activities:

  • Transforming into dedicated design or styling houses, subcontracting to automotive brands (e.g.Zagato,Frua,Bertone,Pininfarina)
  • Transforming into general coachwork series manufacturers, subcontracting to automotive brands (e.g.Karmann,Bertone,Vignale,Pininfarina)
  • Manufacturing runs of special coachworks for trucks, delivery vans, touring cars, ambulances, fire engines, public transport vehicles, etc. (e.g.,Pennock,Van Hool,Plaxton,Heuliez)
  • Becoming technical partners for the development of roof constructions (e.g.,Karmann,Heuliez), for example, or producers of various (aftermarket) automotive parts (e.g.,Giannini)
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List of automobile coachbuilders

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Coachbuilders by nation have included:

Austria

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  • ABC Auto-Karosseriefabrik
  • Armbruster
  • Josef Breiter
  • Carl Blaha & Söhne
  • Karl Czerny
  • Johann Grimas
  • Franz Hanek
  • Johann Heinrich
  • Hölbl
  • Jauernig
  • Kastenhofer
  • Ferdinand Keibl
  • Kohlruss
  • Köllensperger
  • Wilhelm Kübler
  • Lohner
  • Öffag
  • Reichelt
  • Rohrbacher
  • Brüder Schafranek
  • Schreiner & Blaha
  • A. Schwanzar
  • Stadtherr & Klimesch
  • Josef Swoboda
  • Wiener Karosserie-Fabrik
  • Weingartshofer & Griess
  • Weiser & Sohn

Belgium

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  • Auto-Carrosserie Nationale
  • Bidée
  • Bogaerts, Stoelen & Van Ouytsel
  • Bousson
  • Carrosserie Parisienne
  • Colson
  • Jacques Coune
  • D'Ieteren
  • De Mola
  • De Ruytter
  • De Wolf
  • Delisse
  • Dens
  • Devaux
  • Driessens & Oblin
  • Feval
  • Franeau
  • Gamette
  • Généraux
  • Grümmer (Bruxelles)
  • Jean Hackir
  • Hofkens
  • Joachim
  • Jonckheere
  • Lahaye
  • Lefèvre & Heuvels
  • Lilien
  • Lorenz & Walch
  • Louis Maes
  • Matthys & Osy
  • Meeussen
  • Monchamps
  • Navez
  • Oblin
  • Phlups
  • Pritchard & Demollin
  • Purnelle
  • Seghers & Fils
  • Snutsel
  • Simons
  • Sprengers
  • TTT
  • Vanden Plas
  • Van Dun
  • Van Hool
  • Van Muylder
  • Verhaest
  • Verwilt
  • Vesters & Neirinck
  • Vogt & Demeuse
  • Walch

China

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  • The Auto Palace Co (Shanghai)[7]
  • The Central Garage Company (Shanghai)
  • China Motors LTD (Shanghai)
  • Grand Garage Français (Shanghai)
  • H.S. Honisberg & Co., Inc.
  • Hudford Garage (Shanghai)
  • The Shanghai Horse Bazaar and Motor Company Limited (Shanghai)[8]
  • Universal Motor Car & Body Works (Shanghai)

Czech Republic

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  • Bohemia
  • Brozik
  • Fischer
  • Jech
  • Kadrmas
  • Karosa
  • Klubal & Co.
  • Julius Kubinsky
  • Leitner
  • Lepil
  • Petera
  • Plachy
  • Pokorny & Beiwl
  • Snydr
  • Sodomka
  • Spacil
  • Antonin Tomas

Denmark

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  • Aagaard
  • Andreasen
  • Asnæs
  • Carsten Jakobsen
  • Dansk Karosseri Fabrik
  • Funder
  • I. C. Hansen
  • J.H. Jensen
  • Næsby
  • Nørrebros
  • Odsherred
  • Vesterbros

France

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Germany

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Greece

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  • Tangalakis

Hungary

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  • Antal Zupka
  • Balogh
  • Glattfelder
  • István Tücsök
  • Lajos Zupka
  • Ludovika
  • Metallo
  • Misura
  • Nagy Géza
  • Schillinger
  • Uhri
  • Gyula Varga

India

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  • DC Design
  • Dykes & Co
  • French Motor Car & Electric Co
  • Press & Co
  • Ruby Industries
  • Simpson & Co
  • Steuart

Indonesia

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  • Adi Putro
  • Antika Raya
  • Cipta Karya
  • Delima Jaya
  • Gunung Mas
  • Hartono Putra
  • KenKa
  • Laksana
  • Mekar Jaya
  • Morodadi Prima
  • New Armada
  • Nusantara Gemilang
  • Piala Mas
  • Rahayu Santosa
  • Restu Ibu
  • SKA
  • Stadabus
  • Tentrem
  • Trisakti
  • Tugas Anda
  • Tugas Kita
  • Tuksedo Studio

Ireland

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  • Booth Bros
  • Duffy Coachbodies
  • O'Gorman
  • Pierce

Italy

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Japan

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Luxembourg

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  • Conrardy

Netherlands

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  • Akkermans
  • Bronkhorst
  • Bij 't Vuur
  • Van Beurden Carrosserie Holland
  • Dolk
  • Donderwinkel
  • Egbers
  • Garstman
  • Gips & Jacobs
  • Hermans
  • Hover & Tiwi
  • Hulsman
  • Jac Met
  • Kimman
  • Lathouwers
  • Van Leersum & Co
  • De Ley
  • Van Lijf & Co
  • Mudde
  • Muller
  • Mijnhardt
  • N.A.M. (Nederlandsche Auto-Maatschappij)
  • Nederlandsche Carrosseriefabrieken
  • Oostwoud
  • Pennock
  • Van Rijswijk & Zoon
  • Roos
  • Schutter & van Bakel
  • Smulders
  • Soudijn
  • Spyker
  • Jean Stegen
  • Teulings
  • W J Van Trigt & Zoon
  • Vandenbrink Design
  • Verheul
  • Veth & Zoon

Poland

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Russia

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  • Bräutigam
  • Frese & Co
  • Ilyin
  • Krummel

Spain

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  • Abadal
  • Ayats
  • Bettla
  • Blancou
  • Capella
  • Carrizo
  • J Farré
  • Forcada
  • Fiol
  • Galo Mateos
  • Herrero
  • Hijos de Labourdette
  • Irizar
  • Lucas
  • Molist
  • Reynés
  • Roqueta
  • Serra
  • Vert
  • Vidal

Sweden

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  • Bröderna Johansson
  • Frändbergs
  • Freyschuss
  • Hoflageribolaget
  • Heinels
  • Järbo
  • Jakobsson
  • Kabo
  • Nilssons
  • Nordberg
  • Norrmalm
  • Nylunds
  • Ringborg
  • Thulinverken
  • Valbo

Switzerland

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United Kingdom

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United States

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Survivors of the unibody production-line system

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These aresurvivors of the unibody production-line system.[clarify]

See also

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References

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  1. ^"Coach".Oxford English Dictionary(1st ed.). Oxford University Press. 1933.
  2. ^Oxford English Dictionary2011
  3. ^G.N. Georgano,G. N.Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930.(London: Grange-Universal, 1990), p.206
  4. ^The Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, Vol.IV(First ed.). London: Charles Knight. 1848. p. 677.
  5. ^Early Pierce-Arrow cast aluminum body technology.The Pierce-Arrow Societyaccessed February 25, 2019
  6. ^"Steel Bodies: In an Eggshell", in Ward, Ian, executive editor.World of Automobiles(London: Orbis Publishing, 1974), p. 2178.
  7. ^"The Shanghai Body Builders of the 1920s".27 December 2020.
  8. ^"The Shanghai Horse Bazaar and Motor Company Limited".30 March 2020.
  9. ^Coway web siteArchived2012-04-24 at theWayback Machine
  10. ^Jankel web siteArchived2012-04-05 at theWayback Machine
  11. ^"Wheelchair Accessible Vehicles, Mobility Cars, Disability Car, Adapted Vehicles for Sale".jubileemobility.co.uk.
  12. ^"Specialist Vehicle Converter & Supplier – MacNeillie".MacNeillie.
  13. ^"Hearse for Sale – Limousine for Sale – Wilcox Limousines".Wilcox Limousines.
  14. ^"Woodall Nicholson".woodall-nicholson.co.uk.
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