Wikipedia

Coffeehouse

(Redirected fromCoffee shops)
"Café" redirects here. Not to be confused withCafeteriaorCafe (British).
For other uses, seeCafé (disambiguation)andCoffeehouse (disambiguation).

Acoffeehouse,coffee shop,orcafé(French:[kafe]), is an establishment that serves various types of coffee,espresso,latte,americanoandcappuccino.Some coffeehouses may serve cold beverages, such asiced coffeeandiced tea,as well as other non-caffeinated beverages. A coffeehouse may also serve food, such as light snacks, sandwiches,muffins,cakes, breads, donuts orpastries.In continental Europe, some cafés also serve alcoholic beverages. Coffeehouses range from owner-operated small businesses to largemultinational corporations.Some coffeehouse chains operate on afranchise business model,with numerous branches across various countries around the world.

TheCafé de Floreon theRive Gauchein Paris is one of the oldest coffeehouses in the city. It is celebrated for its famous clientele, which included high-profile writers and philosophers.

Whilecafémay refer to a coffeehouse, the term "café" can also refer to adiner,British café(also colloquially called a "caff" ), "greasy spoon"(a small and inexpensive restaurant),transport café,teahouseor tea room, or other casual eating and drinking place.[1][2][3][4][5]A coffeehouse may share some of the same characteristics of a bar or restaurant, but it is different from a cafeteria. Many coffeehouses in West Asia offershisha(actually callednargileinLevantine Arabic,Greek,andTurkish), flavored tobacco smoked through ahookah.Anespresso baris a type of coffeehouse that specializes in serving espresso and espresso-based drinks.

From a cultural standpoint coffeehouses largely serve as centers of social interaction: a coffeehouse provides patrons with a place to congregate, talk, read, write, entertain one another, or pass the time, whether individually or in small groups. A coffeehouse can serve as an informalsocial clubfor its regular members.[6]As early as the 1950sBeatnikera and the 1960sfolk musicscene, coffeehouses have hosted singer-songwriter performances, typically in the evening.[7]The digital age saw the rise of theInternet caféalong similar principles.

Etymology

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The word coffee in various European languages[8]

The most common English spelling ofcaféis the French word for bothcoffeeandcoffeehouse;[9][10]it was adopted by English-speaking countries in the late 19th century.[11]The Italian spelling,caffè,is also sometimes used in English.[12]InSouthern England,especially around London in the 1950s, the French pronunciation was often facetiously altered to/kæf/and speltcaff.[13]

The English wordcoffeeand French wordcafé(coffeehouse) both derive from the Italiancaffè[9][14]—first attested ascaveéinVenicein 1570[15]—and in turn derived from Arabicqahwa(قهوة). The Arabic termqahwaoriginally referred to a type of wine, but after the wine ban byIslam,the name was transferred to coffee because of the similar rousing effect it induced.[16]European knowledge of coffee (the plant, its seeds, and the drink made from the seeds) came through European contact withTurkey,likely via Venetian-Ottomantrade relations.

The English wordcaféto describe a restaurant that usually serves coffee and snacks rather than the word coffee that describes the drink, is derived from the Frenchcafé.The first café in France is believed to have opened in 1660.[9]The first café in Europe is believed to have been opened inBelgrade,Ottoman Serbiain 1522 as aKafana(Serbian coffee house).[17]

Thetranslingualword root /kafe/ appears in many European languages with various naturalized spellings, including Portuguese, Spanish, and French (café); German (Kaffee);Polish(kawa);Serbian(кафа / kafa);Ukrainian(кава,'kava'); and others.

History

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Ottoman Empire

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Ottoman miniatureof ameddahperforming at a coffeehouse
Storyteller (meddah) at a coffeehouse in theOttoman Empire.The first coffeehouses appeared in theMuslim worldin the 15th century.

The first coffeehouses appeared inDamascus.TheseOttoman coffeehousesalso appeared inMecca,in theArabian Peninsulain the 15th century, then spread to theOttoman Empire's capital ofIstanbulin the 16th century and inBaghdad.Coffeehouses became popular meeting places where people gathered to drink coffee, have conversations, play board games such aschessandbackgammon,listen to stories and music, and discuss news and politics. They became known as "schools of wisdom" for the type of clientele they attracted, and their free and frank discourse.[18][19]

Coffeehouses in Mecca became a concern ofimamswho viewed them as places for political gatherings and drinking, leading to bans between 1512 and 1524.[20]However, these bans could not be maintained, due to coffee becoming ingrained in daily ritual and culture among Arabs and neighboring peoples.[18]TheOttomanchroniclerİbrahim Peçevireports in his writings (1642–49) about the opening of the first coffeehouse (kiva han) inIstanbul:

Until the year 962 [1555], in the High, God-Guarded city ofConstantinople,as well as in Ottoman lands generally, coffee and coffeehouses did not exist. About that year, a fellow called Hakam fromAleppoand a wag called Shams from Damascus came to the city; they each opened a large shop in the district called Tahtakale, and began to purvey coffee.[21]

A coffeehouse inCairo,18th century

Persia

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The 17th-century French traveler and writerJean Chardingave a lively description of thePersiancoffeehouse (qahveh khanehinPersian) scene:

People engage in conversation, for it is there that news is communicated and where those interested in politics criticize the government in all freedom and without being fearful, since the government does not heed what the people say. Innocent games... resemblingcheckers,hopscotch, and chess, are played. In addition,mollas,dervishes,and poets take turns telling stories in verse or in prose. The narrations by the mollas and the dervishes are moral lessons, like our sermons, but it is not considered scandalous not to pay attention to them. No one is forced to give up his game or his conversation because of it. A molla will stand up in the middle, or at one end of the qahveh-khaneh, and begin to preach in a loud voice, or a dervish enters all of a sudden, and chastises the assembled on the vanity of the world and its material goods. It often happens that two or three people talk at the same time, one on one side, the other on the opposite, and sometimes one will be a preacher and the other a storyteller.[22]

Europe

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A coffeehouse in London,17th century
"Discussing the War in a Paris Café",The Illustrated London News,17 September 1870, during theFranco-Prussian War

In the 17th century, coffee appeared for the first time in Europe outside theOttoman Empire,and coffeehouses were established, soon becoming increasingly popular. The first coffeehouse is said to have appeared in 1632 inLivorno,founded by a Jewish merchant,[23][24]or later in 1640, inVenice.[25]In the 19th and 20th centuries in Europe, coffeehouses were very often meeting points for writers and artists.[26]

Austria

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AViennese café
Triestefrom where the cappuccino spread

The traditional tale of the origins of theViennese cafébegins with the mysterious sacks of green beans left behind when the Turks were defeated in theBattle of Viennain 1683. All the sacks of coffee were granted to the victoriousPolish kingJan III Sobieski,who in turn gave them to one of his officers,Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki,a Ukrainian cossack and Polish diplomat of Ruthenian descent. Kulczycki, according to the tale, then began the first coffeehouse inViennawith the hoard, also being the first to serve coffee with milk. There is a statue of Kulczycki on a street also named after him.

However, it is now widely accepted that the first Viennese coffeehouse was actually opened by an Armenian merchant named Johannes Diodato.[repetition][27]Johannes Diodato (also known as Johannes Theodat) opened a registered coffeehouse in Vienna in 1685.[28][27]Fifteen years later, four other Armenians owned coffeehouses.[28]Theculture of drinking coffeewas itself widespread in the country in the second half of the 18th century.

Over time, aspecial coffee houseculture developed inHabsburgVienna. On the one hand, writers, artists, musicians, intellectuals, bon vivants and their financiers met in the coffee house, and on the other hand, new coffee varieties were always served. In the coffee house, people played cards or chess, worked, read, thought, composed, discussed, argued, observed and just chatted. A lot of information was also obtained in the coffee house, because local and foreign newspapers were freely available to all guests. This form of coffee house culture spread throughout theHabsburg Empirein the 19th century.[29][30]

Scientific theories, political plans but also artistic projects were worked out and discussed in Viennese coffee houses all over Central Europe. James Joyce even enjoyed his coffee in a Viennese coffee house on the Adriatic inTrieste,then and now the main port for coffee and coffee processing in Italy and Central Europe. From there, the Viennese Kapuziner coffee developed into today's world-famouscappuccino.This special multicultural atmosphere of the Habsburg coffee houses was largely destroyed by the later National Socialism and Communism and can only be found today in a few places that have long been in the slipstream of history, such as Vienna or Trieste.[31][32][33][34]

England

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Main article:English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries

The first coffeehouse in England was set up on the High Street inOxfordin 1650[35]–1651[36][page needed]by "Jacob the Jew". A second competing coffee house was opened across the street in 1654, by "Cirques Jobson, the Jew" (Queen's Lane Coffee House).[37] In London, the earliest coffeehouse was established byPasqua Roséein 1652.[38] Anthony Woodobserved of the coffee houses of Oxford in hisLife and Times(1674) "The decay of study, and consequently of learning, are coffee houses, to which most scholars retire and spend much of the day in hearing and speaking of news".[39]The proprietor was Pasqua Rosée, the servant of a trader in goods from theOttoman Empirenamed Daniel Edwards, who imported the coffee and assisted Rosée in setting up the establishment there.[40][41]

From 1670 to 1685, the number of London coffeehouses began to increase, and they also began to gain political importance due to their popularity as places of debate.[42]English coffeehouses were significant meeting places, particularly in London. By 1675, there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses in England.[43]The coffeehouses were great social levelers, open to all men and indifferent to social status, and as a result associated with equality and republicanism. Entry gave access to books or print news. Coffeehouses boosted the popularity of print news culture and helped the growth of various financial markets including insurance, stocks, and auctions.Lloyd's of Londonhad its origins ina coffeehouserun by Edward Lloyd, where underwriters of ship insurance met to do business. The rich intellectual atmosphere of early London coffeehouses was available to anyone who could pay the sometimes one penny entry fee, giving them the name of'Penny Universities'.[44]

ThoughCharles IIlater tried to suppress London coffeehouses as "places where the disaffected met, and spread scandalous reports concerning the conduct of His Majesty and his Ministers", the public still flocked to them. For several decades following theRestoration,the wits gathered aroundJohn DrydenatWill's Coffee House,in Russell Street,Covent Garden.[45]As coffeehouses were believed to be areas where anti-government gossip could easily spread,Queen Maryand the London City magistrates tried to prosecute people who frequented coffeehouses as they were liable to "spread false and seditious reports".William III's privy council also suppressedJacobitesympathizers in the 1680s and 1690s in coffeehouses as these were the places that they believed harbored plotters against the regimes.[46]

By 1739, there were 551 coffeehouses in London; each attracted a particular clientele divided by occupation or attitude, such asToriesandWhigs,wits andstockjobbers,merchants and lawyers, booksellers and authors, men of fashion or the "cits" of theold city center.According to one French visitor,Antoine François Prévost,coffeehouses, "where you have the right to read all the papers for and against the government", were the "seats of English liberty".[47]

Jonathan's Coffee Housein 1698 saw the listing of stock and commodity prices that evolved into theLondon Stock Exchange.Lloyd's Coffee Houseprovided the venue for merchants and shippers to discuss insurance deals[repetition],leading to the establishment ofLloyd's of Londoninsurance market, theLloyd's Registerclassification society,and other related businesses. Auctions in salesrooms attached to coffeehouses provided the start for the great auction houses ofSotheby'sandChristie's.

InVictorianEngland, thetemperance movementset up coffeehouses (also known as coffee taverns) for the working classes, as a place of relaxation free ofalcohol,an alternative to thepublic house.[48][49]

Romania

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In 1667, Kara Hamie, a former OttomanJanissaryfrom Constantinople, opened the first coffee shop inBucharest(then the capital of thePrincipality of Wallachia), in the center of the city, where today sits the main building of theNational Bank of Romania.[50]

France

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Pasqua Rosée, anArmenianby the name Harutiun Vartian, also established the first coffeehouse in Paris in 1672 and held a citywide coffee monopoly untilProcopio Cutò,his apprentice, opened theCafé Procopein 1686.[51]This coffeehouse still exists today and was a popular meeting place of the FrenchEnlightenment;Voltaire,Rousseau,andDenis Diderotfrequented it, and it is arguably the birthplace of theEncyclopédie,the first modern encyclopedia.

Hungary

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The first known cafes inPestdate back to 1714 when a house intended to serve as a Cafe (Balázs Kávéfőző) was purchased. Minutes of the Pest City Council from 1729 mention complaints by the Balázs café and Franz Reschfellner Cafe against the Italian-originated café of Francesco Bellieno for selling underpriced coffee.[52]

Italy

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Caffè Florianin Venice

During the 18th century, the oldest extant coffeehouses in Italy were established:Caffè Florianin Venice,Antico Caffè Grecoin Rome,Caffè PedrocchiinPadua,Caffè dell'UsseroinPisaandCaffè FiorioinTurin.

Ireland

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In the 18th century,Dublincoffeehouses functioned as early reading centers and the emergence of circulation and subscription libraries that provided greater access to printed material for the public. The interconnectivity of the coffeehouse and virtually every aspect of the print trade were evidenced by the incorporation of printing, publishing, selling, and viewing of newspapers, pamphlets and books on the premises, most notably in the case ofDick's Coffee House,owned by Richard Pue; thus contributing to a culture of reading and increased literacy.[53]These coffeehouses were a social magnet where different strata of society came together to discuss topics covered by the newspapers and pamphlets. Most coffeehouses of the 18th century would eventually be equipped with their own printing presses or incorporate a book shop.[54]

Today, the termcaféis used for most coffeehouses – this can be spelled both with and without anacute accent,but is always pronounced as two syllables. The name café has also come to be used for a type of diners that offers cooked meals (again, without alcoholic beverages) which can be standalone or operating within shopping centres or department stores. In Irish usage, the presence or absence of the acute accent does not signify the type of establishment (coffeehouse versus diner), and is purely a decision by the owner: for instance, the two largest diner-style café chains in Ireland in the 1990s were named "Kylemore Cafe" and "Bewley's Café"– i.e., one written without, and one with, the acute accent.

Portugal

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StatueofFernando Pessoaby Lagoa Henriques, next to theA Brasileiracafé, inChiado,Lisbon.

The history of coffee inPortugalis usually told to have begun during the reign ofkingJohn V,when Portuguese agent Francisco de Melo Palheta supposedly managed to steal coffee beans from theDutch East India Companyand introduce it to Brazil. From Brazil, coffee was taken toCape VerdeandSão Tomé and Príncipe,which were also Portuguese colonies at the time. Although, coffee already existed inAngola,already introduced byPortuguese missionaries.During the 18th century, the first publiccafésappeared, inspired by French gatherings from the 17th century, becoming spaces for cultural and artistic entertainment.

Several cafes emerged inLisbonsuch as:Martinho da Arcada(being the oldest café still functioning, having opened in 1782),Café Tavares,Botequim Parras,among others.Of these several became famous for harbouring poets and artists, such asManuel du Bocagewith his visits toCafé Nicola,which opened in 1796 by the Italian Nicola Breteiro; andFernando Pessoawith his visits toA Brasileira,which opened in 1905 by Adriano Teles. The most famous of these coffee houses was theCafé Marrare,opened by the napolitan Antonio Marrare, in 1820, frequently visited byJúlio Castilho,Raimundo de Bulhão Pato,Almeida Garrett,Alexandre Herculanoand other members of the Portuguese government and theintelligentsia.It began its own saying: «Lisboa eraChiado,o Chiado era o Marrare e o Marrare ditava a lei» (English: "Lisbon was the Chiado, the Chiado was the Marrare and the Marrare dictated the law" ).

Other coffee houses soon opened across the country, such asCafé Vianna,opened inBraga,in 1858, by Manoel José da Costa Vianna, which was also visited by important Portuguese writers such asCamilo Castelo BrancoandEça de Queirós.During the1930's,a surge in coffee houses happened inPortowith the opening of several that still exist, such asCafé Guarany,opened in 1933, andA Regaleira,opened in 1934.

Switzerland

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In 1761 the Turm Kaffee, a shop for exported goods, was opened inSt. Gallen.[55]

Finland

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Café Ekbergin 2024

Finland's first coffee house, Kaffehus, was founded inTurkuin 1778.[56]The oldest still-in-use coffee house inHelsinkicalledCafé Ekbergwas founded 1852.[57]

Gender

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The exclusion of women from coffeehouses as guests was not universal, but does appear to have been common in Europe. In Germany, women frequented them, but in England and France they were banned.[58]Émilie du Châteletpurportedlycross-dressedto gain entrance to a coffeehouse in Paris.[59]

In a well-known engraving of aParisian caféc. 1700,[60]the gentlemen hang their hats on pegs and sit at long communal tables strewn with papers and writing implements. Coffee pots are ranged at an open fire, with a hanging cauldron of boiling water. The only woman present presides,separatedin a canopied booth, from which she serves coffee in tall cups.

Aside from the discussion around women as guests of the coffeehouses, it is noted that women did work as waitresses at coffeehouses and also managed coffeehouses as proprietors. Well known women in the coffeehouse business wereMoll King (coffee house proprietor)in England, andMaja-Lisa Borgmanin Sweden.[61]

Contemporary

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In most European countries, such as Spain,Austria,Denmark,Germany,Norway,Sweden,Portugal,and others, the termcafémeans a restaurant primarily serving coffee, as well aspastriessuch as cakes,tarts,pies,orbuns.Many cafés also serve light meals such assandwiches.European cafés often have tables on the pavement (sidewalk) as well as indoors. Some cafés also serve alcoholic drinks (e.g., wine), particularly in Southern Europe. In the Netherlands and Belgium, acaféis the equivalent of a bar, and also sells alcoholic drinks. In the Netherlands akoffiehuisserves coffee, while acoffee shop(using the English term) sells "soft" drugs (cannabisandhashish) and is generally not allowed to sell alcoholic drinks. In France, most cafés serve as lunch restaurants in the day, and bars in the evening. They generally do not have pastries except in the mornings, when acroissantorpain au chocolatcan be purchased with breakfast coffee. In Italy, cafés are similar to those found in France and known asbar.They typically serve a variety of espresso coffee, cakes and alcoholic drinks. Bars in city centers usually have different prices for consumption at the bar and consumption at a table.[62][citation needed]

Americas

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Argentina

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Café Tortoniis an emblematic café in Buenos Aires. Frequented byJorge Luis Borgesamong many other figures of Argentina.

Coffeehouses are part of the culture ofBuenos Airesand the customs of its inhabitants. They are traditional meeting places for 'porteños' and have inspired innumerable artistic creations. Some notable coffeehouses includeConfitería del Molino,Café Tortoni,El Gato Negro,Café La Biela.

United States

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Caffe ReggioonMacDougal Streetin New York City'sGreenwich Villagewhich was founded in 1927

The first coffeehouse in America opened inBoston,in 1676.[63]However, Americans did not start choosing coffee over tea until theBoston Tea Partyand theRevolutionary War.After the Revolutionary War, Americans momentarily went back to drinking tea until after theWar of 1812when they began importing high-quality coffee from Latin America and expensive inferior-quality tea from American shippers instead of Great Britain.[64]Whether they were drinking coffee or tea, coffeehouses served a similar purpose to that which they did in Great Britain, as places where business was done. In the 1780s, Merchant's Coffee House located on Wall Street in New York City was home to the organization of theBank of New Yorkand theNew York Chamber of Commerce.[65]

Coffeehouses in the United States arose from theespresso- and pastry-centered Italian coffeehouses of the Italian American immigrant communities in the major U.S. cities, notably New York City'sLittle ItalyandGreenwich Village,Boston'sNorth End,and San Francisco'sNorth Beach.From the late 1950s onward, coffeehouses also served as a venue for entertainment, most commonlyfolkperformers during theAmerican folk music revival.[66]Both Greenwich Village and North Beach became major haunts of theBeats,who were highly identified with these coffeehouses. As the youth culture of the 1960s evolved, non-Italians consciously copied these coffeehouses. The political nature of much of 1960s folk music made the music a natural tie-in with coffeehouses with their association with political action. A number of well-known performers likeJoan BaezandBob Dylanbegan their careers performing in coffeehouses.BluessingerLightnin' Hopkinsbemoaned his woman's inattentiveness to her domestic situation due to her overindulgence in coffeehouse socializing in his 1969 song "Coffeehouse Blues".[citation needed]

In 1966,Alfred Peetbegan applying the dark roast style to high quality beans and opened up a small shop inBerkeley, Californiato educate customers on the virtues of good coffee.[64]Starting in 1967 with the opening of the historicLast Exit on Brooklyncoffeehouse,Seattlebecame known for its thrivingcounterculturalcoffeehouse scene; theStarbuckschain later standardized and mainstreamed thisespresso barmodel.[67]

From the 1960s through the mid-1980s, churches and individuals in the United States used the coffeehouse concept for outreach. They were often storefronts and had names likeThe Lost Coin(Greenwich Village),The Gathering Place(Riverside, CA),Catacomb Chapel(New York City), andJesus For You(Buffalo, NY). Christian music (often guitar-based) was performed, coffee and food was provided, andBible studieswere convened as people of varying backgrounds gathered in a casual setting that was purposefully different from traditional churches. An out-of-print book, published by the ministry of David Wilkerson, titled,A Coffeehouse Manual,served as a guide for Christian coffeehouses, including a list of name suggestions for coffeehouses.[68]

In 2002, Brownstones Coffee ofAmityville, New Yorkopened its first location as a breakfast-oriented coffeehouse well before that business model became popular.[69]The trend later caught on through coffeehouses such as Starbucks,[70]which seemed to be on every street corner in several major American cities including Los Angeles and Seattle.[71]

Format

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See also:List of coffeehouse chains
Coffeehouses often sellpastriesor other food items.

Cafés may have an outdoor section (terrace, pavement orsidewalk café) with seats, tables and parasols. This is especially the case with European cafés. Cafés offer a more open public space compared to many of the traditional pubs they have replaced, which were more male dominated with a focus on drinking alcohol.

One of the original uses of the café, as a place for information exchange and communication, was reintroduced in the 1990s with theInternet caféorHotspot.[72]The spread of modern-style cafés to urban and rural areas went hand-in-hand with the rising use of mobile computers. Computers and Internet access in a contemporary-styled venue help to create a youthful, modern place, compared to the traditional pubs or old-fashioneddinersthat they replaced.

Asia

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Coffeehouses in Egypt are colloquially called'ahwah/ʔhwa/,which is the dialectal pronunciation ofقَهْوةqahwah(literally "coffee" )[73][74](see alsoArabic phonology#Local variations). Also commonly served in'ahwahare tea (shāy) andherbal teas,especially the highly popularhibiscus blend(Egyptian Arabic:karkadehorennab). The first'ahwahopened around the 1850s and were originally patronized mostly by older people, with youths frequenting but not always ordering. There were associated by the 1920s with clubs (Cairo),bursa(Alexandria) andgharza(rural inns). In the early 20th century, some of them became crucial venues for political and social debates.[73]

In India, coffee culture has expanded in the past twenty years. Chains likeIndian Coffee House,Café Coffee Day,Barista Lavazzahave become very popular. Cafes are considered good venues to conduct office meetings and for friends to meet.[75]

A coffee shop inBacoor,Philippines

In China, an abundance of recently started domestic coffeehouse chains may be seen accommodating business people forconspicuous consumption,with coffee prices sometimes even higher than in the West.

Rumah Loer, a contemporary-style coffee shop (Indonesian:rumah kopi kekinian) inPalembang,Indonesia

In Malaysia and Singapore, traditional breakfast and coffee shops are calledkopi tiam.The word is aportmanteauof theMalayword for coffee (as borrowed and altered from English) and theHokkiendialect word for shop (Điếm;POJ:tiàm). Menus typically feature simple offerings: a variety of foods based onegg,toast,andcoconut jam,plus coffee, tea, andMilo,a malted chocolate drink that is extremely popular in Southeast Asia and Australasia, particularly Singapore and Malaysia.

In Indonesia, traditional coffee houses are calledkedai kopi,rumah kopi,orwarung kopiwhich is often abbreviated aswarkop.Kopi tubrukis a common drink in smallwarkop.As a coffee drink companion, traditionalkueis also served in the coffee house. The first coffee house in Indonesia was founded in 1878 inJakartawhich namedWarung Tinggi Tek Sun Ho.[76]

In the Philippines, coffee shop chains likeStarbuckshave become the prevalent hangouts for upper- and middle-class professionals in such districts as theMakati CBD.However,carinderias(small eateries) continue to serve coffee alongside breakfast and snack dishes. Events called "Kapihan" (fora) are often held inside bakeshops or restaurants that also serve coffee for breakfast ormerienda.There are also a number of establishments often referred to as "cafés" that serve not just coffee and pastries, but full meals, often international cuisine highly altered to Filipino tastes.[77]

A shop specialised in drip coffee inNakhon Ratchasima,Thailand

In Thailand, the term "café" is not only a coffeehouse in the international definition, as in other countries, but in the past was considereda night restaurant that servesalcoholic drinksduring a comedy show on stage. The era in which this type of business flourished was the 1990s, before the1997 financial crisis.[78]

The first real coffeehouse in Thailand opened in 1917 at theSi Kak Phraya Siin the area ofRattanakosin Island,by Madam Cole, an American woman who living in Thailand at that time, Later,Chao PhrayaRam Rakop (เจ้าพระยารามราฆพ), Thai aristocrat, opened a coffeehouse named "Café de Norasingha" (คาเฟ่นรสิงห์) located at Sanam Suea Pa (สนามเสือป่า), the ground next to theRoyal Plaza.[79]At present, Café de Norasingha has been renovated and moved to withinPhayathai Palace.[80]In thesouthern region,a traditional coffeehouse orkopi tiamis popular with locals, like many countries in theMalay Peninsula.[81]

Australia

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TheFederal Coffee Palace,built on Collins Street, Melbourne, in 1888, was the largest and grandest Coffee Palace ever built. It was demolished in 1973.
Centre Place, Melbourne.Australia and New Zealand have competing claims as being the birthplace of the "flat white".

In the 19th century, coffee houses such as theCollingwood Coffee Palaceor theFederal Coffee Palacein the centre ofMelbournewere established and were part of thetemperance movementto reduce the consumption of alcohol in society.[82]

In modern Australia, coffee shops are ubiquitously known ascafés.Since the post-World War IIinflux of Italian and Greek immigrants introduced the first espresso coffee machines to Australia in the 1950s, there was initially a slow rise in café culture, particularly in Melbourne, until a boom in locally owned cafés Australia-wide began in the 1990s.[83]Alongside the rise in the number of cafés there has been a rise in demand for locally (or on-site) roasted specialty coffee, particularly in Sydney and Melbourne. A local favourite is the "flat white"which remains a popular coffee drink.[84]

Africa

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In Cairo, the capital of Egypt, most cafés have shisha (waterpipe). Most Egyptians indulge in the habit of smoking shisha while hanging out at the café, watching a match, studying, or even sometimes finishing some work. InAddis Ababa,the capital of Ethiopia, independent coffeehouses that struggled prior to 1991 have become popular with young professionals who do not have time for traditional coffee roasting at home. One establishment that has become well-known is the Tomoca coffee shop, which opened in 1953.[85][86]

Europe

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United Kingdom

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The patrons of the first coffeehouse in England, The Angel, which opened in Oxford in 1650,[87]and the mass of London coffee houses that flourished over the next three centuries, were far removed from those of modern Britain. Haunts for teenagers in particular,Italian-runespresso bars and theirformica-topped tables were a feature of 1950sSohothat provided a backdrop as well as a title forCliff Richard's 1960 filmExpresso Bongo.The first was The Moka inFrith Street,opened byGina Lollobrigidain 1953. With their "exoticGaggiacoffee machine[s],... Coke, Pepsi, weak frothy coffee and... Suncrush orange fountain[s] "[88]they spread to other urban centers during the 1960s, providing cheap, warm places for young people to congregate and an ambience far removed from the global coffee bar standard that would be established in the final decades of the century by chains such asStarbucksandPret a Manger.[88][89]

Espresso bar

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Interior of an espresso bar fromBaliuag,Philippines

Theespresso baris a type of coffeehouse that specializes in coffee drinks made fromespresso.Originating in Italy, the espresso bar has spread throughout the world in various forms. Prime examples that are internationally known areStarbucks Coffee,based inSeattle,U.S., andCosta Coffee,based inDunstable,U.K. (the first and second largest coffeehouse chains respectively), although the espresso bar exists in some form throughout much of the world.

The espresso bar is typically centered around a long counter with a high-yieldespresso machine(usuallybean to cup machines,automatic or semiautomatic pump-type machine, although occasionally a manually operated lever-and-piston system) and a display case containing pastries and occasionally savory items such as sandwiches. In the traditional Italian bar, customers either order at the bar and consume their drinks standing or, if they wish to sit down and be served, are usually charged a higher price. In some bars there is an additional charge for drinks served at an outside table. In other countries, especially the United States, seating areas for customers to relax and work are provided free of charge. Some espresso bars also sell coffee paraphernalia, candy, and even music. North American espresso bars were also at the forefront of widespread adoption of publicWiFiaccess points to provide Internet services to people doing work on laptop computers on the premises.

The offerings at the typical espresso bar are generally quite Italianate in inspiration;biscotti,cannoliandpizzelleare a common traditional accompaniment to acaffe latteorcappuccino.Some upscale espresso bars even offer alcoholic drinks such as grappa and sambuca. Nevertheless, typical pastries are not always strictly Italianate and common additions includescones,muffins,croissants,and evendoughnuts.There is usually a large selection of teas as well, and the North American espresso bar culture is responsible for the popularization of the Indian spiced tea drinkmasala chai.Iced drinks are also popular in some countries, including both iced tea and iced coffee as well as blended drinks such as Starbucks'Frappucino.

A worker in an espresso bar is referred to as abarista.The barista is a skilled position that requires familiarity with the drinks being made (often very elaborate, especially in North American-style espresso bars), a reasonable facility with some equipment as well as the usual customer service skills.

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References

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Further reading

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  • Marie-France Boyer; photographs by Eric Morin (1994)The French Café.London: Thames & Hudson
  • Brian Cowan (2005),The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse,Yale University Press
  • Markman Ellis (2004),The Coffee House: a cultural history,Weidenfeld & Nicolson
  • Homsi, Nada; Hendawi, Hamza; Mahmoud, Sinan; Oweis, Khaled Yacoub (2023-02-24)."Coffee houses of the Middle East: inside the region's historic cauldrons of culture".The National (Abu Dhabi).Archivedfrom the original on 2023-04-30.Retrieved2023-04-30.
  • Robert Hume "Percolating Society", Irish Examiner, 27 April 2017 p. 13
  • Nautiyal, J. J. (2016). "Aesthetic and affective experiences in coffee shops: a Deweyan engagement with ordinary affects in ordinary spaces".Education & Culture,32(2), 99–118.
  • Ray Oldenburg,The Great Good Place: Cafes, Coffee Shops, Community Centers, General Stores, Bars, Hangouts, and How They Get You through the Day.New York: Parragon Books, 1989.ISBN1-56924-681-5
  • Tom Standage (2006)A History of the World in Six Glasses,Walker & Company,ISBN0-8027-1447-1
  • Antony Wild,Coffee, A Dark History,New York: W. W. Norton & Company,ISBN9780393060713;London: Fourth Estate, 2004ISBN1841156493.
  • Withington, Phil. "Public and private pleasures."History Today(June 2020) 70#6 pp. 16–18. covers London 1630 to 1800.
  • Withington, Phil. "Where was the coffee in early modern England?."Journal of Modern History92.1 (2020): 40–75.
  • Ahmet Yaşar, "The Coffeehouses in Early Modern Istanbul: Public Space, Sociability and Surveillance", MA Thesis, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, 2003. Library.boun.edu.tr"Archived copy".Archived from the original on 2022-04-05.Retrieved2023-05-18.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  • Ahmet Yaşar, "Osmanlı Şehir Mekânları: Kahvehane Literatürü / Ottoman Urban Spaces: An Evaluation of Literature on Coffeehouses", TALİD Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi, 6, 2005, 237–256.Talid.org
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