Conclusion (music)

Inmusic,theconclusionis the ending of acompositionand may take the form of acodaoroutro.

"Jingle Bells"'s outro

Pieces usingsonata formtypically use therecapitulationto conclude a piece, providing closure through therepetitionofthematicmaterial from theexpositionin thetonic key.In all musical forms other techniques include "altogether unexpected digressions just as a work is drawing to its close, followed by a return...to a consequently more emphatic confirmation of the structural relations implied in the body of the work."

For example:

• The slow movement ofBach'sBrandenburg Concerto No. 2,where a "diminished-7th chord progression interrupts the final cadence."
• The slow movement ofSymphony No. 5byBeethoven,where, "echoing afterthoughts", follow the initial statements of the first theme and only return expanded in the coda.
• Varèse'sDensity 21.5,where partitioning of the chromatic scale into (two) whole tone scales provides the missing tritone of b implied in the previously exclusive partitioning by (three) diminished seventh chords.

Coda

Main article:Coda (music)

Coda(Italianfor "tail", pluralcode) is a term used inmusicin a number of different senses, primarily to designate a passage which brings a piece (or onemovementthereof) to a conclusion.

Outro

"Outro (music)" redirects here. For music at the end of a concert, seeOutro (concert).For other uses, seeOutro.

Anoutro(sometimes "outtro", also "extro" ) is the opposite of anintro.Outrois ablendofoutandintro.

The term is typically used only in the realm ofpopular music.It can refer to the concluding track of an album or to anoutro-solo,an instrumentalsolo(usually aguitar solo) played as the song fades out or until it stops.

Examples

• "Purple Rain"as recorded byPrinceis an example of an outro-solo, as is "Hotel California"as recorded byThe Eagles.
• "Jeremy"as recorded byPearl Jam.
• "Outro" – The final track of theM83albumHurry Up, We're Dreaming.
• "Drugs"by Talking Heads
• "The Embers" by Enter Shikari

Repeat and fade

Repeat and fadeis a musical direction used insheet musicwhen more than one repeat of the last few measures or so of a piece is desired with a fade-out (like something traveling into the distance and disappearing) as the manner in which to end the music. It originated as a sound effect made possible by the volume controls on sound recording equipment and on the sound controls for speaker output. No equivalent Italian term was in the standard lexicon of musical terms, so it was written in English, the language of the musician(s) who developed the technique. It is very difficult to approximate this effect on an instrument such as the piano, but instrumentalists can simulate it by thinning the musical texture while applying diminuendo within the limits of their instruments, and by taking advantage of the open-ended feeling of an unresolved harmony or melodic tone at the end.

It is in the family of terms and signs that indicate repeated material, but it does not substitute for any of them, and it would be incorrect to describe it as a "shortcut" to any of the other repeat signs (such asDal segno).The direction is to be taken literally: while repeating the music contained within the section annotated "repeat and fade",the player(s) should continue to play/repeat, and themixeror player(s) shouldfadethe volume while the player(s) repeat the appropriate musical segments, until the song has been faded out (usually by faders on themixing board).

Examples

Repeat and fade endingsare rarely found in live performances, but are often used in studio recordings.Examples include:

• "Hey Jude"as recorded byThe Beatles
• "Time and a Word"as recorded byYes
• "Never Gonna Give You Up"as recorded byRick Astley

See also

• Da capo
• Epilogue