Conserved name

Aconserved nameornomen conservandum(pluralnomina conservanda,abbreviated asnom. cons.) is a scientific name that has specific nomenclatural protection. That is, the name is retained, even though it violates one or more rules which would otherwise prevent it from being legitimate.Nomen conservandumis aLatinterm, meaning "a name to be conserved". The terms are often used interchangeably, such as by theInternational Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants(ICN),^[2]while theInternational Code of Zoological Nomenclaturefavours the term "conserved name".

The name for this yeast,*Candida albicans*,is anomen conservandum^[1]

The process for conserving botanical names is different from that for zoological names. Under the botanical code, names may also be "suppressed",nomen rejiciendum(pluralnomina rejiciendaornomina utique rejicienda,abbreviated asnom. rej.), or rejected in favour of a particular conserved name, and combinations based on a suppressed name are also listed as “nom. rej.”.^[3]

Botany

Conservation

In botanical nomenclature,conservationis a nomenclatural procedure governed by Article 14 of the ICN.^[4]Its purpose is

"to avoid disadvantageous nomenclatural changes entailed by the strict application of the rules, and especially of theprinciple of priority[...] "(Art. 14.1).

Conservation is possible only for names at the rank offamily,genusorspecies.

It may effect a change in original spelling,type,or (most commonly) priority.^[3]

Conserved spelling (orthographia conservanda,orth. cons.) allows spelling usage to be preserved even if the name was published with another spelling:Euonymus(notEvonymus),Guaiacum(notGuajacum), etc. (seeorthographical variant).
Conserved types (typus conservandus,typ. cons.) are often made when it is found that a type in fact belongs to a different taxon from the description, when a name has subsequently been generally misapplied to a different taxon, or when the type belongs to a small group separate from the monophyletic bulk of a taxon.
Conservation of a name against an earlier taxonomic (heterotypic) synonym (which is termed arejected name,nomen rejiciendum,nom. rej.) is relevant only if a particular taxonomist includes both types in the same taxon.

Rejection

Besides conservation of names of certain ranks (Art. 14), the ICN also offers the option of outright rejection of a name (nomen utique rejiciendum) also calledsuppressed nameunder Article 56, another way of creating anomen rejiciendumthat cannot be used anymore. Outright rejection is possible for a name at any rank.^[3]

Rejection (suppression) of individual names is distinct from suppression of works (opera utique oppressa) under Article 34, which allows for listing certain taxonomic ranks in certain publications which are considered not to include any validly published names.^[3]

Effects

Conflicting conserved names are treated according to the normal rules of priority. Separate proposals (informally referred to as "superconservation" proposals) may be made to protect a conserved name that would be overtaken by another. However, conservation has different consequences depending on the type of name that is conserved:^{[citation needed]}

A conserved family name is protected against all other family names based on genera that are considered by the taxonomist to be part of the same family.
A conserved genus or species name is conserved against anyhomonyms,homotypic synonyms,and thosespecificheterotypic synonyms that are simultaneously declared nomina rejicienda (as well as their own homotypic synonyms).^{[clarification needed]}As taxonomic changes are made, other names may require new proposals for conservation and/or rejection.

Documentation

Conserved and rejected names (and suppressed names) are listed in the appendices to the ICN. As of the 2012 (Melbourne) edition, a separate volume holds the bulk of the appendices (except appendix I, on names of hybrids).^[5]The substance of the second volume is generated from a database which also holds a history of published proposals and their outcomes, the binding decisions on whether a name is validly published (article 38.4) and on whether it is a homonym (article 53.5).^[6]^[5]The database can be queried online.^[7]

Procedure

The procedure starts by submitting a proposal to the journalTaxon(published by theIAPT). This proposal should present the case both for and against conservation of a name. Publication notifies anybody concerned that the matter is being considered and makes it possible for those interested to write in. Publication is the start of the formal procedure: it counts as referring the matter "to the appropriate Committee for study" and Rec 14A.1 comes into effect. The name in question is (somewhat) protected by this Recommendation ( "... authors should follow existing usage as far as possible..." ).^{[citation needed]}
After reviewing the matter, judging the merits of the case, "the appropriate Committee" makes a decision either against ( "not recommended" ) or in favor ( "recommended" ). Then the matter is passed to the General Committee.
After reviewing the matter, mostly from a procedural angle, the General Committee makes a decision, either against ( "not recommended" ) or in favor ( "recommended" ). At this point Article 14.16 comes into effect. Art 14.16 authorizes all users to indeed use that name.
The General Committee reports to the Nomenclature Section of theInternational Botanical Congress,stating which names (including types and spellings) it recommends for conservation. Then, by Div.III.1, the Nomenclature Section makes a decision on which names (including types, spellings) are accepted into theCode.At this stage thede factodecision is made to modify theCode.
The Plenary Session of that same International Botanical Congress receives the "resolution moved by the Nomenclature Section of that Congress" and makes ade juredecision to modify theCode.By long tradition this step is ceremonial in nature only.^{[citation needed]}

In the course of time there have been different standards for the majority required for a decision. However, for decades the Nomenclature Section has required a 60% majority for an inclusion in theCode,and the Committees have followed this example, in 1996 adopting a 60% majority for a decision.^{[citation needed]}

Zoology

For zoology, the term "conserved name", rather thannomen conservandum,is used in theInternational Code of Zoological Nomenclature,^[8]although informally both terms are used interchangeably.^{[citation needed]}

In the glossary of theInternational Code of Zoological Nomenclature^[8](the code for names of animals, one of severalnomenclature codes), this definition is given:

conserved name: A name otherwise unavailable or invalid that the Commission, by the use of its plenary power, has enabled to be used as avalid nameby removal of the known obstacles to such use.

This is a more generalized definition than the one fornomen protectum,which is specifically a conserved name that is either a juniorsynonymorhomonymthat is in use because the senior synonym or homonym has been made anomen oblitum( "forgotten name" ).^{[citation needed]}

An example of a conserved name is thedinosaurgenus namePachycephalosaurus,which was formally described in 1943. Later,Tylosteus(which was formally described in 1872) was found to be the same genus asPachycephalosaurus(a synonym). By the usual rules, the genusTylosteushas precedence and would normally be the correct name. But theInternational Commission on Zoological Nomenclature(ICZN) ruled that the namePachycephalosauruswas to be given precedence and treated as the valid name, because it was in more common use and better known to scientists.^{[citation needed]}

The ICZN's procedural details are different from those in botany, but the basic operating principle is the same, with petitions submitted to the commission for review.^{[citation needed]}

References

^McCool, Logan."The Discovery and Naming of Candida albicans".Antimicrobe.Retrieved24 October2023.
^"International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants"(Melbourne Code ed.). 2012.
^^a ^b ^c ^dMcNeill, John; Redhead, Scott A.; Wiersema, John H. (2015)."Guidelines for proposals to conserve or reject names".Taxon.64(1): 163–166.doi:10.1002/tax.641003.
^"Chapter II Status, Typification, and Priority of Names Section 4 Limitation of the Principle of Priority Article 14".International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.International Association for Plant Taxonomy.Retrieved14 November2020.
^^a ^bWiersema, J.H.; McNeill, J.; Turland, N.J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G.F. (2015),International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011 Appendices II – VIII,vol. 157, Koeltz Botanical Books,ISBN 978-3-87429-480-5
^Wiersema, J.; McNeill, J.; Turland, N.J.; Orli, S.S.; Wagner, W.L. (2015), "The foundation of the Melbourne Code Appendices: Announcing a new paradigm for tracking nomenclatural decisions",Taxon,64(5): 1021–1027,doi:10.12705/645.11
^International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants: Appendices II-VIII (with an accounting of proposals to conserve and reject names, to suppress works, and requests for binding decisions),Smithsonian Institution,retrieved30 August2016
^^a ^b"International Code of Zoological Nomenclature".Archived fromthe originalon 24 May 2009.Retrieved29 August2006.

McVaugh R, Ross R, Stafleu FA (1968).An annotated glossary of botanical nomenclature.Utrecht, Netherlands: International Bureau for Plant Taxonomy and Nomenclature of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy.
Crosby, Marshall R. (1972). "An example of a" nomen rejiciendum et illegitimum "".Taxon.21(1): 205–209.doi:10.2307/1219271.JSTOR 1219271.

[McCool-1] McCool, Logan."The Discovery and Naming of Candida albicans".Antimicrobe.Retrieved24 October2023.

[ICN-2] "International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants"(Melbourne Code ed.). 2012.

[McNeill_et_al._2015-3] McNeill, John; Redhead, Scott A.; Wiersema, John H. (2015)."Guidelines for proposals to conserve or reject names".Taxon.64(1): 163–166.doi:10.1002/tax.641003.

[4] "Chapter II Status, Typification, and Priority of Names Section 4 Limitation of the Principle of Priority Article 14".International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.International Association for Plant Taxonomy.Retrieved14 November2020.

[appendices-5] Wiersema, J.H.; McNeill, J.; Turland, N.J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G.F. (2015),International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011 Appendices II – VIII,vol. 157, Koeltz Botanical Books,ISBN 978-3-87429-480-5

[6] Wiersema, J.; McNeill, J.; Turland, N.J.; Orli, S.S.; Wagner, W.L. (2015), "The foundation of the Melbourne Code Appendices: Announcing a new paradigm for tracking nomenclatural decisions",Taxon,64(5): 1021–1027,doi:10.12705/645.11

[7] International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants: Appendices II-VIII (with an accounting of proposals to conserve and reject names, to suppress works, and requests for binding decisions),Smithsonian Institution,retrieved30 August2016

[ICZN-8] "International Code of Zoological Nomenclature".Archived fromthe originalon 24 May 2009.Retrieved29 August2006.

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