Cooperative video game

Acooperative video game,often abbreviated asco-op,is avideo gamethat allows players to work together as teammates, usually against one or morenon-player characteropponents (PvE). Co-op games can be played locally using one or multiple input controllers or over a network vialocal area networks,wide area networks,or the Internet.

Co-op gameplay has gained popularity as controller and networking technology has developed. OnPCsand consoles, cooperative games have become increasingly common, and many genres of games—includingshooter games,sports games,real-time strategygames, andmassively multiplayer online games—include co-op modes.

Description

A cooperative video game is avideo gamethat allows players to work together as teammates, usually against one or morenon-player characteropponents (PvE). Cooperative video games are often abbreviated asco-ops.The gameplay of cooperative games may be entirely cooperative or be limited to cooperativemodes.

History

Co-op gameplay has gained popularity as controller and networking technology has developed.OnPCsand consoles, cooperative games have become increasingly common, and many genres of games—includingshooter games,sports games,real-time strategygames, andmassively multiplayer online games—include co-op modes.

Arcade co-op gaming

The firstvideo gameto feature co-op play dates back to 1973, withAtari'sarcade video gamePong Doubles,which was atennis doublesversion of their hitarcade gamePong(1972).Co-op play was later featured in another Atari coin-op,Fire Truck(1978).

Several early 1980s arcade coin-op games allowed for co-op play.Wizard of Woroffered solo, competitive two-player, or cooperative two-player gamingwhileWilliams Electronics'Joustencouraged players to alternatively compete and cooperate by awarding bonus points for co-op play in some rounds and awarding bonuses for attacking the other player in others. Two-player games ofNintendo'sMario Bros.could be played as competitively or cooperatively.

Co-operative games became particularly popular among operators of coin-op video games as they had the potential to net double the revenue per game. Drop-in/drop-out co-op was pioneered byGauntlet(1985) which came in models of two and four players for different locations. This trend was followed by the likes ofQuartet(1986),Ikari Warriors(1986), andRampage(1986) which became high-earners for American operators.

Beat 'em upgames, exemplified byDouble Dragon(1987), were among the most successful games of the late 1980s. Their co-operative nature often included mechanics such as friendly fire, providing more opportunities for dynamic play. The feature became expected in the beat 'em up genre and was present in megahits such asFinal Fight(1989),Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles(1989), andThe Simpsons(1991). Ports of these games to home consoles were often criticized for their lack of co-operative functionality.

In 1998,Time Crisis IIlaunched as the first in the series as a two-player arcade rail shooter where two players could provide cover for each other. In 2009KonamiandActivisionreleasedGuitar Hero Arcade,a co-op rhythm game which allowed players to work together to complete a song of their choosing or the two players could fight each other in the battle mode with each guitarist striving for a higher score.

Console co-op gaming

Early-generation home consoles typically did not offer co-op options, due to technical limitations which hindered the increased graphics required for simultaneous co-op play.Though consoles from thesecond generation of video gamesonward typically had controller ports for two-player games, most systems did not have the computing or graphical power for simultaneous play, leading most games that billed "2-player gameplay" as a feature to merely include the single player game mode with alternating players.

During this early era, many video games which featured co-op play (includingbeat 'em upssuch asDouble Dragon) wereportedto less advanced home systems. Alternating play replaced the arcade's co-op play in theNESversion (althoughDouble Dragon IIandIII,for the same system, did retain their co-op gameplay). Most other titles featuring two-player were head-to-head sports titles. Though most of the console beat 'em ups were arcade ports, original franchises such asStreets of RageandRiver City Ransomalso became popular.

In the run-and-gun shooter genre,Contrawas more successful in its NES incarnation than it was in the arcades in the North American market.Gunstar Heroesfor theSega Genesisand theMetal Slugseriesfor theNeo Geowere also well-received titles.

Electronic Artshas produced key co-opsports games,including the originalNHL Hockey(1991) andMadden NFL(1990) installments on the Sega Genesis. These games allowed two players or more to play against the CPU.

Due to the lack ofonline multiplayer,co-op games in theRPGgenre have generally been less common on console systems than on PCs. Nevertheless, some of the earliest co-opaction RPGswere console titles, including theTurboGrafx-16gameDungeon Explorer(1989)byAtluswhich allowed up to five players to play simultaneously,andSquare'sSecret of Mana(1993) for theSuper NESwhich offered two- and three-player action once the main character had acquired his party members.Secret of Mana'sco-op gameplay was considered innovative in its time,as it allowed the second or third players to drop in and out of the game at any time. This function influenced future titles, such asDungeon Siege III.Final Fantasy VI(1994) offered a form of alternating co-op play for its battles, with the second player taking control of half of the characters in the party.Namco'sTalesseriesallowed multiple players to take control of individual members in its real-time battles in some of the titles, such asTales of Symphonia,while theBaldur's Gate: Dark Alliancegames replicated theDiabloformula for consoles, offering two-player simultaneous play through the game's campaign.

With the release of theNintendo 64(1996, 1997), having four controller ports started to become a standard feature in consoles, as theDreamcast,GameCubeandXboxall later featured them. As larger multiplayer games became feasible, cooperative gameplay also became more available. The7thandcurrentgenerations of video game consoles all feature wireless controllers, removing port-based local player limits.

PC co-op gaming

First-person shooters

The release ofDoomin 1993 was a breakthrough in network gaming. Up to four players could travel through the entire game together, playing on separate computers over aLAN.The game's campaign mode was designed primarily forsingle player,but the difficulty was tweaked to compensate for extra human players. The following three games produced byid Software(Doom II,QuakeandQuake II) all featured co-op modes.

Starting from the early 2000s, however, many FPS developers have forsaken co-op campaign play, opting to focus more purely on either a more detailed and in-depth single player experience or a purely multiplayer game.Epic'sUnreal Tournamentseries had shifted almost entirely towardsdeathmatchmodes, and significant FPS releases such asDoom 3,Quake 4,and bothHalf-Lifetitles shipped without cooperative gameplay modes. However,Killing Floor,originally atotal conversion modfor the gameUnreal Tournament 2004,first released in 2005, introduced the cooperative wave-based survival game mode.After theGears of Warfranchise introduced the term,Horde mode,which is four-player cooperative wave-based survival game mode, the cooperative game mode has undergone a resurgence,starting a trend which includedHalo 3: ODST's "Firefight" mode andCall of Duty: World at War's "Nazi Zombies" mode. More games in the genre from the 2010s include thePaydayandDestinyseries.

Role-playing games

Main article:Massively multiplayer online role-playing game

Most earlyrole-playing video gameswere inspired by multiplayer tabletop gameDungeons & Dragons,but were restricted to single player due to the technology of the era. The earliest RPGs featuring something resembling co-op play wereMUDs,which would later evolve into theMMOGgenre.

In 1989,Image WorksreleasedBloodwychforMS-DOSand various other platforms which featured a two-player cooperative mode viasplit screenwhere 2 players needed to cooperate in order to solve puzzles and eliminate enemies.

Later PC RPGs became more powerful and flexible in simulating the shared real life RPG experience,allowing players to collaborate in games over the Internet.Blizzard Entertainment's immensely successfulDiablo(1996), which incorporated Blizzard's online matchmaking service,battle.net,allowing the game's players to play through the entire single player campaign together. The D&D-sanctionedBaldur's GateandIcewind Dalegames, released in 1998 and 2000, respectively, allowed up to six players to play through the campaign mode over a network.Atari'sNeverwinter Nights(2002) was an official and comprehensive D&D simulator, featuring even more robust game-creation tools and developing a sizable online community. It allowed one player to serve as aDungeon Master,shaping and altering the game world against a party of human-controlled players, playing cooperatively. (An earlier game,Vampire: The Masquerade – Redemption(2000) was the earliestCRPGto feature this sort of "storyteller" mode.)

ContemporaryMMORPGssuch asBlizzard Entertainment'sWorld of Warcraftfeature a mixture of single-player goals ( "quests" ) and larger end-game challenges that can only be completed via intensive co-op play,of up to twenty-five (formerly forty) players in end-game raids,and up to forty versus forty in battlegrounds.

Gameplay characteristics

Couch co-op and online co-op modes

Co-op games can be played locally using one or multiple input controllers or over a network vialocal area networks,wide area networks,or the Internet. Cooperative games designed to be played by multiple players on the same display screen have come to be known as "couch co-op", "local co-op" or "single-player co-op" games. Cooperative games in which players each use their own display system are known as "online co-op", "network co-op" or "multiplayer co-op" games due to the majority of such systems utilizing telecommunications networks to synchronize game state among the players. Games have also been brought to market in which both modes can be combined—accommodating more than one display with each display accommodating one or more players.

While there are no practical technical limits to how many players can be involved in a cooperative game, the industry has settled on games that support up to four players as an informal standard. This comes from a combination of factors. Historically, cooperative arcade video games maxed out at four players. Similarly, consoles which supported local co-op play on the same screen also maxed out at four players. There is also a human factor according to various developers. While having more than four players involved could make a game more interesting to play, this starts to exceed a comfortable number related to social interactions between players and may cause segmenting of the larger group into smaller ones, while up to four players encourages cooperation and coordination within that group.

Display features

Many video games supportsplit screendisplays in order to show two or more players in different regions of the game. Split screen displays would usually split the main screen into either two or four sub-regions so that 2–4 players can roam freely within the game world. Manyfirst-personandthird-person shootergames use this technique when played in multiplayer co-op mode, such as the console versions of games in theRainbow Sixseries,theHalo seriesor the fifth installment of theCall of Dutyseries,Call of Duty: World at War.

Split screen modes have also been combined with3D Televisiontechnology by hobbyists, usingalternate-frame sequencingfor the purpose of presenting each of two couch co-op players with their own 2D full-screen image on the same display, rather than for stereoscopy. Due to the complexity involved in correcting the resulting aspect ratios, and that in obtaining 3D glasses which allowed both lenses to synchronize to the same eye-frame, this remained the purview of enthusiasts until 2011, whenSony Computer Entertainment Americabegan to market a 3D display product for their consoles. This display system supported this practice under the trademark SimulView. While the SimulView feature set was designed to work only with the Sony 3D monitor, the move renewed interest in this technology, and it was not long before the gaming community circumvented thisvendor lock-ingambit, allowing SimulView-supporting games to utilize the feature on third-party 3DTV equipment.

Guacameleeis a brawler-based platform game that features cooperative play, allowing the twoluchadorcharacters to coordinate their actions for more effective combat.

By contrast, in cooperativeplatform games,both players typically occupy the same screen and must coordinate their actions, particularly with regard to the scrolling. If the scrolling is limited to a forward direction only, players can potentially kill each other. For example, one player lagging behind could cause problems for his partner, as the screen will not scroll onward. If a player was attempting to complete a jump over a chasm, the "safe" surface on the far side of the chasm could be prevented from scrolling into view by a slow player.

Developers have attempted to counter these frustrations by using a camera that can zoom in and out over an entire level as needed, keeping both players within the scope of the camera. This type of camera was used to enable the display of four player cooperative gameplay inNew Super Mario Bros. Wii.Another strategy allows player screens to be split when the player characters are far apart, but combine into one full-screen image when player characters are close enough together. The 2005 video gameThe Warriorsis considered notable for attempting this in a 3Dthird-person perspectiveformat.

Resource management

A common concept in cooperative games is the sharing of resources between players. For example, two players managing one team in areal-time strategygame, such asStarCraft,will often have to draw off the same pool of resources to build and upgrade their units and buildings. The sharing of resources, however, can be as simple as the system used in theContragames (and other shoot-'em-up/beat-'em-up games) where a player who is out of spare lives could "steal" a life from the other player so both players could continue to play at the same time.

Role of the second player

The second player's role is pivotal in co-op video games, fundamentally altering the gaming experience by introducing a dynamic element of cooperation. Co-op games typically adapt theirsingle-playercounterparts, enabling additional players to assume control of distinct characters within the game's universe. These characters, while visually and physically separate from the first player's avatar, must adhere to the same fundamental game rules, including managing their individualhealth barsand resources. This cooperative dynamic injects depth and collaboration into the gaming experience, fostering a sense of teamwork as players strategize and coordinate their actions to overcome challenges and achieve objectives throughoutlevels.

In some instances, co-op games transcend mere adaptation, offering a unique and immersive cooperative system. These games may introduce entirely new cooperative maps, characters, and mechanics specifically tailored tomultiplayergameplay. This approach enriches the overall gaming experience, catering to players who seek a more robust and engaging cooperative adventure.

Furthermore, co-op games provide a range of options for players to engage with one another.Split-screenmodes are a common feature, allowing players to share a single screen while independentlycontrollingtheir characters. This setup enhances the social aspect of cooperative gaming, enabling more effective communication and strategic coordination. Additionally, players can choose from various display options to match their preferences, whether it's playing on a single screen, utilizing multiple monitors, or participating in online multiplayer.

Some games, likeSuper Mario Galaxy,the Wii version ofPrince of Persia: The Forgotten Sands,Super Mario Odysseyand some versions ofTransformers: Revenge of the Fallen,however, limit the second player to an omniscient, invulnerable helper role, where they can assist the first player. This may include the ability to attack enemies within the first player's view, typically via a targeting reticle. Other co-op games such asIt Takes TwoandEvolvegive the other player special roles, tasks or abilities.

In essence, the second player's role in co-op video games is far from a duplicate of the first player. It introduces a unique perspective, fostering a culture ofteamworkand mutual support. Often, these games also incorporate additional features to enhance the cooperative gaming experience, creating a space where players can come together, strategize, and share the joys of gaming in an interactive and immersive way.

See also

• List of cooperative video games
• Player versus environment
• Player versus player

Further reading

• Thanh Bui and Hung Nguyen."Essential Feature - Cooperative Gameplay"ART 108: Introduction to Games Studies (2018).
• Stephenson, M., Rangan, R., & Keckler, S. W. (2021)."Cooperative Profile Guided Optimizations"Computer Graphics Forum(2021).

Bibliography

• Smith, Jonas Heide (2007)."Tragedies of the ludic commons - understanding cooperation in multiplayer games".Game Studies.7(1).ISSN1604-7982.Archived fromthe originalon 2023-05-17.
• Williams, Dmitri (2005).A Brief Social History of Game Play.Digital Games Research Conference 2005. Vancouver.Retrieved2024-11-23.