Wikipedia

Danish Realm

(Redirected fromCountries of the Kingdom of Denmark)
This article is about the current realm. For the colonial era, seeDanish overseas colonies.For other territories formerly under Danish control, seeHistory of Denmark.
"Kingdom of Denmark" redirects here. For the constituent country, seeDenmark.For other uses, seeDenmark (disambiguation).

TheDanish Realm,[f]officially theKingdom of Denmark,[h]or simplyDenmark,[i]is asovereign stateconsisting of a collection of constituent territories united under themonarch of Denmark,which functions ashead of state.It consists of metropolitanDenmark—the kingdom's territory incontinental Europeand sometimes called "Denmark proper" (Danish:egentlige Danmark)—and the realm's two autonomous regions: theFaroe Islandsin the North Atlantic andGreenlandinNorth America.[17]The relationship between the three parts of the Kingdom is known asRigsfællesskabet(in English: The unity of the Realm).[j]

Kingdom of Denmark
Motto:Forbundet, forpligtet - for kongeriget Danmark (United, committed - for the Kingdom of Denmark)
Anthems:
Der er et yndigt land
(English:"There is a lovely country")

Kong Christian stod ved højen mast[a]
(English:"King Christian stood by the lofty mast")
Location of Denmark
Clockwise from top left (sizes not to scale): maps of Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Denmark
Clockwise from top left (sizes not to scale): maps of Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Denmark
Capital
and largest city
Copenhagen[b]
Official languages
Recognised regional languagesGerman[c]
Demonym(s)
Constituent countries(non‑sovereign parts)
GovernmentDevolvedunitaryparliamentaryconstitutional monarchy
Frederik X
Mette Frederiksen
Aksel V. Johannesen
Múte Bourup Egede
Legislature
History
• Unification
c.965[4]
• Faroese home rule
24 March 1948[5]
• Greenlandic home rule
1 May 1979[6]
• Faroese takeover act
29 July 2005[7][8]
• Greenlandic self rule
21 June 2009
Area
• Denmark
42,926 km2(16,574 sq mi) (12th)
• Faroe Islands
1,396 km2(538.999 sq mi)
• Greenland
2,166,086 km2(836,330 sq mi)
Population
• Q2 2023 estimate
6,049,579 (112th)
• Denmark
5,941,388[9]
• Greenland and Faroe Islands
108,191[10][11]
GDP(PPP)2022 estimate
• Total
€380 billion[12]
• Per capita
€62,814
HDI(2021)0.948
very high
CurrencyDanish krone[d](DKK)
Faroese króna
Time zone
List
• Summer (DST)
List
  • UTC+2 (CEST) (Denmark)
  • UTC+1 (WEST) (Faroe Islands)
  • UTC-3 to 0 (ADT,WGST,EGST,GMT) (Greenland)
Drives onright
Calling code
3 codes[13]
ISO 3166 codeDK
Internet TLD
3 TLDs

The Kingdom of Denmark is not afederation;it is a concept encompassing the three autonomous legal systems of Denmark, the Faroe Islands and Greenland, united underits monarch.The Kingdom of Denmark is aunitarysovereign state. It hasArctic territorial claimsin theArctic Ocean:various sites near theNorth Pole(Lomonosov Ridge,Gakkel Ridge,and theAlpha-Mendeleev Ridgecomplex). Constitutionally, the Kingdom of Denmark encompasses the realm or the country, but the Faroe Islands and Greenland have an extended degree of autonomy to govern their relations.

The Faroe Islands and Greenland have been under the Crown of Denmark since 1397 (de facto) when theKalmar Unionwas ratified, and part of the Danish Realm since 1814 (de jure). However, due to their separate historical and cultural identities, these parts of the Realm now have an extensive degree of self-government and have assumedlegislativeandadministrativeresponsibility in a substantial number of fields.[21]

Legal matters in the country or realm are subject to theConstitution of the Realm of Denmark.[22]It stipulates that it applies for all parts of the Kingdom of Denmark and that legislative, executive and judicial powers are the responsibility of theParliament of the Kingdom of Denmark(Danish:Folketing), theGovernment of Denmarkand theSupreme Court of Denmark.The Faroe Islands weregranted home rulevia anindependence referendumin 1946, and Greenland did so in a1979 referendum.In 2005, the Faroes received a self-government arrangement, and in 2009 Greenland received "self rule",thus leaving the government of Denmark with little influence over the matters of internal affairs that aredevolvedto the local governments of Greenland and the Faroe Islands.[citation needed]

The country or realm has land borders withGermany(theDanish-German border) andCanada(Hans Island), and aroad and rail bridge-tunnelthat connects toMalmö,Sweden(theDanish-Swedish border).

Naming

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TheConstitution of the Kingdom of Denmarkrefers to the state's territory asDanmarks Rige(Danish Realm), which means "The Realm of Denmark".[23][24][25]

The Danish termrigsfællesskabet,translated as "The unity of the Realm",[18]the "commonwealth of the Realm",[26][27]or the "Danish Commonwealth"[28]refers to theconstitutional statusof the relationship between Denmark, the Faroe Islands, and Greenland.[29]

The name was used by Danish and Greenlandic authorities in the negotiations for home rule introduced in 1979, and has become popular since the beginning of the 1990s. The acts establishing the 1948 Faroese home rule and the 1979 Greenlandic home rule use the termrigsenhedeninstead. JuristFrederik Harhoffargued in 1993 thatrigsenhedenshould be replaced withrigsfællesskabet,as the former implies a common identity, while the latter implied a community of different identities.[29]The use of the expressionRigsfællesskabetthough can be traced back to at least 1908.[30]

Population and area

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Further information:Demographics of Denmark,Demographics of the Faroe Islands,andDemographics of Greenland
Further information:Geography of Denmark,Geography of the Faroe Islands,andGeography of Greenland
Comparison map: Greenland, the Faroe Islands (enlarged) and Denmark differ significantly in size. The Danish Realm is spread far apart, across the North Atlantic Ocean andNorth Sea.

Denmark's population is by far the largest of the three; 5.8 million people live in Denmark, and about 52,000 and 56,000 in the Faroe Island and Greenland, respectively.[31][32][33]In comparison, there are ten cities in Denmark with a population above 50,000 people.[34]Denmark is populated by theDanes,the Faroe Island by theFaroese,and Greenland by theGreenlandic Inuit.In both the Faroe Islands and Greenland, Danes make up 7.6% of the population, as of 2018.[35][36][37]As of 2020,there are about 11,000 Faeroese-born and 17,000 Greenlandic-born people living in Denmark.[38][39]

With respect to area, Greenland is by far the largest, and makes up 98% of the realm.[40]The entire kingdom has an area of 2.2 million square kilometres (0.85 million square miles), and is according toThe World Factbookthetwelfth largest countryin the world, the same rank held by Greenland alone. Denmark alone has an area of about 43,000 km2,and is no. 133 on that list.[41]Denmark is situated inNorthern Europeand is flat and arable, the Faroe Islands in theNorthern Atlanticand are rugged with cliffs along the coast, while Greenland is in the North Atlantic andArctic,and is 79%covered in ice.[35][36][37]Greenland is themost sparsely populated territoryin the world, according to theWorld Bank.[42]

Area and population of the Danish Realm
Part Area[40] Population (2023)[31][32]
km2 % Population % Density
Denmark 42,926 1.94% 5,964,059 98.17% 135.65 per km2
Faroe Islands 1,396 0.06% 54,547 0.88% 37.36 per km2
Greenland 2,166,086 98.00% 56,643 0.95% 0.03 per km2
Entire realm 2,210,408 100.00% 6,075,249 100.00% 2.68 per km2

The Kingdom has submittedfive claimsto theUnited Nationsthat itsexclusive economic zoneextends beyond the usual 200nautical mileslimit: one north and one south of the Faroe Islands, and three around Greenland. One Greenlandic claim includes theNorth Poleand theLomonosov Ridge,and extend all the way to the Russian exclusive economic zone.[43]Claims overlapping with other nations' claims have to be resolved through negotiation;[44]in 2019,Iceland,Norwayand the Kingdom of Denmark settled their claims to the area north of the Faroe Islands.[45][46]

The Kingdom was in adispute with Canadaon who has sovereignty overHans Island[47]between 1978 and 2022. The two governments eventually settled on a border running approximately halfway through the island, establishing a land border between the two states.[48]

Historical background

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Further information:History of the Faroe Islands,History of Greenland,andHistory of Iceland
See also:Faroese independence movementandGreenlandic independence

The Faroe Islands were settled by Norwegian Vikings in the 9th century, displacing Irish monks already there.[49]Iceland was settled in the 9th century byNorsemen,and wasa free stateuntil 1262/1264, when it came under Norwegian taxation.[50]Greenland, already populated by the IndigenousGreenlandic Inuit,was settled by Norwegians in the 10th century, among thoseErik the Red.[51]The connection to Greenland was lost in the 15th century, butDenmark–Norwayagain established connections in 1721 through the missionaryHans Egede.[51]

In 1814, Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden under theTreaty of Kiel,but kept control of the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland.[52]The colonies on Greenland were situated on the west coast, and as a condition for thesale of the Danish West Indiesto the United States in 1917, the U.S. recognised Danish sovereignty over the whole island, and most countries followed suit. One exception was Norway who in 1931occupied parts of East Greenland,but abandoned their claim in 1933, when it lost the case at thePermanent Court of International Justice.[51]

InIceland there was a growing nationalismin the 19th century, and Iceland was in 1874 given its own constitution and increased autonomy, but still with theexecutive powerin Danish hands. Iceland was granted home rule in 1904, and, by theDanish–Icelandic Act of Union,full independence in 1918. The act established a personal union between Denmark and the newly createdKingdom of Iceland,with Denmark handling coastal protection and foreign affairs. In 1944, Iceland abolished the personal union and adopted a new constitution that established thecurrent republic,aftera referendumon the subject. This happened during World War II, where Denmark and Iceland were cut off from each other, asDenmark was occupied by Germany,andIceland by the United States.[50]

The Faroe Islands were made a Danishcountyin 1816, and with theconstitution of 1849,it gained representation in theRigsdag.[49]During World War II, the Faroe Islands wereoccupied by the United Kingdomand they largely administered themselves.[49]After the war, it was clear that the old system could not be reinstated.[53][49]Inan independence referendumin 1946, 50.7% of the Faeroese voted for independence,[53]but the result was rejected by the Danish government.[49]Instead, after negotiations between the Faroe Islands and Denmark, the Faroe Islands were granted "home rule" in 1948.[49][53]

Greenland was originally administered as two separate colonies, viz.NorthandSouth Greenland.In 1950, these two were merged as theColony of Greenland.Following theconstitutional reform in 1953,Greenland wasincorporated into Denmark as a countyand given representation in theFolketing.[54]When Denmark joined theEuropean Communities(EC) in 1972, Greenland followed, despite 70% of the Greenlandic voters voting against it inthe referendum.As a home rule agreement would allow them to leave again (theFaroe Islands did not join the EC), this was an important factor in the increasing support for home rule. Another factor was a desire to make Greenlandmore Greenlandicandless Danish.They were given home rule in 1979 andleft the ECin 1985. Under the home rule agreement, Greenland gradually took over more responsibility from the Danish state. In 2009, the home rule was replaced with "self rule", granting greater autonomy.[51]

Constitutional status

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TheDanish constitutionalso applies in the Faroe Islands and Greenland, as section one states that it "shall apply to all parts of the Kingdom of Denmark".[25]The sovereignty of the Faroe Islands and Greenland is held by the Danish state. The Kingdom of Denmark is aunitary state,[citation needed]with theFolketingbeing its unicameral legislature. The Faroe Islands and Greenland each elect two members to the parliament; the remaining 175 members are elected in Denmark.[25]

Home rule and self rule

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The Folketing have by law given the Faroe Islands and Greenland extensive autonomy; the Faroe Islands were given "home rule" in 1948, and Greenland in 1979. Greenland's home rule was replaced in 2009 by "self rule".[49][51]There is an ongoing legal debate about what constitutional weight these arrangements have. In general, there are two conflicting views: (a) the laws delegate power from the Folketing and can be revoked unilaterally by it, and (b) the laws have special status so changes require the consent of the FaeroeseLøgtingor the GreenlandicInatsisartut,respectively.[53][55]

Proponents of the first interpretation includeAlf Ross,[53]Poul Meyer[53]andJens Peter Christensen.[56]Ross, the chief architect of the Faeroese home rule, argued that it was "a municipal self-government of extraordinary extensive scope".[53]Meyer wrote in 1947, prior to the Faeroese home rule, that since section 2 of the 1915 constitution gaveRisdagenthe legislative power, any laws by the Løgting necessarily derived its authority from powers delegated to it from Rigsdagen.[53]With regards to the extent Rigsdagen was allowed to delegate its legislative power under section 2, Meyers argued that more powers could be delegated to the Faroe Islands than other parts of the country, due to its special history.[53]Similarly, Christensen, aSupreme Courtjudge, said that due to the special circumstances, the scope of delegation need not be strictly defined.[56]

Proponents of the second interpretation include Edward Mitens,[53]Max Sørensen[55]andFrederik Harhoff.[53]Mitens, a Faeroese jurist and politician, argued that the Faeroese home rule had been approved by both the Løgting and theRigsdag,so it was an agreement between two parties, in particular because the approval by the Løgting happened according to special rules put in place in 1940 with the consent of the Danish representative there, during the occupation by the United Kingdom.[53]Sørensen said the intention with the Faeroese home rule was that it should not be unilaterally changed, as stated in the preamble, so it had that effect.[55]Harhoff, in his 1993Doctoratedissertation, considered the home rule acts of the Faroe Islands and Greenland to be somewhere in between the constitution and a usual act by the Folketing, as it hadbeen treated as such.[53]

Greenlandic independence

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Main article:Greenlandic independence

The Greenlandic self rule act of 2009 gives Greenland a way to achieve independence. First, the Greenlandic people must make the decision, after which there should be negotiations between the Greenlandic government (Naalakkersuisut) and the Danish government about how to practically implement it. The agreement reached needs to be ratified by Inatsisartut, and approved in a referendum in Greenland. It also needs consent from the Folketing, in accordance with section 19 of the Danish constitution.[57]That section states that any changes to the Kingdom's territory needs to be approved by the Folketing.[25]Greenlandic independence does not require a constitutional change; instead, should Greenland become independent, the rules in the constitution regarding Greenland becomes void.[58]

With regards tointernational law,Denmark signed theIndigenous and Tribal Peoples Conventionin 1996 and acknowledged theGreenlandic Inuitas anIndigenous people.[58][55]In the 2009 self rule act, Denmark recognised the Greenlandic people as a "people" within the context of international law, and their inherent right toself-determination.[51]

Devolved powers

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See also:Home rule,Politics of the Faroe Islands,andPolitics of Greenland

The Kingdom of Denmark constitutes a unified sovereign state, with equal status between its constituent parts.[59]Devolutiondiffers fromfederalismin that the devolved powers of the subnational authority ultimately reside in central government, thus the state remainsde jureunitary.

The Self-Government Arrangements devolves political competence and responsibility from the Danish political authorities to the Faroese and the Greenlandic political authorities. The Faroese and Greenlandic authorities administer the tasks taken over from the state, enact legislation in these specific fields and have the economic responsibility for solving these tasks. TheDanish governmentprovides an annual grant to the Faroese and the Greenlandic authorities to cover the costs of these devolved areas.[21]

Tinganes,in the capitalTórshavn,is the location of the Faroese Home Government.

The 1948 "Home Rule Act of the Faroe Islands" sets out the terms of Faroesehome rule.The Act states, "...the Faroe Islands shall constitute aself-governingcommunity within the State of Denmark. "[5]It establishes the home government of the Faroe Islands (Landsstýrið) and the Faroese parliament, theLøgting.More significantly, the Act specifies the powers devolved from the Government of Denmark, including:local governmentand municipal affairs;taxation,at a local and territorial level;public services,including police and town planning;welfare services,such as housing; primary and secondary education; Archives, libraries, museums;agricultureand fishing; entertainment; among other areas.[5]The Faroe Islands were previously administered as aDanish county(amt); the Home Rule Act abolished the post ofAmtmand(County Governor) and replaced it with the role ofRigsombudsmand(High Commissioner of the Danish government).[5]These powers were expanded in a 2005 Act, which named the Faroese home government as an "equal partner" with the Danish government.[60]

The 1978 "Greenland Home Rule Act" devolves powers in much the same way as the Faroese Home Rule Act. It sets out ahome rule governmentandGreenlandic parliament.Specific areas of governance specified in the act include: Organization of local government; Fishing and agriculture; Welfare system;protection of the environment;other areas affecting Greenlanders directly, etc.[6]

On 21 June 2009, Greenland assumedself-determinationwith responsibility for self-government ofjudicialaffairs, policing, natural resources, immigration and border controls. Also, Greenlanders were recognised as aseparate peopleunder international law.[61]Greenland is now described as having "self rule",with its home government exercising a wider range of powers.

There are a number of matters that can not be acquired by the territories;Constitutionalaffairs, foreign policy,defence,theSupreme Court,citizenship,andmonetary policy.Additionally, the Faroese and Greenlandic parliaments are subordinate to theDanish parliament,where the two territories are represented by two seats each (from a total of 179 seats).

The Faroe Islands have gradually taken control of more and more areas of responsibility according to their Home Rule Act from 1948.[62]The Faroese/Danish act of 2005 states: "This law is based on an agreement between the Governments of the Faroe Islands and Denmark as equal partners."[7]

Foreign affairs

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See also:Foreign relations of Denmark
Also related:Foreign relations of the Faroe IslandsandForeign relations of Greenland

Previously, mostforeign relationswere undertaken exclusively by the Government of Denmark on behalf of the entire realm, but more recently the Faroe Islands and Greenland have increased their role in foreign policy. Representatives for both have joined Danish delegations in discussions on some international matters, such as fishing rights. Greenlandic representatives were included in the process of a new treaty between Denmark and the US regarding thePituffik Space Basein northwest Greenland.[citation needed]

The Kingdom of Denmark as a whole is a member of theUnited Nations,NATO,theOECDand theWorld Trade Organization.The Faroe Islands and Greenland are associated members of theNordic Councilin their own right as part of Denmark's membership. Although the Kingdom of Denmark is a member of theEuropean Union,both areas have special dispensation and remain outside the EU. Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark in 1973, butopted to leavein 1985 after Greenlandic home rule was introduced in 1979.

The "Home Rule Act of the Faroe Islands" specifies that a 'Faroese' shall be understood to mean a person who is a "nationalof Denmark and aresidentof the Faroe Islands ".[5]The Government of Denmark issues special passports for its citizens living in the Faroe Islands and Greenland with the right to choose a regularDanish passportas well. The Faroese Home Rule Act states that, inFaroese passports,Føroyingur(Faroese) andFøroyar(Faroe Islands) shall be inserted after the wordsDansk(Danish) andDanmark(Denmark).[5]

Not devolved

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The provisions for home rule are limited to internal matters only. Neither Greenland nor the Faroe Islands can write laws that concern the relationship with other states, nor laws that apply to the entire Realm; furthermore, the Supreme Court (Danish:Højesteret) in Copenhagen is the final legal instance, and legal matters from Greenland and the Faroe Islands must be prepared for that court, like any Danish matter. Danish currency is also legal tender in Greenland, but not in the Faroes.[63]Denmark is responsible for the military defence of both nations.[64]

Relationship with the European Union

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The Kingdom of Denmark is a member state of theEuropean Communities,the predecessor of theEuropean Union,since 1973. In 1982,Greenlandvoted to leave the Communitiesafter gaininghome rulefrom the Realm of Denmark.[65]TheFaroe Islandswas never part of the EU, as explicitly asserted by both Rome treaties.[66]The relations of the Faroe Islands with the EU are governed by a Fisheries Agreement (1977) and aFree Trade Agreement(1991, revised 1998). The main reason for remaining outside the EU is disagreements about theCommon Fisheries Policy.[67]

Terminology

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Hjemmestyre
Meaning "home rule",it indicates an autonomous administration (present in both in Greenland and the Faroe Islands) that has power over many internal affairs. In this arrangement, the Danish government deals with external matters such as defence and foreign affairs. Greenland and the Faroe Islands maintain their own elected assemblies and administrations, headed by a premier who appoints a cabinet. This is synonymous with" self-governing ".
Selvstyre
Followinga referendumon 25 November 2008 (the 30th anniversary of the establishment of home rule in Greenland), the relationship between the Danish and Greenlandic governments changed, with Greenland gaining greater autonomy. Further powers were granted to the Greenlandic government on 21 June 2009, including control of the police force, coastguard, and courts. Additionally, Greenland now receives fewer Danish subsidies, becoming more self-sufficient.[68]As a result of these changes, Greenland was then said to haveself rulewith minimal support from Denmark, as opposed to "home rule".
Rigsombudsmand
High Commissionersrepresent the interests of Denmark in theFaroe IslandsandGreenland.There is one Danish High Commissioner in each territory. The commissioner can attend the meetings at the Løgting in the Faroes and at the Inatsisartut in Greenland, but can not vote.
Folketingsmedlemmer fra Færøerne og Grønland
Members of the Folketing from the Faroe Islands and Greenland: Greenland and the Faroe Islands and their self-rule administrations take part in consultations on policies and decisions affecting their region, including negotiations with the devolved legislatures and theDanish parliament (folketing).Greenland and the Faroe Islands have two members of the Danishfolketingeach, with full voting privileges.

See also

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Literature

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Notes

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  1. ^Kong Christianhas equal status as anational anthembut is generally used only onroyaland military occasions.[1]
  2. ^Copenhagen is the constitutional capital of the kingdom andDenmark;Tórshavnis the capital of theFaroe Islands;Nuukis the capital ofGreenland.
  3. ^Faroese is co-official with Danish in the Faroe Islands.[2]Greenlandic is the sole official language in Greenland.[3]German is recognised as a protected minority language in the South Jutland area of Denmark.
  4. ^In the Faroe Islands, the currency has a separate design and is known as theFaroese króna,but is not a separate currency.
  5. ^Also.eu,shared with otherEUmember states.
  6. ^Danish:Danmarks Rige;Faroese:Danmarkar Ríki;Greenlandic:Danmarkip Naalagaaffik[14]
  7. ^Pronounced[ˈkʰɔŋəʁiːð̩ˈtænmɑk]ⓘ.
  8. ^Danish:Kongeriget Danmark;[g][15]Faroese:Kongsríki Danmarkar;[16]Greenlandic:Kunngeqarfik Danmarki
  9. ^Danish:Danmark;Faroese:Kongsríki Danmarkar;Greenlandic:Kunngeqarfik Danmarki
  10. ^Danish:Rigsfællesskabet;[18]Faroese:ríkisfelagsskapurin;[19]Greenlandic:naalagaaffeqatigiinneq[20]

References

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  1. ^"Not one but two national anthems".Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark.Archived fromthe originalon 15 May 2014.Retrieved18 May2014.
  2. ^Magnussen, Kristin (1 January 2009)."Sprog i fokus: Færøsk".Sprog I Norden(in Danish).40(1): 251–258.
  3. ^"Inatsisartutlov nr. 7 af 19. maj 2010 om sprogpolitik"(in Danish). Formandens Departement.Retrieved6 May2020.
  4. ^"Denmark".The World Factbook.CIA.29 April 2010.Retrieved11 May2010.
  5. ^abcdef"Home Rule Act of the Faroe Islands".Prime Minister's Office. 23 March 1948.Retrieved19 May2014.
  6. ^ab"The Greenland Home Rule Act".Prime Minister's Office. 29 November 1978.Retrieved20 May2014.
  7. ^ab"Lov om de færøske myndigheders overtagelse af sager og sagsområder"(in Danish). Retsinformation. 24 June 2005.Retrieved23 September2015.
  8. ^"Den færøske hjemmestyreordning"(in Danish). Statsministeriet.Retrieved23 September2015.
  9. ^Population figures
  10. ^"2020 Population".Retrieved1 April2020.
  11. ^"Faroe Islands Population".Hagstova Føroya.Retrieved1 April2020.
  12. ^"Gross domestic product at market prices (Current prices and per capita)".Eurostat.
  13. ^International Telecommunication Union (1 November 2011)."List of ITU-T Recommendation E.164 assigned country codes"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on 31 January 2012.
  14. ^"Danmarkip naalagaaffiata inatsisai tunngaviusut"(in Kalaallisut).High Commission of Denmark in Greenland.Retrieved30 May2020.
  15. ^Udenrigsministeriet – Ministry of Foreign Affairs:"Rigsfællesskabet"
  16. ^"Ymisk ofta nýtt heiti í stjórnarráðunum á føroyskum, donskum og enskum"(PDF)(in Faroese). LØGMANSSKRIVSTOVAN.Retrieved15 September2021.[permanent dead link‍]
  17. ^Administrative divisions – DenmarkArchived11 September 2007 at theWayback MachineThe World Factbook.Access date: 14 April 2012
  18. ^ab"The unity of the Realm".The Prime Minister's Office.Retrieved25 July2020.
  19. ^Ríkisfelagsskapurin – ein grundarsteinur[permanent dead link‍],jn.fo, 4 June 2019
  20. ^Kim Kielsen naalagaaffeqatigiinneq pillugu ukiumoortumik ataatsimiinnissami tikeraartitsisuussaaqArchived6 November 2021 at theWayback Machine,Government of Greenland,8 April 2019
  21. ^ab"Greenland and the Faroe Islands".Denmark.dk.Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived fromthe originalon 21 May 2014.Retrieved19 May2014.
  22. ^See"Danmarks Riges Grundlov"(§ 1).
  23. ^Min grundlov – Grundloven med forklaringer(in Danish) (14. ed.). Folketinget. 2017.ISBN978-87-7982-172-9.
  24. ^Nielsen, Bue (16 April 2017)."Danmark".Den Store Danske(in Danish). Gyldendal.Retrieved4 April2020.
  25. ^abcdMy Constitutional Act – My Constitutional Act with explanations(12. ed.). Folketinget. 2014.ISBN978-87-7982-168-2.Archived fromthe originalon 31 August 2019.Retrieved3 May2020.
  26. ^"Arctic: Research".Danish Meteorological Institute.Retrieved4 May2020.
  27. ^"The right to vote in Greenland".TheNordic Counciland theNordic Council of Ministers.Retrieved4 May2020.
  28. ^A Danish perspective on the World today[permanent dead link‍],Speech to the Foreign Policy Society, Christiansborg, Copenhagen 10 April 2014
  29. ^abAdriansen, Inge (2003).Nationale symboler i Det Danske Rige 1830–2000.Etnologiske Studier (in Danish). Vol. 1.Museum Tusculanum Press.p. 435.ISBN978-87-7289-794-3.ISSN1398-8980.
  30. ^ Knud Berlin[in Danish]."Island. Slutningsreplik til Dr. Berlin".Dannebrog(2 November 1908).Retrieved24 July2020.
  31. ^ab"Population in Denmark".Statistics Denmark.Retrieved2 May2020.
  32. ^ab"Population".Statistics Faroe Islands.Retrieved2 May2020.
  33. ^"Population 2020".Statistics Greenland.Retrieved2 May2020.
  34. ^Statistisk Årbog 2017(in Danish). Statistics Denmark. 2017. p. 23.ISBN978-87-501-2262-3.
  35. ^ab"Europe:: Denmark".The World Factbook.CIA.Retrieved2 May2020.
  36. ^ab"Europa:: Faroe Islands".The World Factbook.CIA.Retrieved2 May2020.
  37. ^ab"North America:: Greenland".The World Factbook.CIA.Retrieved2 May2020.
  38. ^"BEF5F: People born in Faroe Islands and living in Denmark 1. January by sex, age and parents place of birth".StatBank Denmark.Statistics Denmark.Retrieved2 May2020.
  39. ^"BEF5G: People born in Greenland and living in Denmark 1. January by sex, age and parents place of birth".StatBank Denmark.Statistics Denmark.Retrieved2 May2020.
  40. ^ab"Nøgletal for Danmark, Færøerne og Grønland – Statistisk Årbog 2017"(PDF)(in Danish). Statistics Denmark.Retrieved2 May2020.
  41. ^"Country Comparison:: Area".The World Factbook.CIA. Archived fromthe originalon 11 January 2019.Retrieved2 May2020.The list includeAntarctica,which is not a country.
  42. ^"Population density (people per sq. km of land area)".The World Bank Group.Retrieved2 May2020.
  43. ^"Home".The Continental Shelf Project. Archived fromthe originalon 20 September 2020.Retrieved24 September2020.
  44. ^"Kommissionen for Kontinentalsoklens grænser"[Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf] (in Danish). The Continental Shelf Project.Retrieved24 September2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  45. ^"Historisk enighed om grænsedragning nord for Færøerne gør Rigsfællesskabet større"[Historic agreement on demarcation north of the Faroe Islands expands the unity of the Realm.] (in Danish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. 30 October 2019.Retrieved24 September2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  46. ^Mortensen, Mikkel Walentin (30 October 2019)."I dag vokser Rigsfællesskabet med et område svarende til Jylland"[Today the unity of the Realm grows with an area the size of Jutland].Berlingske(in Danish).Retrieved24 September2020.
  47. ^Levin, Dan (7 November 2016)."Canada and Denmark Fight Over Island With Whisky and Schnapps".The New York Times.Retrieved24 September2020.
  48. ^Beaumont, Peter(14 June 2022)."Canada and Denmark end decades-long dispute over barren rock in Arctic".The Guardian.Retrieved14 June2022.
  49. ^abcdefgWåhlin, Vagn (16 August 2011)."Færøernes historie".danmarkshistorien.dk(in Danish). Aarhus University.Retrieved28 April2020.
  50. ^abS. Arnórsdóttir, Agnes (3 September 2018)."Islands historie".danmarkshistorien.dk(in Danish). Aarhus Universitet.Retrieved28 April2020.
  51. ^abcdefKjær Sørensen, Axel (26 August 2019)."Grønlands historie".danmarkshistorien.dk(in Danish).Aarhus University.Retrieved28 April2020.
  52. ^Bregnsbo, Michael (27 January 2014)."Freden i Kiel 14. januar 1814".danmarkshistorien.dk(in Danish). Aarhus University.Retrieved28 April2020.
  53. ^abcdefghijklmAndrias Sølvará, Hans (2003)."Færøernes statsretlige stilling i historisk belysning– mellem selvstyre og selvbestemmelse"(PDF).Faroese Law Review(in Danish).3:146–181. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 14 July 2021.Retrieved28 April2020.
  54. ^Mølholm Olesen, Simon (16 March 2017)."Grønlands afkolonisering, 1945–1954".danmarkshistorien.dk(in Danish). Aarhus University.Retrieved28 April2020.
  55. ^abcdHertig, Mikael (March 2018)."Indkald tvistnævnet: Er Selvstyreloven forfatningsstridig?".Tidsskriftet Grønland(in Danish).1.Det Grønlandske Selskab: 17–30. Archived fromthe originalon 26 February 2020.Retrieved3 May2020.
  56. ^abHansen Jensen, Michael; Albæk Jensen, Jørgen; Peter Christensen, Jens (2016).Dansk Statsret(in Danish) (2 ed.). Djøf Forlag. pp. 145, 153.ISBN9788757434750.
  57. ^"The Greenland Self-Government Arrangement".The Prime Minister's Office.Retrieved6 May2020.
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  59. ^Denmark Regulations Handbook.Int'l Business Publications. 3 March 2008. p. 19.ISBN9781433069710.Retrieved1 September2015."...a relationship known in Danish asRigsfællesskabet(Commonwealth of the Realm)[permanent dead link‍]
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  67. ^"Fish keep Faroe Islands at a distance from EU".euobserver.com.4 May 2006.Retrieved22 November2021.
  68. ^Greenland votes for more autonomyBBC News, 26 November 2008

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