Cyaneais agenusofflowering plantsin the familyCampanulaceaethat areendemictoHawaii.The nameCyaneainHawaiianishāhā.[1]
| Cyanea | |
|---|---|
| |
| Cyanea lobata | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Campanulaceae |
| Subfamily: | Lobelioideae |
| Genus: | Cyanea Gaudich. |
| Species | |
|
about 78, see§ Species | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Kittelia | |
Ecology
editTheseHawaiian lobelioidsare endemic to Hawaii with over 90% ofCyaneaspecies are found only on one island in the Hawaiian chain.[2]They grow in moist and wet forest habitat[3]and are largelypollinatedby birds[2]such as theHawaiian honeycreepers,[4]and the seeds aredispersedby birds that take the fruits.[2]
Description
editMostCyaneaare trees with few branches or none. Theinflorescenceis aracemeof 4 to 45 flowers which grows from the leaf axils. The fruit is a fleshyberry.[3][2]
Evolutionary anachronism
editThere have been several theories regarding the evolution of largeprickleson these plants that are endemic to islands that lack any mammalian or reptilian herbivores. One such theory suggests that the prickles are adefense against herbivoryby themoa-nalo,a few taxa of flightlessducksthat wentextincton the islands within the last 1600 years, an example ofevolutionary anachronism.[4]
Species
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There are about 78 species in the genus.[5]Species include:[6]
- Cyanea aculeatiflora– Haleakala cyanea
- Cyanea acuminata– Honolulu cyanea
- Cyanea angustifolia– hāhā,[7]ʻaku,[8]
- Cyanea arborea– palmtree cyanea
- Cyanea asarifolia– gingerleaf cyanea
- Cyanea aspleniifolia– spleenwort cyanea
- Cyanea calycina– Waianae Range rollandia, Oʻahu cyanea
- Cyanea comata– Maui cyanea
- Cyanea copelandii– treetrunk cyanea
- Cyanea coriacea– leatherleaf cyanea
- Cyanea crispa– Koolau Range rollandia
- Cyanea cylindrocalyx– Splitleaf cyanea
- Cyanea dolichopoda– long-foot cyanea
- Cyanea dunbariae– ravine cyanea
- Cyanea duvalliorum
- Cyanea eleeleensis– eleele cyanea
- Cyanea elliptica– ellipticleaf cyanea
- Cyanea fissa– Kauai cyanea
- Cyanea floribunda– Degener's cyanea
- Cyanea giffardii– Kilauea Mauna cyanea
- Cyanea gibsonii
- Cyanea glabra– smooth cyanea
- Cyanea grimesiana– splitleaf cyanea
- Cyanea habenata– stream-bed cyanea
- Cyanea hamatiflora– wetforest cyanea
- Cyanea hardyi– Oahu cyanea
- Cyanea heluensis
- Cyanea hirtella– rustyleaf cyanea
- Cyanea horrida– prickly cyanea,holokea, hāhā nui[9]
- Cyanea humboldtiana– Oahu rollandia
- Cyanea kahiliensis– spoonleaf cyanea
- Cyanea kauaulaensis[5]
- Cyanea kolekoleensis– kolekole cyanea
- Cyanea konahuanuiensis– Hāhā miliʻohu
- Cyanea koolauensis– Palolo Valley rollandia
- Cyanea kuhihewa– Limahuli Valley cyanea
- Cyanea kunthiana– Kunth's cyanea
- Cyanea lanceolata– lanceleaf cyanea
- Cyanea leptostegia– giant kokee cyanea
- Cyanea linearifolia– linearleaf cyanea
- Cyanea lobata– Waihee Valley cyanea
- Cyanea longiflora– ridge rollandia
- Cyanea longissima– streambank cyanea
- Cyanea macrostegia– purple cyanea
- Cyanea magnicalyx
- Cyanea mannii– Mann's cyanea
- Cyanea maritae
- Cyanea marksii– Marks' cyanea
- Cyanea mauiensis– Maui cyanea
- Cyanea mceldowneyi– McEldowney's cyanea
- Cyanea membranacea– papery cyanea
- Cyanea minutiflora
- Cyanea munroi– Munro's cyanea
- Cyanea obtusa– bluntlobe cyanea
- Cyanea parvifolia– Waioli Valley rollandia
- Cyanea pilosa– hairy cyanea
- Cyanea pinnatifida– sharktail cyanea
- Cyanea platyphylla– puna cyanea
- Cyanea pohaku– pohaku cyanea
- Cyanea procera– Molokai cyanea
- Cyanea profuga– Mapulehu Valley cyanea
- Cyanea pseudofauriei– hāhā
- Cyanea purpurellifolia– Panaluu Mountain rollandia
- Cyanea pycnocarpa– manyfruit cyanea
- Cyanea quercifolia– oakleaf cyanea
- Cyanea recta– Kealia cyanea
- Cyanea remyi– Remy's cyanea
- Cyanea rivularis– plateau cyanea
- Cyanea salicina– willow cyanea
- Cyanea scabra– harsh cyanea
- Cyanea sessilifolia– sessileleaf cyanea
- Cyanea shipmanii– Shipman's cyanea
- Cyanea solanacea– popolo
- Cyanea solenocalyx– pua kala, molokai
- Cyanea spathulata– spoonleaf cyanea
- Cyanea st.-johnii– St. John's rollandia
- Cyanea stictophylla– Kaiholena cyanea
- Cyanea superba– Mt. Kaala cyanea
- Cyanea tritomantha– ʻaku ʻaku, ʻaku
- Cyanea truncata– Punaluu cyanea
- Cyanea undulata– leechleaf cyanea
References
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Wikispecieshas information related toCyanea.
Wikimedia Commons has media related toCyanea.
- ^"Hawaiian Native Plant Genera - Campanulaceae: Cyanea".Dr. Gerald Carr, University of Hawaiʻi.RetrievedSeptember 20,2015.
- ^abcdGivnish, T. J., et al. (2009).Origin, adaptive radiation and diversification of the Hawaiian lobeliads (Asterales: Campanulaceae).Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences276(1656), 407-16.
- ^abLammers, T. G. (2004).Five new species of the endemic Hawaiian genusCyanea(Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae).Novon14(1) 84-101.
- ^abGivnish, T. J., et al. (1994).Thorn-like prickles and heterophylly inCyanea:adaptations to extinct avian browsers on Hawaii?Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences91(7), 2810-14.
- ^abOppenheimer, H. and D. H. Lorence. (2012).A new species ofCyanea(Campanulaceae, Lobelioideae) from Maui, Hawaiian Islands.PhytoKeys(13), 15-23.
- ^Cyanea.Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
- ^"Native Plants Hawaii - Viewing Plant: Cyanea angustifolia".nativeplants.hawaii.edu.
- ^"Plants Profile for Cyanea angustifolia ('aku)".plants.usda.gov.
- ^The Nature Conservancy (August 2019)."Waikamoi Preserve East Maui Irrigation (EMI) Addition"(PDF).Hawaiʻi Department of Land and Natural Resources. p. 8.Retrieved20 November2023.