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Doujinshi

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Doujinshi(Đồng nhân chí),alsoromanizedasdōjinshi,is the Japanese term forself-publishedprint works, such as magazines,manga,and novels. Part of a wider category ofdoujin(self-published) works,doujinshiare often derivative of existing works and created by amateurs, though some professional artists participate in order to publish material outside the regular industry.

Groups ofdoujinshiartists refer to themselves as asākuru(サークル,circle).Several such groups actually consist of a single artist: they are sometimes calledkojin sākuru(Cá nhân サークル,personal circles).

Since the 1980s, the main method of distribution has been through regulardoujinshiconventions,the largest of which is calledComiket(short for "Comic Market" ) held in the summer and winter inTokyo'sBig Sight.At the convention, over 20 acres (81,000 m2) ofdoujinshiare bought, sold, and traded by attendees.

Etymology

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The termdoujinshiis derived fromdoujin(Đồng nhân,literally "same person", used to refer to a person or people with whom one shares a common goal or interest)andshi(Chí,a suffix generally meaning "periodical publication" ).

History

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The pioneer amongdoujinshiwasMeiroku zasshi(Minh lục tạp chí),published in the earlyMeiji period(since 1874). Not a literary magazine in fact,Meiroku Zasshinevertheless played a big role in spreading the idea ofdoujinshi.The first magazine to publishdoujinshinovels wasGarakuta Bunko(Ngã lặc đa văn khố),founded in 1885 by writersOzaki Kōyōand Yamada Bimyo.[1]Doujinshipublication reached its peak in the earlyShōwa period,anddoujinshibecame a mouthpiece for the creative youth of that time. Created and distributed in small circles of authors or close friends,doujinshicontributed significantly to the emergence and development of theshishōsetsugenre. During the postwar years,doujinshigradually decreased in importance as outlets for different literary schools and new authors. Their role was taken over by literary journals such asGunzo,Bungakukaiand others. One notable exception wasBungei Shuto(Văn vân thủ đô,lit.Literary Capital),which was published from 1933 until 1969. Fewdoujinshimagazines survived with the help of official literary journals.Haikuandtankamagazines are still published today.[citation needed]

It has been suggested that technological advances in the field ofphotocopyingduring the 1970s contributed to an increase in publishingdoujinshi.During this time, manga editors were encouraging manga authors to appeal to a mass market, which may have also contributed to an increase in the popularity of writingdoujinshi.[2]

During the 1980s, the content ofdoujinshishifted from being predominantly original content to being mostly parodic of existing series.[3]Often calledaniparo,this was often an excuse to feature certain characters in romantic relationships. Male authors focused on series likeUrusei Yatsura,and female authors focused on series likeCaptain Tsubasa.[2]This coincided with the rise in popularity ofComiket,the first event dedicated specifically to the distribution ofdoujinshi,which had been founded in 1975.

As of February 1991, there were somedoujinshicreators who sold their work through supportive comic book stores. This practice came to light when three managers of such shops were arrested for having alolicondoujinshifor sale.[4]

Symbol of the Doujin Mark License

Over the last decade, the practice of creatingdoujinshihas expanded significantly, attracting thousands of creators and fans alike. Advances in personal publishing technology have also fueled this expansion by making it easier fordoujinshicreators to write, draw, promote, publish, and distribute their works. For example, somedoujinshiare now published on digital media. Furthermore, manydoujinshicreators are moving to online download and print-on-demand services, while others are beginning to distribute their works through American channels such as anime shop websites and specialized online direct distribution sites. In 2008, awhite paperon theotakuindustry was published, this estimated that gross revenue from sales ofdoujinshiin 2007 were 27.73 billion yen, or 14.9% of total otaku expenditure on their hobby.[5]

To avoid legal problems, thedōjinmark(Đồng nhân マーク)was created. A license format inspired byCreative Commons licenses,[6]the first author to authorize the license wasKen Akamatsuin the mangaUQ Holder!,released on August 28, 2013, in the magazineWeekly Shōnen Magazine.[7]

Comiket

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Main article:Comiket

Comiket is the world's largest comic convention. It is held twice a year (summer and winter) in Tokyo, Japan. The first CM was held in December 1975, with only about 32 participating circles and an estimated 600 attendees. About 80% of these were female, but male participation in Comiket increased later.[3]In 1982, there were fewer than 10,000 attendees, this increased to over 100,000 attendees as of 1989, and over half a million people in recent years.[8]This rapid increase in attendance enableddoujinshiauthors to sell thousands of copies of their works, earning a fair amount of money with their hobby.[9]In 2009,Meiji Universityopened adōjinmanga library, named "Yoshihiro YonezawaMemorial Library "to honour itsalumniin its Surugadai campus. It contains Yonezawa's owndoujinshicollection, comprising 4137 boxes, and the collection of Tsuguo Iwata, another famous person in the sphere ofdoujinshi.[10]

Categories

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Page from the doujinshi manga about Wikipe-tan,Commons-tan andWikiquote-tan

Like their mainstream counterparts,doujinshiare published in a variety of genres and types. However, due to the target audience, certain themes are more prevalent, and there are a few major division points by which the publications can be classified. It can be broadly divided into original works andaniparo—works which parody existing anime and manga franchises.[11]

As infanfics,a very popular theme to explore is non-canonical pairings of characters in a given show (fordoujinshibased on mainstream publications). Many such publications containyaoioryuri(stories containing same-sex romance) themes, either as a part of non-canon pairings, or as a more direct statement of what can be hinted by the main show.

Another category ofdoujinshiisfurryorkemono,often depicting homosexual male pairings of anthropomorphic animal characters and, less often,lesbianpairings. Furrydoujinshishares some characteristics with theyaoiandyurigenres, with many furrydoujinshidepicting characters in erotic settings or circumstances, or incorporating elements typical ofanimeand manga, such as exaggerated drawings of eyes or facial expressions.

A major part ofdoujinshi,whether based on mainstream publications or original, contains sexually explicit material, due to both the large demand for such publications and absence of restrictions official publishing houses have to follow. Indeed, often the main point of a givendoujinshiis to present an explicit version of a popular show's characters. Such works may be known to English speakers as "H-doujinshi",in line with the formerJapanese use of letter Hto denote erotic material. The Japanese usage, however, has since moved towards the wordero,[12]and soero manga(エロ mạn họa)is the term almost exclusively used to markdoujinshiwith adult themes. Sometimes they will also be termed "for adults"(Thành nhân hướng け,seijin muke)or18-kin(18 cấm)(an abbreviation of "forbidden to minors less than 18 years of age"(18 tuế vị mãn cấm chỉ,18-sai-miman kinshi)). To differentiate,ippan(Nhất bàn,,"general", from the general public it is suitable for)is the term used for publications absent of such content.

Mostdoujinshiare commercially bound and published bydoujinshi-ka(doujinshi authors) who self-publish through various printing services.Copybooks,however, are self-made using xerox machines or other copying methods. Few are copied by drawing by hand.Comiketis well known, but there are various doujinshi events in Japan. Authors avoid the word "sale(Phiến mại) "and prefer the word" distribution( ban bố ) ". However, there is also a system for putting Dojinshi into circulation, which is generally referred to as" consignment(Ủy thác) ".

Not all category terms used by English-language fans ofdoujinshiare derived from Japanese. For example, anAU doujinshiis one set in an alternate universe.[13]

Legality

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Manydoujinshiarederivative worksthat are produced without the permission of the original creator, a practice that has existed since the early 1980s.[14]Doujinshiare consideredshinkokuzaiunderJapanese copyright law,meaning thatdoujinshicreators cannot be prosecuted unless a complaint is made by the holders of the copyrights they have violated.[15]In 2016, then-Prime Minister of JapanShinzo Abeaffirmed thatdoujinshi"don't compete in the market with the original works and don't damage the original creators' profits, so they areshinkokuzai."[15]Copyright holders take an unofficial policy of non-enforcement towards thedoujinshimarket, as it is seen as having a beneficial impact on the commercial manga market: it creates an avenue for aspiring manga artists to practice,[16]and talenteddoujinshicreators are often recruited by publishers.[17]Salil K. Mehra, a law professor atTemple University,hypothesizes thatdoujinshimarket causes the manga market to be more productive, and that strict enforcement of copyright law would cause the industry to suffer.[16]

Notable cases

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In 1999, thePokémondoujinshiincidenthappened, where the author of an eroticPokémonmanga was prosecuted byNintendo.This created a media furor as well as an academic analysis in Japan of the copyright issues arounddoujinshi.At this time, the legal analysis seemed to conclude thatdoujinshishould be overlooked because they are produced by amateurs for one-day events and not sold in the commercial market.[18][need quotation to verify]In 2006, an artist selling an imagined "final chapter" for the seriesDoraemon,which was never completed, was given a warning by the estate of authorFujiko F. Fujio.His creation apparently looked confusingly similar to a real Doraemon manga. He ceased distribution of hisdoujinshiand sent compensation to the publisher voluntarily. The publisher noted at this time thatdoujinshiwere not usually a cause of concern for him. TheYomiuri Shimbunnoted, "Fanzines don't usually cause many problems as long as they are sold only at one-day exhibitions," but quoted an expert saying that due to their increasing popularity a copyright system should be set up.[19]

In 2020, theIntellectual Property High Courtordered adoujinshisharing website to pay¥2.19 million to a creator whosedoujinshiwere uploaded to the website without their consent. The file sharing site claimed that as thedoujinshiwas a derivative work it was not protected by copyright law, though the court ruled that there was insufficient evidence to classify thedoujinshias an illegally derivative work. The ruling was noted by commentators as potentially broadening rights fordoujinshicreators under commercial law.[20][21]

Impact

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John Oppliger ofAnimeNationstated in 2005 that creatingdoujinshiis largely popular with Japanese fans, but not with Western fans. Oppliger claimed that because Japanese fans grow up with anime and manga "as a constant companion", they "are more intuitively inclined" to create or expand on existing manga and anime in the form ofdoujinshi.[22]Since Western fans experience a "more purely" visual experience as most Western fans cannot understand the Japanese language, the original language of mostanime,and are "encouraged by social pressure to grow out of cartoons and comics during the onset of adolescence", most of them usually participate in utilizing and rearranging existing work intoanime music videos.[23]

In most Western cultures,doujinshiis often perceived to be derivative of existing work, analogous tofan fictionand almost completely pornographic.[24]This is partly true:doujinshiare often, though not always, parodies or alternative storylines involving the worlds of popular manga, game oranimeseries, and can often feature overtly sexual material. However, there are also many non sexually explicitdoujinshibeing created as well. TheTouhou Projectseries for example, is known to be notable for the large amount ofdoujinshibeing produced for it that are not pornographic in nature.[25][26]Some groups releasing adults-only themed materials during the annual Touhou only event Reitaisai in 2008 were only estimated at 10%.[26]

Notable artists

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Individuals

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  • Yoshitoshi Abehas published some of his original works asdoujinshi,such asHaibane Renmei.He cited the reason as, essentially, not wanting to answer to anyone about his work, especially because he saw it as so open-ended.
  • Ken Akamatsu,creator of manga such asLove HinaandNegima,continues to makedoujinshiwhich he sells at Comiket under the pen-name Awa Mizuno.
  • Kiyohiko Azuma,creator ofAzumanga DaiohandYotsuba&started out doingdoujinshiusing the pen-name A-Zone.[27]
  • Nanae Chrono,creator of the mangaPeacemaker Kurogane,has published multipleNarutodoujinshi,most of ayaoinature.
  • Kazushi Hagiwara,creator ofBastard!!,and his groupStudio Loud in Schoolhave published popularBastard!!-relateddoujinshisuch asWonderful Megadeth!,as well as variousCapcom-relateddoujinshi.[citation needed]
  • Masaki Kajishima,creator ofTenchi Muyo! Ryo-Ohki,has long used thedoujinshiformat to produce additional information about the series he has created, primarilyTenchi Muyo! Ryo-OhkiandTenchi Muyo! GXP.Thesedoujinshican either be completely filled with his work, or he will contribute a work to thedoujinshititle. Kajishima'sdoujinshiworks break down into one (or more) types of works: manga-style (where he illustrates a new story, usually with limited text), interviews, early drafts of scripts for the series (giving fans great insight into the creative process), storyboards drawn by Kajishima that ultimately were not animated, story notes (or short stories) giving further little details of various characters, situations, or places in Kajishima's World of Tenchi. As of this writing, Kajishima does twodoujinshititles a year under the circle names "Kajishima Onsen" and "Kamidake Onsen". He has also used these to communicate with fans about his current projects, namely theSaint Knight's Talespinoff anime featuring Tenchi's half-brother and theGXPnovels.
  • Kazuhiko Katō,also known as Monkey Punch, creator ofLupin IIIbegan as adoujinshiartist.
  • Kodaka Kazuma,creator ofKizuna,Rotten Teacher's Equation (Kusatta Kyōshi no Hōteishiki), Love Equation (Renai Hōteishiki) and Border among others, has published several parodyyaoi doujinshias K2 Company ofPrince of Tennis,Fullmetal Alchemist,andTiger and Bunny,as well as an originaldoujinshiseries called 'Hana to Ryuu' (Flower and Dragon).
  • Rikdo Koshi,creator of the mangaExcel Saga,originally started out as adoujinshiartist.
  • Yun Kouga,a longtime published manga artist and creator of two well-known BL series,EarthianandLovelesshas publisheddoujinshifor series such asGundam WingandTiger and Bunny.
  • Sanami Matoh,creator ofFAKE,has published parodyyaoi doujinshi(mostly ofOne Piece) and originaldoujinshias East End Club.
  • Maki Murakami,creator ofGravitationandGamers' Heaven.Her circle Crocodile Ave. createdRemix GravitationAKARimigraandMegamix Gravitation,which were extremely sexually graphic.[28]
  • Minami Ozaki,creator of theboy's lovemangaZetsuai,is an extremely prolificdoujinshicreator. She authored numerousyaoi doujinshibefore her debut as a professional artist, most notably featuring characters from the soccer mangaCaptain Tsubasa.The main characters of her mangaZetsuaistrongly resemble the main characters of herCaptain Tsubasadoujinshi.Ozaki continued to releasedoujinshiabout her own professional manga, often including sexual content that could not be published inMargaret,the young girls-oriented manga magazine in whichZetsuaiwas serialized.
  • Yukiru Sugisaki,creator ofD.N.AngelandThe Candidate for Goddess,started as adoujinka.She releaseddoujinshiaboutKing of Fighters,Evangelion,etc.; all were gagdoujinshi.
  • Rumiko Takahashi,creator ofRanma ½andInuyasha,madedoujinshibefore she became a professional artist.
  • Yoshihiro Togashi,creator ofYuYu HakushoandHunter x Hunter,has authoreddoujinshisuch asChurch!.
  • Hajime Ueda,the creator ofQ•Ko-chanand the comic adaptation ofFLCL.
  • Nobuteru Yūkisellsdoujinshibased on his animated works under his pen-name "The Man in the High Castle".
  • Yana Tobosoused to be ayaoi doujinkabefore she authoredBlack Butler,which explained why there are some notable BL hints throughout the series.
  • Sunao Minakata, the illustrator ofAkuma no Riddle,is a regulardoujinka,especially in girls' love theme. Usually makes Touhoudoujinshiand has collaborated with other known-for-Touhou-works-popular artists, such as Banpai Akira.
  • Yūko Tsuno,creator ofReizōko(Lãnh tàng khố)
  • Nio Nakatani,creator of the popularyurimanga seriesBloom Into You,first became known for herdoujinshiwork, particularly those based onTouhou Project.

Online

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Circles

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See also

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References

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  1. ^An article "Đồng nhân chí" from encyclopedia thế giới bách khoa từ điển.
  2. ^abGalbraith, Patrick W. (2011). "Fujoshi: Fantasy Play and Transgressive Intimacy among" Rotten Girls "in Contemporary Japan".Signs.37(1):211–232.doi:10.1086/660182.S2CID146718641.
  3. ^abWilson, Brent; Toku, Masami."Boys' Love," Yaoi, and Art Education: Issues of Power and PedagogyArchived2011-07-19 at theWayback Machine2003
  4. ^Orbaugh, Sharalyn (2003). "Creativity and Constraint in Amateur Manga Production".US-Japan Women's Journal.25:104–124.
  5. ^"2007 niên のオタク thị tràng quy mô は1866 ức viên ―メディアクリエイトが bạch thư | インサイド".インサイド(in Japanese).RetrievedApril 7,2017.
  6. ^Metzger, Axel (2015). Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) and other Alternative License Models: A Comparative Analysis. Springer. p. 274.ISBN9783319215600
  7. ^"Nhị thứ sang tác OKの ý tư を kỳ す “Đồng nhân マーク” vận dụng khai thủy - hứa nặc phạm 囲も công khai ".Archived fromthe originalon October 31, 2017.RetrievedApril 12,2017.
  8. ^Lessig, Lawrence (March 25, 2004)."Chapter One: Creators".Free Culture (book).Authorama.com.RetrievedSeptember 8,2009.
  9. ^Mizoguchi Akiko (2003). "Male-Male Romance by and for Women in Japan: A History and the Subgenres of Yaoi Fictions".U.S.-Japan Women’s Journal,25:49–75.
  10. ^"Dojin Manga Library" Yoshihiro Yonezawa Memorial Library "opening this Summer".en.gigazine.net. April 2, 2009. Archived fromthe originalon July 8, 2012.RetrievedMay 13,2009.
  11. ^Sabucco, Veruska "Guided Fan Fiction: Western" Readings "of Japanese Homosexual-Themed Texts" in Berry, Chris, Fran Martin, and Audrey Yue (editors) (2003).Mobile Cultures: New Media in Queer Asia.Durham, North Carolina;London:Duke UniversityPress.ISBN0-8223-3087-3.pp.70–72
  12. ^Article on the term "hentai"explains the differences between Japanese and English usage.
  13. ^elfgrove (May 16, 2008)."Princess Tutu Doujinshi".deviantART: elfgrove's Journal: Princess Tutu Doujinshi.RetrievedSeptember 2,2011.The story is an AU Swan Lake set after the Princess Tutu anime series... F.A.Q... What does AU mean? Alternate Universe.
  14. ^McLelland, Mark.Why are Japanese Girls' Comics full of Boys Bonking?Archived2008-04-15 at theWayback MachineRefractory: A Journal of Entertainment MediaVol.10, 2006/2007
  15. ^abStimson, Eric (April 9, 2016)."Prime Minister Abe: Dōjinshi Safe Under TPP".Anime News Network.RetrievedOctober 26,2020.
  16. ^abMehra, Salil K. (2002). "Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain Why All the Cartoons My Kid Watches are Japanese Imports?".Rutgers Law Review.55.doi:10.2139/ssrn.347620.
  17. ^Brient, Hervé, ed. (2008). "Entretien avec Hisako Miyoshi".Homosexualité et manga: le yaoi.Manga: 10000 images (in French). Editions H. pp.17–19.ISBN978-2-9531781-0-4.
  18. ^John Ingulsrud and Kate Allen.Reading Japan Cool: Patterns of Manga Literacy and Discourse.,Lexington Books,p. 49.
  19. ^Fukuda Makoto, “Doraemon Fanzine Ignites Copyright AlarmsArchived2017-04-12 at theWayback Machine,”Daily Yomiuri,June 17, 2007, 22. See also Ingulsrud and Allen, p.49.
  20. ^Ikeya, Hayato (February 14, 2020)."Nhị thứ sang tác でも vi pháp アップロード đà mục ――" vi pháp đồng nhân chí サイト "Vận 営 hội xã に219 vạn viên の bồi thường mệnh lệnh quá khứ の thủ tài には “Tồn じ thượng げないサイトですね” ".Netorabo(in Japanese).RetrievedOctober 26,2020.
  21. ^Kurihara, Kiyoshi (October 10, 2020)."Tri tài cao tài でBL đồng nhân tác phẩm の vô đoạn コピーは trứ tác 権 xâm hại という đương たり tiền の phán quyết".Yahoo! Japan(in Japanese). Archived fromthe originalon October 28, 2020.RetrievedOctober 26,2020.
  22. ^Oppliger, John(June 23, 2005)."Ask John: Why Hasn't Doujinshi Caught on Outside of Japan?".AnimeNation.Archived fromthe originalon January 11, 2012.RetrievedSeptember 8,2009.
  23. ^Oppliger, John(September 8, 2003)."Ask John: Why Are Anime Music Videos so Popular?".AnimeNation.Archived fromthe originalon April 30, 2009.RetrievedSeptember 8,2009.
  24. ^Roh, David S. (2015). "How Japanese Fan Fiction Beat the Lawyers".Illegal literature: toward a disruptive creativity.Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.ISBN978-1-4529-4500-2.JSTOR10.5749/j.ctt19704tx.OCLC933251286.
  25. ^"Đệ thất hồi bác lệ thần xã lệ đại tế サークルリスト".Archived fromthe originalon July 21, 2011.RetrievedMay 9,2010.
  26. ^ab"Đông phương のエロ nhu yếu が thiếu ないのは hà cố なんだぜ? - GilCrowsのペネトレイト・トーク".はてなダイアリー.June 2008.
  27. ^"<<セーラームーン>> A-ZONE VOLUME 2 / A-ZONE - trung cổ - nam tính hướng nhất bàn đồng nhân chí - thông phiến ショップの tuấn hà ốc".suruga-ya.jp.
  28. ^Cha, Kai-Ming (2007)Sex & Silliness: Maki Murakami’s GravitationPublishers Weekly
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