Wikipedia

Davidic line

"House of David" redirects here. For other uses, seeHouse of David (disambiguation).

TheDavidic lineorHouse of David(Hebrew:בֵּית דָּוִד,romanized:Bēt Dāvīḏ) is thelineageof theIsraelitekingDavid.In Judaism, it is based on texts from theHebrew Bibleand through the succeeding centuries based on later traditions.

House of David
בית דוד‎
Parent houseTribe of Judah
CountryUnited Kingdom of Israel and Judah
Kingdom of Judah
FounderDavid(traditional)
Final rulerZedekiah
Titles
Estate(s)Israel

According to the Bible, David, of theTribe of Judah,was the third king of theUnited Monarchy of Israel and Judah.[1][2]He was later succeeded by his son,Solomon.After Solomon's death, the ten northern tribes rejected the Davidic line, refusing to accept Solomon's son,Rehoboam,and instead choseJeroboamas king and formed the northernKingdom of Israel.The southern tribes of Judah andBenjaminremained loyal to the House of David, and this kingdom came to be known as theKingdom of Judah.All subsequent monarchs of Judah, exceptAthaliah,are said to be direct descendants of David. The kingdom fell to theNeo-Babylonian Empirein 587/6 BCE. TheHasmoneans,who established their own monarchy inJudeain the 2nd century BCE, were not considered connected to the Davidic line nor to the Tribe of Judah.

InJudaism,the Davidic Line is the bloodline from which the HebrewMessiahhas apatrilinealdescent. InJewish eschatology,theMessiahis a future Jewish king from the Davidic line, who is expected to rule theJewish peopleduring theMessianic Ageandworld to come.[3][4][5]

Historicity

edit
TheTel Dan Stele,with mention of the "House of David" highlighted in white.

Very little is conclusively known about the House of David. TheTel Dan Stelementions the death of the reigning king from "BYTDWD",[6](interpreted as "House of David" ) and thus far is the only extrabiblical explicit mention ofDavidhimself. The stele is dated to circa 840 BCE; however, the name of the Davidic king is not totally preserved, as much of the stele has not survived since the 9th century BCE. All that remains of the name is the final syllable, the extremely commontheophoric suffix-yahū.Because the stele coincides the death of the Davidic king with the death of[Jeho]ram,the king of theKingdom of Samaria,scholars have reconstructed the second slain king asAhaziah of Judah,the only king contemporary to Jehoram with a name ending in-yahū.[a]

The earliest unambiguously[b]attested king from the Davidic line isUzziah,who reigned in the 8th century BCE, about 75 years after Ahaziah, who is named on bullae seals belonging to his servants Abijah and Shubnayahu.[7]Uzziah may also be mentioned in the annals ofTiglath-Pileser III;however, the texts are largely fragmentary.[8][c]Additionally, atombstonedated to theSecond Temple Periodclaiming to mark the grave (or, reburial) site of Uzziah, was discovered in a convent on theMount of Olivesin 1931, but there is no way of determining if the remains were genuinely Uzziah's as the stone had to have been carved more than 700 years after Uzziah died and was originally interred, and the tablet's provenance remains a mystery. A controversial artefact called theJehoash Tabletrecalls deeds performed byJehoash of Judah,who reigned about 44 years before Uzziah; however, scholars are tensely divided on whether or not the inscription is genuine. After Uzziah, each successive king of Judah is attested to in some form, with the exception ofAmon of Judah:Jotham,Uzziah's successor, is named on the seals of his own son and successor,Ahaz,[9]who ruled from 732 to 716 BCE.Hezekiah,Ahaz's son, is attested to by numerous royal seals[10][11]andSennacherib's Annals;[12]Manassehis recorded giving tribute toEsarhaddon;[13]Josiahhas no relics explicitly naming him; however, seals belonging to his son Eliashib[14]and officialsNathan-melech[15][16]andAsaiah[17]have been discovered; and the kingsJehoahaz II,Jehoiakim,andZedekiahare never explicitly named in historical records but are instead alluded to; however,Jeconiahis mentioned by name inBabylonian documentsdetailing the rations he and his sons were given while held prisoner during theBabylonian captivity.[18]

The origins of the dynasty, on the other hand, are shrouded in mystery. The Tel Dan Stele, as aforementioned, remains the only mention of David himself outside the Bible, and the historical reliability of the United Monarchy of Israel is archaeologically weak. TheStepped Stone StructureandLarge Stone StructureinJerusalem,assumingEilat Mazar's contested stratigraphic dating of the structures to the Iron Age I is accurate, show that Jerusalem was at least somewhat populated in King David's time, and lends some credence to the biblical claim that Jerusalem was originally a Canaanite fortress; however, Jerusalem seems to have been barely developed until long after David's death,[19]bringing into question the possibility that it could have been the imperial capital described in the Bible. In David's time, the capital probably served as little more than a formidable citadel, and the Davidic "kingdom" was most likely closer to a loosely-confederated regional polity,[19]albeit a relatively substantial one. On the other hand, excavations atKhirbet Qeiyafa[20]andEglon,[21]as well as structures fromHazor,Gezer,Megiddoand other sites conventionally dated to the 10th century BCE, are interpreted by many scholars to show that Judah was capable of accommodating large-scale urban societies centuries before minimalist scholars claim,[22][23][24]and some have taken the physical archaeology of tenth-centuryCanaanas consistent with the former existence of a unified state on its territory,[25]as archaeological findings demonstrate substantial development and growth at several sites, plausibly related to the tenth century.[26]Even so, as for David and his immediate descendants themselves, the position of some scholars, as described byIsrael FinkelsteinandNeil Silberman,authors ofThe Bible Unearthed,espouses that David and Solomon may well be based on "certain historical kernels", and probably did exist in their own right, but their historical counterparts simply could not have ruled over a wealthy lavish empire as described in the Bible, and were more likely chieftains of a comparatively modest Israelite society in Judah and not regents over a kingdom proper.[27]

Kings of Israel and Judah

edit
Main article:Kings of Israel and Judah
The genealogy of thekings of Judah, along with the kings of Israel.

According to theTanakh,upon being chosen and becoming king, one was customarily anointed withholy oilpoured on one's head. In David's case, this was done by theprophetSamuel.

Initially, David was king over theTribe of Judahonly and ruled fromHebron,but after seven and a half years, the otherIsraelitetribes, who found themselves leaderless after the death ofIsh-bosheth,chose him to be their king as well.[28]

All subsequent kings in both the ancient first unitedKingdom of Israeland the laterKingdom of Judahclaimed direct descent from King David to validate their claim to the throne in order to rule over the Israelite tribes.

After the death of David's son,King Solomon,the ten northern tribes of theKingdom of Israelrejected the Davidic line, refusing to accept Solomon's son,Rehoboam,and instead chose as kingJeroboamand formed the northernKingdom of Israel.This kingdom was conquered by theNeo-Assyrian Empirein the 8th century BCE which exiled much of the Northern Kingdom population and ended its sovereign status. The bulk population of the Northern Kingdom of Israel was forced to relocate to Mesopotamia and mostly disappeared from history asThe Ten Lost Tribesor intermixed with exiled Judean populations two centuries later, while the remaining Israelite peoples in Samaria highlands have become known asSamaritansduring the classic era and to modern times.

The Exilarchate

edit
Main article:Exilarch

Later rabbinical authorities granted the office of exilarch to family members that traced its patrilineal[29]descent fromDavid,King of Israel. The highest official of Babylonian Jewry was theexilarch(Reish Galuta,"Head of the Diaspora" ). Those who held the position traced their ancestry to the House of David in the male line.[29]The position holder was regarded as a king-in-waiting, residing in Babylonia in theAchaemenid Empireas well as during the classic era. TheSeder Olam Zuttaattributes the office toZerubbabel,a member of the Davidic line, who is mentioned as one of the leaders of the Jewish community in the 6th century BC, holding the title of Achaemenid Governor ofYehud Medinata.

The Hasmonean and Herodian periods

edit
Further information:Hasmonean dynastyandHerodian dynasty

The Hasmoneans, also known as theMaccabees,established their own monarchy inJudeafollowing theirrevoltagainst theHellenisticSeleucid dynasty.The Hasmoneans were not considered connected to the Davidic line nor to theTribe of Judah.TheLeviteshad always been excluded from the Israelite monarchy, so when the Maccabees assumed the throne in order to rededicate the defiledSecond Temple,a cardinal rule was broken. According to scholars withinOrthodox Judaism,this is considered to have contributed to their downfall and the eventual downfall of Judea; internal strife allowing for Roman occupation and the violent installation ofHerod the Greatasclient kingover theRoman province of Judea;and the subsequentdestructionof theSecond Templeby the futureEmperor Titus.

During the Hasmonean period, the Davidic line was largely excluded from the royal house in Judea, but some members had risen to prominence as religious and communal leaders. One of the most notable of those wasHillel the Elder,who moved to Judea from his birthplace in Babylon. His great-grandsonSimeon ben Gamlielbecame one of the Jewish leaders during theFirst Jewish–Roman War.[30]

Middle Ages

edit
Main article:Exilarchate

The Exilarchate in theSasanian Empirewas briefly abolished as a result of a revolt by theMar-Zutra IIin the late 5th century CE, with his sonMar-Zutra IIIbeing denied the office and relocating toTiberias,then within theByzantine Empire.Mar Ahunai lived in the period succeeding Mar Zutra II, but for almost fifty years after the failed revolt he did not dare to appear in public, and it is not known whether even then (c. 550) he really acted as Exilarch. The names of Kafnai and his son Haninai, who were Exilarchs in the second half of the 6th century, have been preserved.

The Exilarchate in Mesopotamia was officially restored after theArab conquestin the 7th century and continued to function during the earlyCaliphates.Exilarchs continued to be appointed until the 11th century, with some members of the Davidic line dispersing across the Islamic world. There are conflicting accounts of the fate of the Exilarch family in the 11th century; according to one versionHezekiah ben David,who was the last Exilarch and also the lastGaon,was imprisoned and tortured to death. Two of his sons fled to Al-Andalus, where they found refuge with Joseph, the son and successor ofSamuel ibn Naghrillah.However,The Jewish Quarterly Reviewmentions that Hezekiah was liberated from prison, and became head of the academy, and is mentioned as such by a contemporary in 1046.[31]An unsuccessful attempt of David ben Daniel of the Davidic line to establish an Exilarchate in theFatimid Caliphatefailed and ended with his downfall in 1094.

In the 11th–15th century, families that descended from the Exilarchs that lived in the South of France (NarbonneandProvence) and in northern Iberian peninsula (Barcelona,AragonandCastile) received the title "Nasi"in the communities and were called" free men ". They had a special economic and social status in the Jewish community, and they were close to their respective governments, some serving as advisers and tax collectors/finance ministers.

These families had special rights in Narbonne, Barcelona, and Castile. They possessed real estate and received the title "Don"andde la Kblriih(De la Cavalleria). Among the families of the "Sons of the Free" are the families ofAbravanelandBenveniste.

In his book,A Jewish Princedom in Feudal France,Arthur J. Zuckerman proposes a theory that from 768 to 900 CE a Jewish Princedom ruled by members of the Exilarchs existed in feudal France. However, this theory has been widely contested.[32]Descendants of the house of exilarchs were living in various places long after the office became extinct. The grandson of Hezekiah ben David through his eldest son David ben Chyzkia,Hiyya al-Daudi,died in 1154 inCastileaccording toAbraham ibn Daudand is the ancestor of theibn Yahyafamily. Several families, as late as the 14th century, traced their descent back to Josiah, the brother ofDavid ben Zakkaiwho had been banished to Chorasan (see the genealogies in [Lazarus 1890] pp. 180 et seq.). The descendants of the Karaite Exilarchs have been referred to above.

A number of Jewish families in theIberian peninsulaand withinMesopotamiacontinued to preserve the tradition of descent from Exilarchs in theLate Middle Ages,including the families ofAbravanel,ibn Yahyaand Ben-David. Several Ashkenazi scholars also claimed descent from King David. On his father's side,Rashihas been claimed to be a 33rd-generation descendant ofJohanan HaSandlar,who was a fourth-generation descendant ofGamaliel,who was reputedly descended from the Davidic line.[33]SimilarlyMaimonidesclaimed 37 generations between him andSimeon ben Judah ha-Nasi,who was also a fourth-generation descendant of Gamaliel.[34]Meir Perels traced the ancestry ofJudah Loew ben Bezalelto theHai Gaonthrough Judah Loew's alleged great-great-grandfatherJudah Leib the Elderand therefore also from the Davidic dynasty; however, this claim is widely disputed, by many scholars such as Otto Muneles.[35]Hai Gaon was the son ofSherira Gaon,who claimed descent fromRabbah b. Abuha,who belonged to the family of the exilarch, thereby claiming descent from the Davidic line. Sherira's son-in-law wasElijah ben Menahem HaZaken.[36][37]The patriarch of theMeisels family,Yitskhak Eizik Meisels, was an alleged 10th generation descendant of the Exilarch,Mar Ukba.[38]TheBerduga familyofMeknesclaim paternal descent from the Exilarch,Bostanai.[39]The Jewish banking familyLouis Cahen d'Anversclaimed descent from the Davidic Line[40]RabbiYosef Dayan,who is a modern-day claimant to the Davidic throne in Israel and the founder of the Monarchist partyMalchut Israel,descends from theDayan familyofAleppo,who paternally descend from Hasan ben Zakkai, the younger brother of the ExilarchDavid I(d. 940). One of Hasan's descendants Solomon ben Azariah ha-Nasi settled in Aleppo were the family became Dayan's (judges) of the city and thus adopted the surname Dayan.[41][42]

Modern legacy

edit

In 2012,The Jerusalem Postreported that philanthropist Susan Roth created Davidic Dynasty as subsidiary of her Eshet Chayil Foundation, dedicated to finding, databasing, and connecting Davidic descendants and running the King David Legacy Center in Jerusalem.[43]In 2020, Roth chose Brando Crawford, a descendant from both grandfathers, to represent the organization internationally.[44][45]The King David Legacy Center has seen support fromHarediJews in Jerusalem.[46]

Jewish interpretations

edit

InJewish eschatology,the termmashiach,or "Messiah",came to refer to a future Jewishkingfrom the Davidic line, who is expected to be anointed withholy anointing oiland rule the Jewish people during theMessianic Age.[47][48][49]The Messiah is often referred to as "King Messiah", or, in Hebrew,מלך משיח(melekh mashiach), and, in Aramaic,malka meshiḥa.[50]

Orthodoxviews have generally held that the Messiah will be apatrilinealdescendant ofKing David,[51]and will gather the Jews back into theLand of Israel,usher in an era of peace, build theThird Temple,father a male heir, re-institute theSanhedrin,and so on. Jewish tradition alludes to two redeemers, both of whom are calledmashiachand are involved in ushering in theMessianic age:Mashiach ben David;andMashiach ben Yosef.In general, the termMessiahunqualified refers toMashiach ben David(Messiah, son of David).[47][48]

Christian interpretations

edit

In theChristianinterpretation the "Davidic covenant"of a Davidic line in2 Samuel7 is understood in various ways, traditionally referring to thegenealogies of Jesusin theNew Testament.One Christian interpretation of the Davidic line counts the line as continuing toJesusson ofJoseph,according to the genealogies which are written inMatthew 1:1-16 descendants of Solomon andLuke 3:23-38 descendants of Nathan son of David through the line of Mary.

Because Jews have historically believed that the Messiah will be a male-line descendant of David, the lineage of Jesus is sometimes cited as a reason why Jews do not believe that he was the Messiah. As the proposed son of God, he could not have been a male descendant of David because according to the genealogy of his earthly parents, Mary and Joseph, he did not have the proper lineage, because he would not have been a male descendant of Mary, and Joseph, who was a descendant ofJeconiah,because Jeconiah's descendants are explicitly barred from ever ruling Israel by God.[52]

Another Christian interpretation emphasizes the minor, non-royal, line of David throughSolomon's brotherNathanas it is recorded in theGospel of Lukechapter 3(entirely undocumented in the Hebrew Bible), which is often understood to be the family tree of Mary's father. A widely spread traditional Christian interpretation relates the non-continuation of the main Davidic line from Solomon to the godlessness of the line ofJehoiachinwhich started in the early 500s BC, whenJeremiahcursed the main branch of the Solomonic line, by saying that no descendant of "[Je]Coniah" would ever reign on the throne of Israel again (Jeremiah 22:30).[53]Some Christian commentators also believe that this same "curse" is the reason whyZerubbabel,the rightful Solomonic king during the time ofNehemiah,was not given a kingship under thePersian empire.[54]

TheTree of Jesse(a reference to David's father) is a traditional Christian artistic representation of Jesus' genealogical connection to David.

Islamic interpretations

edit

TheQuranmentions the House of David once: "Work, O family of David, in gratitude. And few of My servants are grateful."[55]and mentions David himself sixteen times.

According to some Islamic sources, some of the Jewish settlers in Arabia were of the Davidic line, Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi recorded: "A Jewish man from the Davidic line enteredMedinaand found the people in deep sorrow. He enquired the people, 'What is wrong?' Some of the people replied:Prophet Muhammadpassed away ".[56]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^Carr, David M. (2011).An Introduction to the Old Testament: Sacred Texts and Imperial Contexts of the Hebrew Bible.John Wiley & Sons. p. 58.ISBN978-1-44435623-6.Archivedfrom the original on 11 October 2020.Retrieved5 October2020.
  2. ^Falk, Avner (1996).A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews.Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 115.ISBN978-0-83863660-2.Archivedfrom the original on 11 October 2020.Retrieved4 October2020.
  3. ^Schochet, Rabbi Prof. Dr. Jacob Immanuel."Moshiach ben Yossef".Tutorial.moshiach.com. Archived fromthe originalon 20 December 2002.Retrieved2 December2012.
  4. ^Blidstein, Prof. Dr. Gerald J."Messiah in Rabbinic Thought".MESSIAH.Jewish Virtual Library and Encyclopaedia Judaica 2008 The Gale Group.Retrieved2 December2012.
  5. ^Telushkin, Joseph."The Messiah".The Jewish Virtual Library Jewish Literacy. NY: William Morrow and Co., 1991. Reprinted by permission of the author.Retrieved2 December2012.
  6. ^Pioske 2015,p. 180.
  7. ^Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals. N. Avigad and B. Sass. Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1997, nos. 4 and 3 respectively; Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200–539 B.C.E. Lawrence J. Mykytiuk. SBL Academia Biblica 12. Atlanta, 2004, 153–59, 219.
  8. ^Haydn, Howell M.Azariah of Judah and Tiglath-Pileser IIIinJournal of Biblical Literature,Vol. 28, No. 2 (1909), pp. 182–199
  9. ^Deutsch, Robert. "First Impression: What We Learn from King Ahaz's SealArchived4 September 2018 at theWayback Machine".Biblical Archaeology Review,July 1998, pp. 54–56, 62
  10. ^Heilpern, Will (4 December 2015)."Biblical King's seal discovered in dump site".CNN.Retrieved3 May2016.
  11. ^Cross, Frank Moore (March–April 1999). "King Hezekiah's Seal Bears Phoenician Imagery".Biblical Archaeology Review.
  12. ^Oppenheim, A. L. inPritchard 1969,pp. 287–288
  13. ^Oppenheim, A. L. inPritchard 1969,p. 291
  14. ^Albright, W. F. inPritchard 1969,p. 569
  15. ^Weiss, Bari.The Story Behind a 2,600-Year-Old Seal Who was Natan-Melech, the king's servant? New York Times. March 30, 2019
  16. ^2,600-year old seal discovered in City of David.Jerusalem Post. April 1, 2019
  17. ^Heltzer, Michael,THE SEAL OF ˓AŚAYĀHŪ.InHallo, 2000,Vol. II p. 204
  18. ^James B. Pritchard, ed.,Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969) 308.
  19. ^abMazar, Amihai."Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy".One God – One Cult – One Nation. Archaeological and Biblical Perspectives, Edited by Reinhard G. Kratz and Hermann Spieckermann in Collaboration with Björn Corzilius and Tanja Pilger, (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 405).Berlin/ New York: 29–58.Retrieved12 October2018.
  20. ^Garfinkel, Yossi; Ganor, Sa'ar; Hasel, Michael (19 April 2012)."Journal 124: Khirbat Qeiyafa preliminary report".Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel.Israel Antiquities Authority. Archived fromthe originalon 23 June 2012.Retrieved12 June2018.
  21. ^"Proof of King David? Not yet. But riveting site shores up roots of Israelite era".Times of Israel.14 May 2018.Retrieved24 October2019.
  22. ^Halpern, Baruch (2017). "The United Monarchy: David between Saul and Solomon". In Ebeling, Jennie R.; Wright, J. Edward; Elliott, Mark Adam; Flesher, Paul V. McCracken (eds.).The Old Testament in Archaeology and History.Baylor University Press. pp. 337–62.ISBN978-1-4813-0743-7.
  23. ^Johnson, Benjamin J. M. (2021). "Israel at the time of the united monarchy". In Dell, Katharine J. (ed.).The Biblical World(2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 498–519.ISBN978-1-317-39255-2.
  24. ^Dever, William G. (2021)."Solomon, Scripture, and Science: The Rise of the Judahite State in the 10th Century BCE".Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology.1:102–125.doi:10.52486/01.00001.4.
  25. ^Kitchen, Kenneth (2003).On the Reliability of the Old Testament.Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans. p. 158.ISBN978-0-80280-396-2.
  26. ^Kuhrt, Amélie(1995).The Ancient Near East, c. 3000-330 BC, Band 1.New York: Routledge. p. 438.ISBN978-0-41516-762-8.
  27. ^———;Silberman, Neil Asher(2006).David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition.Free Press.ISBN978-0-7432-4362-9.p. 20
  28. ^Mandel, David.Who's Who in the Jewish Bible.Jewish Publication Society, 1 Jan 2010, p. 85
  29. ^abMax A Margolis and Alexander Marx,A History of the Jewish People(1927), p. 235.
  30. ^Wilhelm Bacher, Jacob Zallel Lauterbach (1906). "Simeon II. (Ben Gamaliel I.)",Jewish Encyclopedia.N.b.: the Jewish Encyclopedia speaks of "his grandfather Hillel", but the sequence was Hillel the Elder-Simeon ben Hillel-Gamaliel the Elder-Simeon ben Gamliel, thus great-grandson is correct.
  31. ^Jewish Quarterly Review, hereafter "J. Q. R.", xv. 80.
  32. ^Zuckerman, Arthur J. (1972).A Jewish princedom in feudal France, 768-900.New York: Columbia University Press.ISBN0-231-03298-6.OCLC333768.
  33. ^"Rabbi Yehiel Ben Shlomo Heilprin - (Circa 5420-5506; 1660-1746)".www.chabad.org.Retrieved28 June2020.
  34. ^"Early Years".www.chabad.org.Retrieved21 May2020.
  35. ^SeeThe Maharal of Prague's Descent from King David,by Chaim Freedman, published inAvotaynuVol 22 No 1, Spring 2006
  36. ^"SHERIRA B. ḤANINA - JewishEncyclopedia.com".www.jewishencyclopedia.com.Retrieved17 May2021.
  37. ^"HAI BEN SHERIRA - JewishEncyclopedia.com".www.jewishencyclopedia.com.Retrieved17 May2021.
  38. ^"Meizels family tree"(PDF).Davidicdynasty.org.
  39. ^Bar-Asher, Moshe (1 October 2010)."Berdugo Family".Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World.
  40. ^"Jews of Turkey Archives • Point of No Return".Point of No Return.
  41. ^"Dayyan | Encyclopedia.com".www.encyclopedia.com.Retrieved27 November2020.
  42. ^Harel, Yaron (1 October 2010)."Dayan Family".Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World.
  43. ^"Are you a descendant of the House of David?".The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com.Retrieved15 October2020.
  44. ^"Leadership".Davidic Dynasty is dedicated to uniting the Jewish descendants of King David.Retrieved15 October2020.
  45. ^Twersky, David (10 November 2008)."We Are Family: King David's Descendants Gather for 'Reunion'".The Forward.Retrieved15 October2020.
  46. ^"Grapevine: Yes, Prime Minister…".The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com.Retrieved15 October2020.
  47. ^abSchochet, Jacob Immanuel."Moshiach ben Yossef".Tutorial.Moshiach.com. Archived fromthe originalon 20 December 2002.Retrieved2 December2012.
  48. ^abBlidstein, Prof. Dr. Gerald J."Messiah in Rabbinic Thought".MESSIAH.Jewish Virtual Library and Encyclopaedia Judaica 2008 The Gale Group.Retrieved2 December2012.
  49. ^Telushkin, Joseph (1991)."The Messiah".William Morrow and Co.Retrieved2 December2012.
  50. ^Flusser, David."Second Temple Period".Messiah.Encyclopaedia Judaica 2008 The Gale Group.Retrieved2 December2012.
  51. ^SeeRabbi Aryeh Kaplan:"The Real Messiah A Jewish Response to Missionaries"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 29 May 2008.Retrieved17 April2012.
  52. ^This is what the LORD says: 'Record this man as if he is childless, a man who will not prosper in his lifetime, for none of his offspring will prosper, none of them will sit on the throne of David or rule in Judah anymore.— Jeremiah 22:30, NIV
  53. ^H. Wayne HouseIsrael: Land and the People1998 114 "And yet, Judah has also been without a king of the Solomonic line since the Babylonian exile. Because of Jeremiah's curse on Jehoiachin (Coniah) in the early 500s BC (Jer. 22:30), the high priests of Israel, while serving as the..."
  54. ^Warren W. Wiersbe -The Wiersbe Bible Commentary: The Complete Old Testament - 2007 p. 1497 "Zerubbabel was the grandson of King Jehoiachin (Jeconiah, Matt. 1:12; Coniah, Jer. 22:24, 28), and therefore of the royal line of David. But instead of wearing a crown and sitting on a throne, Zerubbabel was the humble governor of a..."
  55. ^Quran 34:13
  56. ^Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi, Bihār al-Anwār, Dar Al-Rida Publication, Beirut, (1983), volume 30 page 99
Sources

Notes

edit
  1. ^Jehoram's reign in Israel saw three kings of Judah —Jehoshaphat,his sonJehoram of Judah,andhisson, Ahaziah
  2. ^'Unambiguous' as Ahaziah's name on the Tel Dan Stele is incomplete, and there is no explicit confirmation that the apical ancestor David ofBayt-Davidwas a king
  3. ^The name in the annals isAzariah,not "Uzziah". While Uzziah is called "Azariah" several times in the Bible, scholars consider this to be the result of alaterscribal error. Thus it is unlikely that Tiglath-Pileser's scribes would have used this name to refer to Uzziah.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Davidic_line&oldid=1248304693"