Wikipedia

Deferred prosecution

Adeferred prosecution agreement(DPA), which is very similar to anon-prosecution agreement(NPA),[1]is a voluntary alternative toadjudicationin which aprosecutoragrees to grantamnestyin exchange for thedefendantagreeing to fulfill certain requirements. A case ofcorporate fraud,for instance, might be settled by means of a deferred-prosecution agreement in which the defendant agrees to pay fines, implement corporate reforms, and fully cooperate with the investigation. Fulfillment of the specified requirements will then result in dismissal of the charges.[2]

United States

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Since 1999, theUnited States Department of Justice(DOJ) has set forth guidelines concerning the prosecution of business organizations and corporations.[3]TheUnited States Attorneys' Manual(USAM) of the DOJ allows consideration of non-prosecution or deferred prosecution of corporate criminal offenses because of collateral consequences and discussesplea agreements,deferred prosecution agreements, and non-prosecution agreements in general.[4][5]Under theU.S. Sentencing Guidelines,a past deferred prosecution will not count toward a defendant's criminal history, if there was no finding of guilt by a court and the defendant did not plead guilty or otherwise admit guilt in open court. This is in contrast to adeferred disposition,which typically does involve such a finding or admission.[6]

According to professorRachel Barkowand Anthony Barkow ofNYU Law School,[7]there has been a dramatic increase in the use of DPAs and NPAs by federal prosecutors, increasing from 11 instances between 1993 and 2001, to 23 between 2002 and 2005, to 66 between 2006 and 2008. This kind of regulation-by-prosecutor has also occurred at the state level, for example at the New York Attorney General's Office underEliot SpitzerandAndrew Cuomo.[7]Outside monitors are appointed in about half of all DPAs.[8]

Canada

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Main article:Deferred prosecution agreement (Canada)

Discussions about the potential establishment ofdeferred prosecution agreement(DPA) legislation in Canada began in February 2016. Prior to the DPA, Canada already hadprosecutorial discretionin place, which "made it possible for offending companies to negotiate a non-criminal penalty for a criminal act".[9]In June 2018 Canada enacted a DPA through provisions in theomnibusbudget implementation Bill C-74, that amended theCriminal Code.[10][11]According to theLaw Times,the DPA changes the way Canadian courts prosecute white-collar crime which includes a remediation system whereby offenders can avoid conviction if "they co-operate with the Crown and the courts".[10]TheTimescited Ottawa-based counsel Patrick McCann, who said that the DPA would "bring Canada in line with many other countries that have deferred prosecution agreements, including the U.S., the U.K. and most other European countries".[10]According to McCann, the DPA "addresses the unfairness of the situation when you have a large company that has a rogue senior officer" who has committed a crime with the entire company getting blamed.[10]McCann said that the DPA is fair to investors in companies who are innocent of any wrongdoing.[10]

The legislation states that, in the case ofCorruption of Foreign Public Officials Act,the prosecutor "must not consider the national economic interest, the potential effect on relations with a state other than Canada or the identity of the organization or individual involved."[12][9]

See also

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References

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  1. ^Giudice, Lauren (2011)."Regulating Corruption: Analyzing uncertainty in current Foreign Corrupt Practices Act enforcement"(PDF).Boston University Law Review.91(1): 347–378.,at 361 (DPAs are typically filed with a court whereas NPAs are not)
  2. ^The American Heritage Dictionary of Business Terms.Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 2009-09-02.Retrieved2009-07-25.
  3. ^"Corporate Prosecution Principles Resource Page".Federal Evidence Review.2017-10-19. Archived fromthe originalon 2017-10-19.Retrieved2023-04-30.
  4. ^United States Attorneys' Manual§9-28.1000 (2008) Collateral Consequences
  5. ^United States Attorneys' Manual§9-16.325 (2008) Plea Agreements, Deferred Prosecution Agreements, Non-Prosecution Agreements and "Extraordinary Restitution"
  6. ^U.S.S.G.§ 4A1.2(f)(2012)
  7. ^ab"Prosecutors in the Boardroom".Main Justice.2013-06-20. Archived fromthe originalon 2013-06-20.Retrieved2023-04-30.
  8. ^Barkow, Anthony S.; Barkow, Rachel E., eds. (2011)."Introduction".Prosecutors in the Boardroom: Using Criminal Law to Regulate Corporate Conduct.New York and London:New York University Press.p. 4.ISBN978-0-8147-8703-8.
  9. ^abHarris, Michael (February 15, 2019)."Why Wilson-Raybould Was Right".The Tyee.RetrievedFebruary 18,2019.
  10. ^abcdeSmith, Dale (June 4, 2018)."Bill aims to change way white-collar crime punished".Law Times.RetrievedFebruary 13,2019.
  11. ^Joseph, Rebecca (February 13, 2019)."Charges against SNC-Lavalin explained — and how the PMO allegedly got involved".Global News.RetrievedFebruary 13,2019.
  12. ^Branch, Legislative Services (December 18, 2018)."Consolidated federal laws of canada, Criminal Code".RetrievedFebruary 18,2019.
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