Dervish

For other uses, seeDervish (disambiguation).

Dervish,Darvesh,orDarwīsh(fromPersian:درویش,romanized:Darvīsh)inIslamcan refer broadly to members of aSufifraternity(tariqah),or more narrowly to a religiousmendicant,who chose or accepted material poverty.The latter usage is found particularly in Persian andTurkish(derviş) as well as inTamazight(Aderwic), corresponding to the Arabic termfaqīr.Their focus is on the universal values of love and service, deserting the illusions of ego (nafs) to reachGod.In most Sufi orders, a dervish is known to practicedhikrthrough physical exertions or religious practices to attain the ecstatic trance to reach God.Their most popular practice isSama,which is associated with the 13th-century mysticRumi.Infolkloreand with adherents of Sufism, dervishes are often credited with the ability to performmiraclesand ascribedsupernaturalpowers.Historically, the term Dervish has also been used more loosely, as the designation of various Islamic political movements or military entities.

Dervish with a lion and a tiger,Mughal painting,c. 1650

OttomanDervish portrayed byAmedeo Preziosi,c. 1860s,Muzeul Naţional de Artă al României

Etymology

ThePersianworddarvīsh(درویش) is of ancient origin and descends from aProto-Iranianword that appears inAvestanasdrigu-,"needy,mendicant",via Middle Persiandriyosh.It has the same meaning as the Arabic wordfaqīr,meaning people whose contingency and utter dependence upon God is manifest in everything they do and every breath they take.

Religious practice

Dervishes try to approach God by virtues and individual experience, rather than by religious scholarship. Many dervishes are mendicant ascetics who have taken a vow of poverty, unlikemullahs.The main reason they beg is to learn humility, but dervishes are prohibited to beg for their own good. They have to give the collected money to other poor people. Others work in common professions; EgyptianQadiriyya– known in Turkey as Kadiri – are fishermen, for example.

Some classical writers indicate that the poverty of the dervish is not merely economic.Saadi,for instance, who himself travelled widely as a dervish, and wrote extensively about them, says in hisGulistan:

Of what avail is frock, or rosary,

Or clouted garment? Keep thyself but free
From evil deeds, it will not need for thee
To wear the cap of felt: a darwesh be

In heart, and wear the cap of Tartary.

Rumiwrites in Book 1 of hisMasnavi:

Water that's poured inside will sink the boat

While water underneath keeps it afloat.
Driving wealth from his heart to keep it pure
King Solomon preferred the title 'Poor':
That sealed jar in the stormy sea out there
Floats on the waves because it's full of air,
When you've the air of dervishood inside

You'll float above the world and there abide...

Whirling dervishes

Whirling dervishes,Rumi Fest 2007

Semâ ceremony at the Dervishes Culture Center at Avanos, Turkey

Main article:Sufi whirling

The whirling dance orSufi whirlingthat is proverbially associated with dervishes is best known in the West by the practices (performances) of theMevleviorder in Turkey, and is part of a formal ceremony known as theSama.It is, however, also practiced by other orders. The Sama is only one of the many Sufi ceremonies performed to try to reachreligious ecstasy(majdhb,fana). The nameMevlevicomes from thePersianpoetRumi,who was a dervish himself. This practice, though not intended as entertainment, has become a tourist attraction in Turkey.

Orders

The dance of the dervishes, Athens,Ottoman Greece,byDodwell

There are various orders of dervishes, almost all of which trace their origins from various Muslim saints and teachers, especiallyImam Ali.Various orders and suborders have appeared and disappeared over the centuries. Dervishes spread intoNorth Africa,theHorn of Africa,Turkey,Anatolia,theBalkans,theCaucasus,Central Asia,Iran,Pakistan,India,Afghanistan,andTajikistan.

Other dervish groups include theBektashis,who are connected to thejanissaries,and theSenussi,who are rather orthodox in their beliefs. Other fraternities and subgroups chant verses of theQur'an,play drums orwhirlin groups, all according to their specific traditions. They practicemeditation,as is the case with most of the Sufi orders inSouth Asia,many of whom owe allegiance to, or were influenced by, theChishtiorder. Eachfraternityuses its own garb and methods of acceptance and initiation, some of which may be rather severe. The form of Sufi dervishism practised during the 17th century was centered upon esotericism, patience andpacifism.

Other historical uses

AMahdistDervish from Sudan (1899)

Mahdists

Main article:Ansar (Sudan)

Various western historical writers have sometimes used the termdervishrather loosely, linking it to, among other things, theMahdist WarinSudanand other conflicts by Islamic military leaders. In such cases, the term "dervishes" may have been used as a generic (and often pejorative) term for the opposing Islamic entity and all members of its military, political and religious institutions, including persons who would not be considered "dervishes" in the strict sense.

During the Mahdist War,Muḥammad Aḥmad al-Mahdīdecreed that all those who came to join him should be calledanṣār,after the Prophet's earliest followers. He forbade the use of the term 'dervish' to describe his followers. Despite this,British soldiersand colonial officials continued to use the term in relation to theanṣār.While some Britons used the term to denigrate the followers of the Mahdī, it was also used with a sense of admiration in accounts by British soldiers which describe the fearlessness and bravery of the lightly armed 'dervishes'.Thus, the word has become closely associated with theanṣārand is often used inaccurately in relation to the Mahdi's followers, even today.

For example, a contemporary British drawing of the fighting in Sudan was entitled "The defeat of the dervishes at Toski" (seeHistory of Sudan (1884–1898)#British response).

In literature

Various books discussing the lives of Dervishes can be found in Turkish literature.Death and the DervishbyMeša SelimovićandThe Dervishby Frances Kazan extensively discussed the life of a Dervish. Similar works on the subject have been found in other books such asMemoirs of a Dervish: Sufis, Mystics and the Sixtiesby Robert Erwin.Majdeddin Ali Bagher Ne'matollahi has said that Sufism is a core of being and bridge between religion and science.

Views on Dervishes

Dervishes and their Sufis practices are accepted by traditional Sunni Muslims but different groups such asDeobandis,Salafisdisregard various practices of Dervishes as un-Islamic.

Gallery

• 
  Dervish Azerbaijani rug, XIX c.Tabriz school,State Museum of Azerbaijan Carpet and Applied Art
• 
  OttomanDervishes portrayed byAmedeo PreziosiinIstanbul,1857
• 
  AQajar-era Persian dervish, seen here from an 1873 depiction ofTehran's Grand Bazaar
• 
  An Ottoman Dervish in Istanbul, 1878
• 
  Dervishes photographed byWilliam H. RaunearDamascus,c. 1903
• 
  APalestinianDervish in 1913
• 
  Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi,leader of theSudaneseDervishes
• 
  Sufi kashkuls were often made from acoco de merwhich ordinary beggars would have difficulty to find
• 
  Kashkul, or Beggar's Bowl, with Portrait of Dervishes and a Mounted Falconer,A.H. 1280.Brooklyn Museum
• 
  A Gathering of Dervishes in theMughal Empire
• 
  A family of Dervishes, possibly byAntoin Sevruguin(between 1876 and 1925)
• 
  The dance of the dervishes, Athens
• 
  Sufi dervishes inOmdurman,Sudan
• 
  SayyidMohammed Abdullah Hassan,head ofDarawiish
• 
  ASheikhof theRifa'iSufi Order

See also

• Derviş,a variant of the spelling
• Fakir
• Qalandariyya
• The Tale of the Four DervishesQissa Chahar Dervish
• Death and the Dervish,a novel byYugoslavwriterMeša Selimović(published in 1966)
• The Mongol Invasion (trilogy)

Relevant literature

• Xavier, Merin Shobhana.The Dervishes of the North: Rumi, Whirling, and the Making of Sufism in Canada.University of Toronto Press. 2023.