Disk magazine

For the British pop music magazine, seeDisc (magazine).

Adisk magazine,colloquially known as adiskmagordiskzine,is amagazinethat is distributed inelectronicform to be read usingcomputers.These had some popularity in the 1980s and 1990s as periodicals distributed onfloppy disk,hence their name. The rise of theInternetin the late 1990s caused them to be superseded almost entirely by online publications, which are sometimes still called "diskmags" despite the lack of physical disks.

Defining characteristics

A unique and defining characteristic about a diskmag in contrast to a typicalASCII"zine" or "t-file" (or even "g-file" ) is that a diskmag usually comes housed as anexecutable program filethat will only run on a specifichardware platform.A diskmag tends to have anaesthetically appealingand customgraphical user interface(or even interfaces), background music and other features that take advantage of the hardware platform the diskmag was coded for. Diskmags have been written for many platforms, ranging from theC64on up to theIBM PCand have even been created forvideo game consoles,like scenedicate for the SegaDreamcast.

History

Precursors

Early home and hobby users of personal computers in the late 1970s and early 1980s sometimes typed in programs, usually in theBASIClanguage, which were published in the computer magazines of the time. This was a lot of work, and prone to error, so the idea of publishing a magazine directly on a computer-readable medium so that the programs could be run directly without typing came independently to several people.

Some ideas of putting bar codes into paper magazines, which could be read into a computer with the appropriate peripheral, were floated at the time, but never caught on. Since the common data storage medium of the earliest home computers was the audio cassette, the first magazine published on a physical computer medium was actually acassette magazinerather than a disk magazine;CLOADmagazine, for theRadio ShackTRS-80computer, began publication in 1978, named after the command to load a program from cassette on that computer system.

CLOADwas not the first electronic periodical, however, because variousARPANETdigests had been published as text files sent around the network since the early 1970s. These, however, were pure ASCII text and hence were not diskmags by the current definition. Also, at the time, few people outside of academic institutions had access to this forerunner of theInternet.

1980s

In September, 1981, the first issue ofSoftdiskwas published forApple IIcomputers; coming out monthly on a 5¼ "diskette, this was the first floppy-disk-based periodical. This was the first publication of a company also known asSoftdiskwhich would later bring out similar publications for theCommodore 64,IBM PC,andApple Macintosh.Of these magazines, the one for theCommodore 64,calledLoadstar,continued publishing until issue 249 in 2007 - making it the longest running disk software magazine in history. Other publishers produced a variety of competing publications, includingDiskazine,Window,I.B.Magazette,UPTIME,andPC Life.TheAtari ST,in 1986, saw the first disk magazine in the shape ofST News.This was an English-language on-disk magazine from the Netherlands. Some publishers of paper magazines published disk companions, either polybagged with the magazines (in the form of so-calledcovermounts) or available as separate subscriptions.

1990s

In the early 1990s,id SoftwarefoundersJohn CarmackandJohn Romerohad some of their earliest works published on disk magazines while working forSoftdisk.A short-lived game subscription calledGamer's Edgepublished side-scrolling and 3D games written by the team that would later createCommander KeenandDoom.

By the mid-1990s,CD-ROMswere taking over fromfloppy disksas the major data storage and transfer medium. Some of the existing disk magazines switched to this format while others, such as Digital Culture Stream, were founded as CD-based magazines from the start. The higher capacity of this format, along with the faster speed of newer computers, allowed disk magazines to provide more of a multimedia experience, including music and animation. Such things as movie trailers and music samples could now be provided, allowing a disk magazine to target fans of the entertainment industry rather than the computer hobbyists of the earlier times.

Many disk magazines of the 1990s and later are connected with thedemoscene,includingGrapevine,for theAmigacomputer. Demoscene diskmags have been known to cross over into the closely neighboring undergroundcomputer art sceneandwarez scenesas well. Some of the more commonly well knownEnglishdiskmags include:Hugi,Imphobia,Pain,Scenial,Daskmig(IBM PC),Jurassic Pack,RAW,Upstream,ROM,Seenpoint,Generation(Amiga),Undercover Magascene,Chaos Control Digizine,Maggie,DBA Diskmagazine,AliveandST News(Atari ST).

In the late 1990s, the Internet became popular among the general public, which had the effect of killing the market for disk-based publications because people could now access the same sorts of material through the net. As a result, disk-based periodicals became uncommon, as publishers of electronic magazines preferred to use the Web or e-mail as their distribution medium.

Demoscene magazines based on executable program files are still commonly called diskmags, although they are seldom distributed on physical disks any more.Bulletin board systemsand the Internet took over as major distribution channels for these magazines already in the 1990s.

2000s

The occasional CD- or DVD-based multimedia magazine has come out since 2000, though more often as a promotional gimmick than a self-sustaining publication. More effort has lately gone into creating and promotingWebsites,ezines,blogs,andemaillists than physical-medium-based publications. Some publications that are termed "diskmags" are today distributed through theinternet(FTP,World Wide Web,IRC,etc.). The former entertainment disk magazineLaunchtransformed into the online video siteLAUNCHcast,owned byYahoo!.Blenderalso began life as a CD-ROM diskmag with US-wide distribution. It later transitioned to print. However, with the popularity of tablet computers and portable e-book readers, some print publications are transitioning to electronic form, and other all-electronic publications are starting up.

The longest-lasting disk magazine is, surprisingly enough, for the long-obsolete Commodore 64 computer;Loadstar,originally published by Softdisk starting in 1984, and later an independent company, has continued publishing well into the 2000s for a "cult following" of Commodore buffs.

Types of content

Disk magazines differed in the sorts of material they emphasised. Several distinct sorts of things could be published in an electronic periodical, and different ones might have all or most of their content in one or another of these categories:

• "Static" articles similar to those of paper magazines, including text and illustrations (though, if that's all that is present in a publication, it is usually termed an "e-zine" or "ASCII-zine" rather than a "disk magazine" )
• Multimedia features such as video and audio
• Interactive features such as quizzes and surveys. In some cases you could send disks back to the publisher with your responses and other feedback so that it could be published in a later issue, making it into a (rather slow) user forum.
• Software you could run or install; either original software created by staff or freelancers specifically for the publication and usable unrestrictedly by the subscribers, or copies offreeware,shareware,or "crippleware"that might be limited in functionality unless the customer pays more for a registered copy
• Files and add-ons to be used with other software, such as clip art, sound clips, and fonts.

See also

• List of disk magazines

External links

• Ready-to-Run Magazines– Descriptions and reviews of early disk magazines includingCursor,Microzine, CLOAD, and Window
• Internet Archive: Disk Magazinesarchive.org diskmags collection