Dornford Yates

Cecil William Mercer(7 August 1885 – 5 March 1960), known by his pen nameDornford Yates,was an English writer and novelist whose novels and short stories, some humorous (theBerrybooks), somethrillers(theChandosbooks), were best-sellers during theInterwar Period.

Cecil William Mercer
Cecil William Mercer in 1909
Born	(1885-08-07)7 August 1885 Walmer,Kent
Died	5 March 1960(1960-03-05)(aged 74) Umtali,Southern Rhodesia
Pen name	Dornford Yates
Occupation	Author
Nationality	English
Alma mater	University College, Oxford
Military career
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/ branch	British Army
Years of service	1914–1919
Rank	Second Lieutenant
Unit	County of London Yeomanry
Battles / wars	World War 1

The pen nameDornford Yates,first in print in 1910, resulted from combining the maiden names of his grandmothers – the paternal Eliza Mary Dornford, and the maternal Harriet Yates.

Early life

William (Bill) Mercer was born inWalmer,Kent, the son of Cecil John Mercer (1850–1921) and Helen Wall (1858–1918). His father was a solicitor whose sister, Mary Frances, married Charles Augustus Munro; their son wasHector Hugh Munro(the writerSaki); Bill Mercer is said to have idolised his elder cousin.

Mercer attended St Clare preparatory school in Walmer from 1894 to 1899. The family moved from Kent to London when he joinedHarrow Schoolas a day pupil in 1899, his father selling his solicitor's practice in Kent and setting up office inCarey Street.Leaving Harrow in 1903, he attendedUniversity College, Oxfordin 1904, where he achieved a Third in Law.

At university, he was active in theOxford University Dramatic Society(OUDS), becoming secretary in 1906 and president in 1907, his final year. He acted in the 1905 production ofAristophanes’The Clouds,of which theTimesreviewer said: "Among individual actors the best was Mr. C. W. Mercer, whose 'Strepsiades' was full of fun, and who possesses real comic talent."After a small part in the 1906 production ofMeasure for Measure,in his final year, he appeared as 'Demetrius' inA Midsummer Night's Dream,and as 'Pedant' inThe Taming of the Shrew,a production which included the professional actressesLily Braytonas 'Katherine', and her sister Agnes as 'Bianca'.

Among the many useful friends Mercer made in the OUDS wereGervais Rentoul,who asked him to be his best man,and Lily Brayton's husband, actorOscar Asche,later producer of the playKismet,and writer ofChu Chin Chow.After university, Mercer took a caravanning holiday inHampshire,with Asche, Lily, Agnes, and another theatrical couple,Matheson Langand his wife,Hutin Britton;both Asche and Lang recall that holiday in their memoirs.

Mercer's third-class Oxfordlaw degreewas insufficient to gain him traditional access to thebar.However, in 1908 his father obtained his son a post as pupil to a prominent barrister, H. G. Muskett, whose practice often required his appearing in court on behalf of the police commissioner. As Muskett's pupil, Mercer saw much of the seedy side of London life, some of which is evident in his novels.

In 1909, he was called to the Bar where he worked for several years. In his first memoirs,As Berry & I Were Saying,he recalls his involvement in the trial of the poisonerHawley Harvey Crippen,when he returned from acting with theOld Stagers,atCanterbury,to have first look at the legal brief. Mercer is in a photograph of the Bow Street Court committal proceedings, published in theDaily Mirrorof 30 August 1910.

In his spare time, he wrote short stories that were published inPunch,The Harmsworth RED Magazine,Pearson's Magazine,and theWindsor Magazine,maintaining a relationship with this last until the end of the 1930s; after it closed he wrote for theStrand Magazine.He also assisted in the writing ofWhat I Know(Mills & Boon, 1913) - US titleKing Edward As I Knew Him- the memoirs of C. W. Stamper, who had been motor engineer toKing Edward VII.

The Great War and afterwards

At the outbreak of theGreat Warin 1914, Mercer was commissioned as Second Lieutenant in the3rd County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters),although his stories continued to appear in theWindsoruntil March 1915. In 1915, his regiment left forEgyptand, in November 1915 as part of the 8th Mounted Brigade, he was sent to theSalonika/Macedonian frontwhere the war was in stalemate. Suffering severemuscular rheumatismhe was sent home in 1917 and, although he was still in uniform, theWar Officedid not again post him. He eventually left the army in 1919. In June of that year theWindsorcarried his first story since the end of the war.

Since 1914, the Mercer family home had been Elm Tree Road, behind the north-west side ofLord's Cricket GroundinSt John's Wood,where his friends Oscar and Lily Asche were close neighbours. In autumn of 1919, he and Asche combined to write the stage showEastward Ho!,but the production was not a great success and he did not again attempt to write for the stage. A frequent social – and then romantic – Elm Tree Road visitor was Bettine (Athalia) Stokes Edwards, an American girl who danced inChu Chin Chow(and daughter of Robert Ewing Edwards of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) who became Mercer's first wife.The New York Timesannouncement of their engagement (28 August 1919) states: "Mr & Mrs Glover Fitzhugh Perin of 57 West Fifty-eight street have announced the engagement of Mrs Perin’s oldest daughter Miss Bettine Stokes Edwards...." suggesting that her father either was dead or divorced; her remarried mother then lived in New York City. Mercer and Bettine married atSt James's, Spanish Place,in theMarylebonedistrict of London, on 22 October 1919. The month of October also marked the appearance of a story in theWindsorcalledValeriewhose female lead made a living as a dancer; this story never appeared in book form.

Mercer decided not to return to the bar, and to concentrate on his writing. He and Bettine lived in Elm Tree Road, where their only child, Richard, was born on 20 July 1920. After the Great War, many ex-officers found that the rise in the cost of living in London precluded maintaining the style of life of a gentleman to which they had become accustomed; some looked beyond England. In 1922, the Mercers emigrated to France, where it was possible to live more cheaply, and where the climate was kinder to Mercer'smuscular rheumatism.

French residence

They chose the resort townPau,in the westernPyrenees,in the Basses–Pyrénéesdépartement(nowPyrénées-Atlantiques) – where lived a sizeable British expat colony, but when the Mercers moved in is unknown. InDornford Yates – A Biography(1982), A.J. Smithersreports "exactly how he hit upon the place is not clear", but Pau figures several times in the memoirs he is presumed to have ghost-written for C.W. Stamper, and so that might be the answer – "anywhere good enough forKing Edward VIIwas good enough for him ".

They rented the Villa Maryland, on Rue Forster, where Mercer proved an exacting husband, while Bettine was a social woman, and by 1929, the failure of their marriage was evident. Bettine had been indiscreet in her extra-marital romantic liaisons, and Mercer sued for divorce. Bettine did not defend, and the divorce was made absolute in September 1933. In the event, she returned to her family in the U.S.

Less than a year later, on 10 February 1934, at Chertsey Register office, Mercer married Doreen Elizabeth Lucie Bowie, whom he met on a cruise in 1932. She was the daughter of London solicitor David Mather Bowie ofVirginia Water.Elizabeth was twenty years younger than her new husband, who felt he had met the incarnation of his fictional "Jill Mansel", thus did he call her "Jill" for the rest of his life. For him, Villa Maryland had many memories of Bettine, so he and Elizabeth decided to build a new house, named "Cockade". They chose a spot twenty-seven miles south of Pau, a little north-west ofEaux-Bonnes,on the road to the hamlet of Aas; the project is related inThe House That Berry Built,wherein the name of the house is "Gracedieu" (God's Grace). They did not enjoy long residence in Cockade.

With France falling to theWehrmachtin June 1940, the Mercers hurriedly arranged caretakers for Cockade, and then escaped the country – in company of visiting friends, Matheson Lang and wife – and traversed Spainen routeto Portugal. They subsequently took ship for South Africa, arriving in Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia, in 1941.

The Second World War and the Rhodesian years

C.W. Mercer was re-commissioned, this time in the Royal Rhodesian Regiment, and attained the rank of major. As the war concluded, the couple realised their plan of returning to Cockade – but were disappointed in the decrepitude of the house and the socially conscious, post-war attitude of their one-timeservants.After some months, the Mercers obtained exit visas and returned toUmtali,Southern Rhodesia,(now Mutare, Zimbabwe), where they lived for the rest of his life. Mercer supervised the building of a replacement house for Cockade, another hillside venture, and, in 1948, they moved into "Sacradown", on Oak Avenue. The furniture in France was shipped to Rhodesia, as were the Waterloo Bridge balusters (seeThe House that Berry Built), which had never reached Cockade, but had been stored in England during theSecond World War.

Cecil William Mercer died in March 1960.

Writings

Main article:List of works by Dornford Yates

Mercer originally wrote short stories for the monthly magazines. His first known published work,Temporary Insanity,appeared inPunchin May 1910 – this is the first known occasion of his use of his pen name – and his second,Like A Tale That is Toldappeared in theRed Magazinein July 1910. The first known 'Berry' story to be published,Babes in the Wood,appeared inPearson's Magazinein September 1910. None of these early stories was ever included in his books. Many of his works began as stories inThe Windsor Magazine,before being collected in book form by theWindsor's publishers,Ward Lock.Between September 1911 and September 1939 he had 123 stories published in theWindsor,and after it closed, theStrand Magazinecarried three of his stories in 1940 and 1941. Four of his novels were serialised inWoman's Journalbetween 1933 and 1938. In the United States four of his novels were serialized inWoman's Home Companionbetween 1933 and 1939, while others appeared inThe Saturday Evening PostandBlue Book.

His first story forTheWindsor Magazinewas "Busy Bees", in September 1911, and this and fourteen subsequent stories from that publication up to the July 1914 issue were republished in book form asThe Brother of Daphne,in 1914. Some of the stories were edited for the book, to eliminate events, such as marriage, for the leading characters – which suggests that, originally, he had not planned on using the same characters for a story series. The narrator – later identified as "Boy Pleydell" – marries in "Babes in the Wood" and possibly in "Busy Bees", which became chapter VIII "The Busy Beers" inThe Brother of Daphne,with the end of the story altered to remove the hint of marriage.

His second book,The Courts of Idleness,was published in 1920, containing material written before, during, and after the Great War. It was divided into three sections. In Book I Yates introduced a new set of characters similar to, but separate from,Berry & Co,in four stories that had appeared in theWindsorbetween December 1914 and March 1915, and a final story from theWindsorof June 1919 in which the male characters have their story lines resolved inSalonika,during the Great War. The Interlude has a story entitled "And The Other Left", from the November 1914Windsor,which is set on the Western Front with a unique set of characters. Book II returns to the 'Berry' characters, with two pre-war stories from the August and September 1914Windsor,and three post-war stories from the issues of July, August and September 1919. The book's final story, "Nemesis", was written for, but rejected by,Punch;subsequently, it appeared in theWindsorin November 1919, with the main character named "Jeremy"; for the book he became "Berry". "Nemesis" was written to thePunchlength, and so is much shorter than most of the other stories inThe Courts of Idleness.

The Berry books are semi-autobiographical, humorous romances, often in short story form, and, in particular, feature Bertram "Berry" Pleydell ( "of White Ladies, in the County of Hampshire" ) and his family – his wife and cousin, Daphne, her brother, Boy Pleydell (the narrator), and their cousins Jonathan "Jonah" Mansel, and his sister, Jill. Collectively, they are "Berry & Co." Although all five appear in "Babes in the Wood", their precise relationships there are unstated, and Berry and Daphne are referred to as second cousins as late asJonah & Co;later stories feature a simple family tree, showing them to be first cousins descended from two brothers and a sister.

"Berry & Co." capture the English upper classes of theEdwardian era,still self-assured, but affected by changing social attitudes and the decline of their fortunes. As in many of Yates' books, grand houses, powerful motor cars, and foreign travel feature prominently in the 'Berry' stories. In the 1950s, C.W. Mercer wrote two books of fictionalized memoirs,As Berry and I Were SayingandB-Berry and I Look Back,written as conversations between Berry and his family. They contain many anecdotes about his experiences as a lawyer, but are, in the main, an elegy for a past upper-class way of life.

The 'Chandos' books, starting withBlind Corner,in 1927, marked a change in style and content, beingthrillersset mainly inContinental Europe(often inCarinthia,Austria), wherein the hero–narrator, Richard Chandos, and colleagues, including George Hanbury and Jonathan Mansel (who also featured in the 'Berry' books), tackle criminals, protect the innocent, woo beautiful ladies, and hunt for treasure. These were originally published byHodder and Stoughtonalthough later they were re-issued by Ward Lock. It is the 'Chandos' novels to whichAlan Bennettespecially refers in naming Dornford Yates in the playForty Years On(1972): "Sapper, Buchan, Dornford Yates, practitioners in that school of Snobbery with Violence that runs like a thread of good-class tweed through twentieth-century literature." Yates also wrote other thrillers in the same style, but with different characters.

Besides these two genres, some of Yates' novels do not easily fall into either the humorous or the thriller category.

Anthony Lyvedenwas Dornford Yates's first novel, telling the story of an impoverished ex-officer. Originally, it was published in monthly instalments inTheWindsor Magazine,

Valerie French,the sequel toAnthony Lyvedenfeatures mostly the same cast. At the start of the book Lyveden is sufferingamnesia,and cannot recall the events of the previous book, leading to romantic complications.

The Stolen Marchis a fantasy set in a lost realm, between Spain and France, where travellers encounter characters from nursery rhymes and fairy tales. A planned sequel,The Tempered Wind,is referred to in the quasi-autobiography,B-Berry and I Look Back,where Yates mentions abandoning the book as it failed to "take charge".

This Publicanfeatures a scheming woman and her hen-pecked husband. Some critics have suggested that the portrayal of the villainess represented a thinly-veiled attack on Mercer's first wife, although that could imply that the husband was a self-portrait, and as Smithers' states, "...he would hardly have held himself out in a character so feeble and flaccid."

Lower than Verminis a novel in which the author defends his views on social class, and criticises the path Britain was following under thepost-war Labour government;the title derives from a description of members of theConservative Partygiven in a 1948 speech byLabour PartyMPandgovernment ministerAneurin Bevan.

Ne'er-Do-Wellis a murder story narrated by Richard Chandos, with whom the investigating detective is staying.

Wife Apparentwas Yates's last novel, set in 1956.

Stage, cinema, and other media

The 1919 musical playEastward Ho!was written byOscar Asche(author) with lyrics by Dornford Yates and music by Grace Torrens andJohn Ansell.It was produced byEdward LaurillardandGeorge Grossmith Jr.,and opened at theAlhambra Theatrein London on 9 September and ran for 124 performances.

The BBC producedan adaptationofShe Fell Among Thievesin 1977, featuringMalcolm McDowellas Chandos,Michael Jaystonas Mansel, andEileen Atkinsas Vanity Fair. This adaptation was also used as the first episode of the US TV seriesMystery!in 1980.

An episode of the ITVHannayseries, "A Point of Honour", was based on the eponymous short story published inThe Brother of Daphne,but the source was uncredited.

An audiobook edition ofBlind Corner,read byAlan Rickman,was produced byChivers Audio Books.

Related works

In 1948Richard Usbornewrote an article entitledLadies and Gentlemen v. Cads and Rottersabout the works of Dornford Yates in Volume 3, Number 11 ofThe Windmill,a literary magazine. Yates was not pleased by the article, but nevertheless Usborne went on to writeClubland Heroes(1953; reprinted 1974 and 1983) in which he examined the work of Yates and two contemporary thriller writers,John BuchanandSapper.

The 1973 novelIndecent ExposurebyTom Sharpeplays up the 'Englishman' that Dornford Yates created in his novels. There is a group of characters in the satirical novel who style themselves as the 'Dornford Yates' club and who try to emulate the 'Master' in avoiding reality and a changing world. Sharpe was later hired by the BBC to adaptShe Fell Among Thievesfor television, and used the same satirical approach.

In 1983 Sharpe wrote an introduction to a reprint of Yates' first Chandos thrillerBlind Corner,one of a series issued by J.M.Dent & Sons under the titleClassic Thrillers.Further Yates' books in the series werePerishable Goods,with an introduction byRichard Usborne;Blood Royal,with an introduction by A.J.Smithers;Fire Below;She Fell Among Thieves,with an introduction byIon Trewin;Gale Warning;Cost Price;Red in the Morning;An Eye For a Tooth;andThe Best of Berry,with an introduction by Jack Adrian.

Following the publication ofDornford Yates - A Biographyin 1982, Smithers went on to writeCombined Forcesin 1983, subtitled "Being the Latter-Day adventures of Maj-Gen Sir Richard Hannay, Captain Hugh 'Bulldog' Drummond and Berry and Co", which has the heroes (and some villains) of Buchan, Sapper and Yates meeting up after World War Two and having further adventures together.

In 2015, Kate Macdonald publishedNovelists Against Social Change: Conservative Popular Fiction, 1920–1960,which examines the work of Buchan, Yates andAngela Thirkell.

External links

• Dornford YatesatLibrary of Congress,with 43 library catalogue records
• Works by Dornford YatesatProject Gutenberg
• Works by Cecil William MerceratFaded Page(Canada)
• Works by or about Dornford Yatesat theInternet Archive
• Works by Dornford YatesatOpen Library
• Dornford Yates– ABfaR
• The Life and Works of Dornford Yates– ibooknet
• IMDb entry for BBC version ofShe Fell Among Thieves
• Discussion group with photos ofCockadeand other information
• Eastward Ho! at Modern Theatre Info
• Eastward Ho! at A Book For All Reasons