Wikipedia

Douglas DC-7

TheDouglas DC-7is an American transport aircraft built by theDouglas Aircraft Companyfrom 1953 to 1958. A derivative of theDC-6,it was the last major piston engine-powered transport made by Douglas, being developed shortly after the earliest jet airliner—thede Havilland Comet—entered service and only a few years before the jet-poweredDouglas DC-8first flew in 1958. Larger numbers of bothDC-7BandDC-7Cvariants were also built.

DC-7
The DC-7 is a low wing airliner powered by four radial engines
General information
TypeAirliner and transport aircraft
National originUnited States
ManufacturerDouglas Aircraft Company
StatusRetired[1]
Primary usersAmerican Airlines(historical)
United Airlines(historical)
Eastern Air Lines(historical)
Pan Am(historical)
Number built338[2]
History
Manufactured1953–1958
Introduction date29 November 1953
First flight18 May 1953
RetiredOctober 2020[1]
Developed fromDouglas DC-6
BOAC DC-7C G-AOIC taking off from Manchester UK in April 1958 for a non-stop flight to New York (Idlewild) (later JFK)
Swissair DC-7C in 1961
DC-7CF freighter of BOAC in 1961 converted with forward and rear freight doors

Unlike other far more successful propeller-driven Douglas aircraft, such as theDC-3and DC-6, no examples of the DC-7 remain in service as of 2020.[1]

Design and development

edit

In 1945Pan American World Airwaysrequested a DC-7, a civil version of theDouglas C-74 Globemastermilitary transport. Pan Am soon canceled their order. That proposed DC-7 was unrelated to the laterDC-6-derived airliner.[3]

American Airlinesrevived the designation when they requested an aircraft that could fly across theUnited Statescoast-to-coast non-stop in about eight hours. (Civil Air Regulations then limited domestic flight crews to 8 hours' flight time in any 24-hour period.[4][5]) Douglas was reluctant to build the aircraft until American Airlines presidentC. R. Smithordered 25 at a total price of $40 million, thus covering Douglas' development costs.[6]

The DC-7 wing was based on that of theDC-4and DC-6, with the same span; the fuselage was 40 inches (100 cm) longer than theDC-6B.Four eighteen-cylinderWright R-3350 Duplex-CycloneTurbo-Compound engines provided power.[7]The prototype flew in May 1953 and American received their first DC-7 in November, inaugurating the first non-stop east-coast-to-west-coast service in the country (unrealistically scheduled just under the eight-hour limit for one crew) and forcing rivalTWAto offer a similar service with itsSuper Constellations.Both aircraft frequently experienced inflight engine failures, causing many flights to be diverted. Some blamed this on the need for high-power settings to meet the national schedules, causing overheating and failure of the engines' power recovery turbines.[8]

DC-7B

edit

The DC-7 was followed by theDC-7Bwith slightly more power and optional fuel tanks over the wing in the rear of the engine nacelles (selected by Pan Am and South African Airways), each carrying 220 US gallons (183 imp gal; 833 L).South African Airwaysused this variant to fly Johannesburg to London with one stop. Pan Am's DC-7Bs started flying transatlantic in summer 1955, scheduled 1 hr 45 min faster than theSuper Stratocruiserfrom New York to London or Paris.

DC-7C

edit

Early DC-7s were purchased only by U.S. carriers. European carriers could not take advantage of the small range-increase of the early DC-7, so Douglas released an extended-range variant, theDC-7C(Seven Seas) in 1956. Two 5 ft (1.5 m) wingroot inserts added fuel capacity, reducedinterference dragand made the cabin quieter by moving the engines farther outboard; the optional nacelle fuel tanks previously seen on Pan American's and South African's DC-7Bs were made standard. The fuselage, which had been extended over the DC-6Bs with a 40-inch (100 cm) plug behind the wing for the DC-7 and DC-7B, was lengthened again with a 40-inch plug ahead of the wing to give the DC-7C a total length of 112 ft 3 in (34.21 m).

Operational history

edit

Since the late 1940sPan Amand other airlines had scheduled a few non-stop flights from New York to Europe, but westward non-stops against the prevailing wind were rarely possible with an economic payload. TheLockheed Super Constellationand DC-7B that appeared in 1955 could occasionally make the westward trip, but in summer 1956 Pan Am's DC-7C finally started doing it fairly reliably.BOACwas forced to respond by purchasing DC-7Cs rather than wait on the delivery of theBristol Britannia.The DC-7C found its way into several other overseas airlines' fleets, includingSAS,which used them on cross-polar flights to North America and Asia. The DC-7C sold better than its rival, theLockheed L-1649A Starliner,which entered service a year later,[9]but sales were cut short by the arrival ofBoeing 707andDouglas DC-8jets in 1958–60.

Starting in 1959 Douglas began converting DC-7s and DC-7Cs intoDC-7Ffreighters to extend their useful lives. The airframes were fitted with large forward and rear freight doors and some cabin windows were removed.

The predecessorDC-6,especially the DC-6B, established a reputation for straightforward engineering and reliability. Pratt & Whitney, manufacturer of the DC-6sDouble Waspengines, did not offer an effective larger engine apart from theWasp Major,which had a reputation for poor reliability.[citation needed]Douglas turned toWright Aeronauticalfor a more powerful engine. TheDuplex-Cyclonehad reliability issues of its own, and this affected the DC-7's service record. Carriers who had both DC-6s and DC-7s in their fleets usually replaced the newer DC-7s first once jets started to arrive. Some airlines retired their DC-7s after little more than five years of service, whereas most DC-6s lasted longer and sold more readily on the secondhand market.

Basic price of a new DC-7 was around $823,308 (£570,000).[10]

Price of a DC-7B was around $982,226 (£680,000) in 1955, rising to $1,184,490 (£820,000) in 1957.[10]

Similarly, the price of a DC-7C was $1,155,560 (£800,000) in 1956, increasing to $1,343,385 (£930,000) by 1958.[11]

Cost of the DC-7F "Speedfreighter" conversion was around $166,112 (£115,000) per aircraft.[11]

Variants

edit
DC-7
Production variant, 105 built.
DC-7B
First long-range variant with higher gross weight and fuel capacity, with most of the added fuel in saddle tanks in enlarged engine nacelles. (Only Pan Am and South African DC-7Bs had the saddle tanks.) 112 built.
DC-7C Seven Seas
Longer-range variant with non-stop transatlantic capability, improved 3,400 hp (2,500 kW) R-3350 engines and increased fuel capacity mainly in longer wings, 121 built.
DC-7D
Unbuilt variant withRolls-Royce Tyneturboprops.
DC-7F
Freight conversion of all three variants with two large freight doors.

Operators

edit
Main article:Douglas DC-7 operators
Butler Aircraft Services' DC-7, Tanker 66

Airlines

edit

DC-7s were used byAlitalia,American Airlines,BOAC,Braniff Airways,Caledonian Airways,Delta Air Lines,Eastern Air Lines,Flying Tigers,Japan Airlines,KLM,Mexicana de Aviacion,National Airlines,Northwest Orient,Panair do Brasil,Pan American World Airways,Riddle Airlines,Sabena,SAS,South African Airways,Swissair,Turkish Airlines,Transports Aériens Intercontinentaux,andUnited Airlines.

Seventeen DC-7s remained on the U.S. registry in 2010,[12]they were used mainly for cargo and asaerial firefightingairtankers.Due to itsengine problems,the DC-7 has not had the same longevity as the DC-6, which is still used by a number of commercial operators.[citation needed]

Military operators

edit

Orders and production

edit
Airline DC-7 DC-7B DC-7C Notes
Alitalia — — 6
American Airlines 34 24 — Launch customer for the DC-7 with an original order for 25
Braniff Airways — — 7
British Overseas Airways Corporation — — 10
Continental Air Lines — 5 —
Delta Air Lines 10 10 —
Eastern Air Lines — 49 —
Iran Air — — 1
Japan Air Lines — — 4
KLM — — 15
Mexicana — — 4
National Airlines 4 4 —
Northwest Orient Airlines — — 14
Panair do Brasil — — 6
Panagra — 6 —
Pan American World Airways — 6 27
Persian Air Services — — 2
Sabena — — 10 3 were leased
Scandinavian Airlines System — — 14
South African Airways — 4 —
Swissair — — 5
Transports Aériens Intercontinentaux — — 4
United Airlines 57 — — 2 were lost in mid-air collisions
Douglas Aircraft — 2 — Written off before delivery
— 1 — DC-7B prototype delivered to Delta Air Lines
— — 1 DC-7C prototype delivered to Panair do Brasil
Total 105 112 121 Total built: 338

Accidents and incidents

edit

The Douglas DC-7 suffered 82 incidents and accidents with a total of 714 fatalities.[13]

June 30, 1956
United Airlines Flight 718, a DC-7, (N6324C)collided over the Grand Canyonwith TWA Flight 2, anL-1049 Super Constellation(N6902C), resulting in the deaths of 128 people on both aircraft.
January 31, 1957
A DC-7 (N8210H) still owned by Douglascrashed into a schoolyard in thePacoimaarea ofLos Angeles,California, following a midair collision withNorthrop F-89J Scorpion52-1870,resulting in the deaths of the four crewmembers aboard the DC-7, the pilot of the Scorpion jet, and three students on the ground.[14][15]
March 5, 1957
An American Air Lines DC-7B (N316AA) on a flight from Idlewild (JFK) airport to Love Field (Dallas) suffered failure of the #1 engine. The propeller and nose section detached and struck the fuselage, leading to decompression. The pilot made a successful emergency landing at Memphis; there were no fatalities or injuries. The plane was repaired and returned to service.[16]
June 28, 1957
An Eastern Air Lines DC-7B (N808D) collided with a parked Eastern Air Lines Lockheed L-1049 (N6212C) at Miami International Airport after returning from a training flight. Fuel leaked and both aircraft burned out.[17]
February 1, 1958
Pan AmFlight 70, a DC-7C (N733PA,Clipper Blue Jacket), landed wheels-up atSchiphol Airportas a result of pilot error; all 16 on board survived. The aircraft was repaired and returned to service as a freighter.[18]See also July 26, 1970 below.
March 10, 1958
A DC-7B (N846D) still owned by Douglas crashed at Long Beach, California during a test flight before delivery to Eastern Air Lines.[19]
March 25, 1958
BraniffFlight 971, a DC-7C (N5904), crashed shortly after takeoff fromMiamiwhile attempting to return after an engine caught fire. Nine passengers out of 24 people aboard died in the accident.[20]
April 21, 1958
United Airlines Flight 736,a DC-7 (N6328C) en route fromLos AngelestoDenver,collided with aNellis Air Force Base,North American F-100 Super Sabre"F-100F" (two-seater) (56-3755) nearLas Vegas.Both aircraft crashed out of control resulting in the deaths of 49 people.
May 18, 1958
ASabenaDC-7C (OO-SFA) crashed nearCasablanca–Anfa Airportduring the attempted landing. All nine crewmembers and 52 of the 56 passengers died.[21]
September 24, 1959
TAI Flight 307,a DC-7C, crashed atBordeaux airportwith the loss of 54 lives. After takeoff, the aircraft failed to gain altitude and collided with trees 3 km (1.9 mi) from the start of the takeoff.
November 16, 1959
National Airlines Flight 967,a DC-7B on a flight fromTampa, Florida,toNew Orleans,crashed into theGulf of Mexico.All 42 occupants perished. Although sabotage was suspected, no definite cause of the crash was determined due to a lack of evidence. The aircraft was owned by Delta Air Lines.[22]
February 26, 1960
AlitaliaFlight 618,a DC-7C (I-DUVO), crashed atShannon Airport,Ireland, shortly after takeoff following a loss of altitude while making a left turn with 34 fatalities out of 52 passengers and crew. No cause was established for this accident.[23]
June 27, 1960
ACubana de AviaciónDC-7 took off fromJosé Martí International Airport,Cuba, to Idlewood Intl’l (nowJFK International Airport). Near cruising altitude, engine #3 and #4 failed and caught fire. They safely landed atKey West International Airportwith no fatalities.
July 14, 1960
Northwest Orient AirlinesFlight 1-11, a DC-7C (N292), ditched off Polillo Island, Philippines due to failure of the number two engine and fire; one person (out of 58 on board) died when the number two propeller separated and penetrated the fuselage.[24]
February 18, 1961
A Pan AM DC-7CF (N745PA) struck a mound of earth short of the runway in Stuttgart while attempting an ILS approach, shearing off the undercarriage and #1 engine. The pilots retained control and were able to climb away, then make a belly landing at Nurnberg airport. The aircraft was written off.[25]
November 1, 1961
APanair do BrasilDC-7C (PP-PDO) flying fromSaltoRecifecrashed into a hill about 2.7 km (1.7 mi) short of the runway at Recife. Forty-five passengers and crew out of the 88 persons aboard lost their lives. The accident was attributed topilot error.[26][27]
March 4, 1962
Caledonian Airways Flight 153crashed into a swamp shortly after takeoff fromDouala International Airport;all 111 people on board died. It is the worst single-aircraft accident of a DC-7.[28]
October 22, 1962
Northwest AirlinesFlight 292, a DC-7C (N285) with 7 crew and 95 passengers,[29]made a successful water landing inSitka Soundjust before 1 p.m. local time after struggling with propeller problems for 45 minutes[30]while operating as a military charter flight betweenMcChord Air Force BaseandElmendorf Air Force Base.The plane stayed afloat for 24 minutes after coming to rest in the water, giving the occupants ample time to evacuate into life rafts with only 6 minor injuries reported. All passengers and crew were quickly rescued by U.S. Coast Guard ships.[31]The cause was an overspeeding propeller when the blower section on engine number two failed.
November 30, 1962
Eastern Air Lines Flight 512,a DC-7B on a flight fromCharlotte, North Carolina,toNew York-Idlewild,crashed after a missed approach due to fog. This accident, which cost 25 lives (out of 51 on board), was attributed to improper crew procedures.
June 3, 1963
Northwest Airlines Flight 293,aMilitary Air Transport Serviceflight fromMcChord Air Force BaseinWashington statetoElmendorf Air Force BaseinAlaskacrashed into the Pacific Ocean nearAnnette Island,Alaska, with the loss of all 101 people aboard. Due to the lack of evidence, no cause was established for this accident.
February 8, 1965
Eastern Air Lines Flight 663crashed a few minutes after takeoff fromJohn F. Kennedy Airportin New York after taking evasive action to avoid a possible collision with another airliner (Pan Am Flight 212, a Boeing 707). All 84 passengers and crew died.
December 7, 1968
A North American Aircraft Trading DC-7C (VR-BCY) crashed during approach toUli Airstripfollowing triple engine failure during a relief flight, killing all four crew.[32]
June 5, 1969
A Swedish Red Cross DC-7B (SE-ERP) was shot down by a Nigerian Air Force MiG-17 and crashed at Eket, Nigeria, killing all four crew. The aircraft was operating a supply flight from Fernando Po (now Bioko) to Biafra.[33]
July 26, 1970
An ARCO ferry flight of a DC-7CF (VR-BCT), from Kinshasa suffered an explosive failure of the #3 engine. The pilots succeeded in making a belly landing on 2 engines (engine #4 having been inoperable for the entire flight), however the plane was damaged beyond repair. This aircraft had previously crashed in 1958.[34]
October 2, 1970
A Spantax DC-7C (EC-ATQ) was written off at Barajas Airport.[35]
December 31, 1972
Professional Baseball playerRoberto Clementeand 4 others in a chartered DC-7 died when the planecrashedshortly after takeoff from San Juan, Puerto Rico. Only parts of the fuselage and the body of pilot Jerry Hill were recovered. The cause was traced to maintenance and pilot errors.[36]
June 21, 1973
A Skyways International DC-7C (N296) crashed in theEvergladessix minutes after takeoff fromMiami International Airport,apparently caused by an onboard fire and/or severe turbulence. Three crew members, the sole occupants, died. The aircraft was on lease to Warnaco Incorporated.[37]
March 3, 1974
A Douglas DC-7C/F (EI-AWG) operating an Aer Turas Teo charter flight from Dublin landed atLuton Airporton runway 08 just after midnight but failed to achieve reverse thrust. Normal braking application also was ineffective and the emergency pneumatic brakes were applied. All main wheel tires burst. The aircraft overran the runway and continued over the steep bank at the eastern perimeter finally coming to rest in soft ground 90 metres beyond. The situation had also been made worse by an inadvertent application of forward thrust by the crew in trying to achieve reverse thrust. Three of the six passengers and two of the four crew were injured. The badly damaged aircraft was written off.[38]
October 4, 1976
An Emirates Air Transport DC-7CF (TZ-ARC) struckMount Kenyadue to a premature descent, killing the four crew.[39]
September 12, 1977
A Safe Air Cargo DC-7BF (N6314J) crashed on climbout fromYakutat Airportafter an engine lost power and caught fire, killing the four crew. 14 CFR 91 subpart D was revised in the wake of this accident.[40]
September 6, 1978
An Advance Aviation Inc. DC-7CF (N244B) was being used to smuggle marijuana when it crashed near Farmerville, Louisiana due to pilot error, killing one of six on board. Thirty-five bales of marijuana were recovered from the wreckage.[41]
June 22, 1979
A Go Transportation DC-7CF (N357AL) crashed on climbout from Barstow Airport due to overloading and loss of engine power (caused by improper 100octanefuel), killing one of six crew.[42]
September 14, 1979
A Butler Aircraft Inc. DC-7 (N4SW) transporting company employees toMedford, Oregon,crashed on the crest of Surveyor Mountain nearKlamath Falls, Oregon.The crash, which claimed the 12 occupants aboard, was attributed to the crew's decision to undertake a night flight at low altitude.
1980
An Aero Services Corp. DC-7CF (N8219H) was shot down and crashed in Colombia during a smuggling flight.[43]
July 27, 1980
A Lambda Air Cargo DC-7CF (CP-1291) burned out on the ground at Trujillo Airport.[44]
November 28, 1980
A Central Air Service DC-7B (N816D) crashed nearPecos Municipal Airport,Texas, soon after takeoff killing the pilot and co-pilot onboard. The plane entered a steep 90° left bank after takeoff, descended fast with the no. 2 prop feathered and crashed in a field.[45]
October 9, 1986
A T&G Aviation DC-7C (N5903) ditched off Dakar due to engine problems, killing three of four crew.[46]
December 8, 1988
A T&G Aviation DC-7CF (N284) was shot down by a SAM-7 missile fired by thePolisario Frontand crashed in theWestern Sahara,killing the five crew. A second T&G DC-7 (N90984) was also hit, losing an engine, but was able to land safely. Polisario soldiers thought the aircraft were Moroccan C-130s.[47][48]
October 1, 1992
A TBM Incorporated DC-7B (N848D) crashed nearUnion Valley Reservoir,California due to pilot error and poorcrew resource management,killing both pilots.[49]

Surviving aircraft

edit

No DC-7s are in operation today. A small number survive on display:

Specifications (DC-7C)

edit
DC-7 Cockpit – From the display at theNational Air and Space Museumin Washington, DC
DC-7 cockpit (with updated avionics)

Data fromJane's all the World's Aircraft 1959-60[57]

General characteristics

  • Crew:5 flight crew, 4 flight attendants
  • Capacity:up to 105 Passengers + 18,440 lb (8,360 kg) cargo/baggage
  • Length:112 ft 3 in (34.21 m)
  • Wingspan:127 ft 6 in (38.86 m)
  • Height:31 ft 8 in (9.65 m)
  • Wing area:1,637 sq ft (152.1 m2)
  • Airfoil:root:NACA 23016;tip:NACA 23012[58]
  • Empty weight:72,763 lb (33,005 kg) *Operating weight empty:78,890 lb (35,780 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight:143,000 lb (64,864 kg) *Maximum landing weight:109,000 lb (49,000 kg)
  • Fuel capacity:7,824 US gal (6,515 imp gal; 29,620 L) in eight wing tanks; Oil capacity 246 US gal (205 imp gal; 930 L)
  • Powerplant:4 ×Wright R-3350-988TC18EA1-218-cylinder turbo-compound air-cooled radial piston engines, 3,400 hp (2,500 kW) each for take-off at sea level
2,800 hp (2,100 kW) in low blower at sea level
2,850 hp (2,130 kW) in low blower at 4,300 ft (1,300 m)
1,900 hp (1,400 kW) maximum cruise in low blower at 14,800 ft (4,500 m)
1,800 hp (1,300 kW) maximum cruise in high blower at 24,400 ft (7,400 m)

Performance

  • Maximum speed:406 mph (653 km/h, 353 kn), rated power in high blower at 22,700 ft (6,900 m)
  • Cruise speed:346 mph (557 km/h, 301 kn) recommended at 21,600 ft (6,600 m) and 110,000 lb (50,000 kg) gross weight
  • Stall speed:97 mph (156 km/h, 84 kn) at landing weight
  • Range:5,635 mi (9,069 km, 4,897 nmi), max fuel, 15,310 lb (6,940 kg) payload at 274 mph (238 kn; 441 km/h) at 15,000 ft (4,600 m) with no allowances
4,635 mi (7,459 km; 4,028 nmi), max payload with no allowances
  • Service ceiling:21,700 ft (6,600 m) at max gross weight
14,600 ft (4,500 m) on three engines at max gross weight
  • Rate of climb:240 ft/min (1.2 m/s) at 20,000 ft (6,100 m) at max gross weight
  • Take-off field length:6,360 ft (1,940 m) at max gross weight
  • Landing run from 50 ft (15 m):5,100 ft (1,600 m)

See also

edit

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^abcDwyer-Lindgren, Jeremy (28 October 2020)."As jets take charge of fire-bombing missions, the 62-year-old piston-powered Tanker 60 takes its last flight over Oregon".MSN.Archived fromthe originalon 31 October 2020.
  2. ^"Boeing: Historical Snapshot: DC-7 Transport".boeing.com.Retrieved2 April2018.
  3. ^Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II.Tiger Books International. 1998. p. 225.ISBN1-85501-994-9.
  4. ^Aviation Week,February 1, 1954, p. 16.
  5. ^Aviation Week,June 21, 1954 p. 16.
  6. ^"DC-7 at Epic Flight Academy".Epic Flight Academy.Retrieved14 January2024.
  7. ^"Douglas Airlines".Sport Aviation,April 2012, p. 19.
  8. ^Aviation Week,April 21, 1958, p. 38:
  9. ^Breffort, Dominique.Lockheed Constellation: From Excalibur to Starliner, Civilian and Military Variants.Paris: Histoire and Collecions, 2006.ISBN2-915239-62-2
  10. ^ab"Max take-off, Hamilton Standard, price today."Flight Archive,1960.
  11. ^ab"Douglas."Flight Archive,1960.
  12. ^"FAA registration database."Archived2007-11-13 at theWayback MachineFAA.Retrieved: November 26, 2010.
  13. ^"Douglas DC-7 accidents and incidents".Aviation Safety Network.RetrievedSeptember 21,2017.
  14. ^Hill, Gladwyn (February 1, 1957)."7 Die as Planes Collide and One Falls in Schoolyard; PLANES COLLIDE, SCHOOL YARD HIT; Roar Alerts Students 'Everything on Fire' Witness Describes Crash".The New York Times.p. 1.RetrievedFebruary 3,2010.
  15. ^Accident description for N8210Hat theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on February 3, 2010.
  16. ^Accident description for N316AAat theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on January 31, 2022.
  17. ^Hull-loss description for N808Dat theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on September 21, 2017.
  18. ^Accident description for N733PAat theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on January 31, 2022.
  19. ^Accident description for N846Dat theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on September 21, 2017.
  20. ^"Douglas DC-7C N5904".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved: September 6, 2013.
  21. ^"Douglas DC-7C OO-SFA."Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved: September 6, 2013.
  22. ^"Aircraft Accident Report"(PDF).specialcollection.net.December 22, 2011. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on May 3, 2014.
  23. ^Accident description for I-DUVOat theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on September 6, 2013.
  24. ^Accident description for N292at theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on September 6, 2013.
  25. ^Accident description for N745PAat theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on January 31, 2022.
  26. ^"Accident description PP-PDO."Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved: May 20, 2011.
  27. ^Germano da Silva 2008, pp. 197–203.
  28. ^Accident description for G-ARUDat theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on January 31, 2022.
  29. ^Aircraft Accident Report: Douglas DC-7C, N285 Northwest Airlines, Inc. Ditching in Sitka Sound, Alaska October 22, 1962.Washington, D.C.: Civil Aeronautics Board. 19 September 1963. p. 1.
  30. ^"DC-7 Ditches In Sea Near Sitka; All Safe".The Seattle Daily Times.22 October 1962.
  31. ^Sims, Ward T. (23 October 1962). "102 Saved As Plane Ditches".Seattle Post Intelligencer.
  32. ^Accident description for VR-BCYat theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on September 21, 2017.
  33. ^Criminal description for SE-ERPat theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on September 21, 2017.
  34. ^Accident description for VR-BCTat theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on January 31, 2022.
  35. ^Hull-loss description for EC-ATQat theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on September 21, 2017.
  36. ^"Roberto Clemente While Flying A Relief Mission To Earthquake Torn Nicaragua Dies In Plane Crash."avstop.com.Retrieved: November 26, 2010.
  37. ^Accident description for N296at theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on 29 November 2013.
  38. ^"Accident description: Douglas DC-7CF EI-AWG".Aviation Safety Network,2013. Retrieved: October 10, 2013.
  39. ^Accident description for TZ-ARCat theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on 29 November 2013.
  40. ^Accident description for N6314Jat theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on 29 November 2013.
  41. ^Accident description for N244Bat theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on 29 November 2013.
  42. ^Accident description for N357ALat theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on September 21, 2017.
  43. ^Criminal description for N8219Hat theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on September 22, 2017.
  44. ^Hull-loss description for CP-1291at theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on September 22, 2017.
  45. ^Accident description for N816Dat theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on September 21, 2017.
  46. ^Accident description for N5903at theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on September 21, 2017.
  47. ^Criminal description for N284at theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on November 29, 2013.
  48. ^Criminal description for N90984at theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on September 21, 2017.
  49. ^Accident description for N848Dat theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on 29 November 2013.
  50. ^RichardConn."DC-7 Diner still grounded at New Smyrna Beach airport".Retrieved2019-04-23.
  51. ^"New Smyrna Beach, Florida: DC-7 Passenger Plane".Roadside America.Retrieved2019-04-23.
  52. ^DC-7 reaches Delta Flight Museum, restored to its former glory,The Points Guyby Zach Honig; Jan 12, 2021
  53. ^"Iliff Pre School, Denver, CO, USA – DC-7".Retrieved13 July2018.
  54. ^"Charlie 21".Archived fromthe originalon 14 July 2018.Retrieved13 July2018.
  55. ^"EC-BBT - history of one aircraft".CANARIA GUIDE(in Slovak). 2 April 2020.Retrieved14 July2021.
  56. ^"Douglas DC-7B".Pima Air & Space.Retrieved2023-01-05.
  57. ^Bridgman, Leonard, ed. (1959).Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1959–60.London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co. Ltd. pp.294–295.
  58. ^Lednicer, David."The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage".m-selig.ae.illinois.edu.Retrieved16 April2019.

Bibliography

edit
  • Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César. "Buraco negro."O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996(in Portuguese). Porto Alegre: Edipucrs, Second edition, 2008.ISBN978-85-7430-760-2.
  • Pearcy, Arthur.Douglas Propliners: DC-1–DC-7.Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1995.ISBN1-85310-261-X.
  • Slade, Ken.Last of the Big Props: Personal Tribute to BOAC's Douglas DC-7Cs.Air Enthusiast105, May/June 2003, pp. 28–31.ISSN0143-5450
  • United States Air Force Museum Guidebook.Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio; Air Force Museum Foundation, 1975.
  • Whittle, John A.The Douglas DC-6 and DC-7 Series.Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1971. No ISBN.
  • Wilson, Stewart.Airliners of the World.Fyshwick, ACT, Australia: Aerospace Publications Pty, 1999.ISBN1-875671-44-7
  • Yenne, Bill.McDonnell Douglas: A Tale of Two Giants.Greenwich, Connecticut: Bison Books, 1985.ISBN0-517-44287-6.
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related toDouglas DC-7.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Douglas_DC-7&oldid=1272300511"