Rajendra Prasad

For other uses, seeRajendra Prasad (disambiguation).

Rajendra Prasad(3 December 1884 – 28 February 1963) was an Indian politician, lawyer, journalist and scholar who served as the firstpresident of Indiafrom 1952 to 1962. He joined theIndian National Congressduring theIndian independence movementand became a major leader from the region ofBihar.A supporter ofMahatma Gandhi,Prasad was imprisoned byBritishauthorities during theSalt Satyagrahaof 1930 and theQuit India movementof 1942. After the constituent assembly1946 elections,Prasad served as 1st Minister of Food and Agriculture in the central government from 1947 to 1948. Upon independence in 1947, Prasad was elected as President of theConstituent Assembly of India,which prepared theConstitution of Indiaand which served as its provisionalParliament.

Rajendra Prasad
Official portrait, 1950
1stPresident of India
In office 13 February 1952 – 13 May 1962 Acting:26 January 1950 – 13 February 1952
Prime Minister	Jawaharlal Nehru
Vice President	Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by	Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
1stUnion Minister of Agriculture
In office 15 August 1947 – 14 January 1948
Prime Minister	Jawaharlal Nehru
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by	Jairamdas Daulatram
President ofConstituent Assembly of India
In office 11 December 1946 – 24 January 1950
Vice President	Harendra Coomar Mookerjee V. T. Krishnamachari
Preceded by	Sachchidananda Sinha
Succeeded by	Office abolished
Personal details
Born	(1884-12-03)3 December 1884 Ziradei,Bengal Presidency,British India (present-dayBihar,India)
Died	28 February 1963(1963-02-28)(aged 78) Patna,Bihar,India
Political party	Indian National Congress
Spouse	Rajvanshi Devi ​ ​ (m.1896; died 1962)​
Children	Mrityunjay Prasad(son)
Alma mater	University of Calcutta
Occupation	Politician lawyer journalist scholar
Awards	Bharat Ratna(1962)

WhenIndiabecame a republic in 1950, Prasad waselectedas its first president by the Constituent Assembly. As president, Prasad established a tradition for non-partisanship and independence for the office-bearer and retired from Congress party politics. Although a ceremonial head of state, Prasad encouraged the development of education in India and advised government on several occasions. In 1957, Prasad wasre-elected to the presidency,becoming the only president to serve two full terms. Prasad stayed in office for the longest term of around 12 years. Post the completion of his tenure, he quit the Congress and set up new guidelines for parliamentarians which are still followed.

Early life

Prasad was born on 3 December 1884 in aChitraguptavanshi Kayasthafamily inZiradei,Bihar.His father, Mahadev Sahai,was a scholar of bothSanskritandPersian languages.His mother, Kamleshwari Devi, was a devout woman who would tell stories from theRamayanaandMahabharatato her son. He was the youngest child and had one elder brother and three elder sisters. His mother died when he was a child, and his elder sister then took care of him.

Student life

After the completion of traditional elementary education, he was sent to theChhapra DistrictSchool. Meanwhile, in June 1896, at the early age of 12, he was married to Rajavanshi Devi. He, along with his elder brother, Mahendra Prasad Srivastava, then went to study at T.K. Ghosh's Academy inPatnafor a period of two years. He secured first in the entrance examination to theUniversity of Calcuttaand was awarded Rs. 30 per month as a scholarship.

Prasad joined thePresidency College, Calcuttain 1902, initially as a science student. He passed the F. A. under theUniversity of Calcuttain March 1904 and then graduated with a first division from there in March 1905.Impressed by his intellect, an examiner once commented on his answer sheet that the "examinee is better than examiner".Later he decided to focus on the study of arts and did his M.A. in Economics with a first division from the University of Calcutta in December 1907. There he lived with his brother in theEden Hindu Hostel.A devoted student as well as a public activist, he was an active member ofThe Dawn Society.It was due to his sense of duty towards his family and education that he refused to joinServants of India Society,as it was during that time when his mother had died as well as his sister became a widow at the age of nineteen and had to return to her parents' home. Prasad was instrumental in the formation of the Bihari Students Conference in 1906 in the hall of Patna College. It was the first organisation of its kind in India and producedimportant leaders fromBiharlikeAnugrah Narayan SinhaandKrishna Singhwho played a prominent role in the Champaran Movement andNon-cooperation Movement.

Career

A teacher

(Sitting L to R) Prasad andAnugrah Narayan SinhaduringMahatma Gandhi's 1917 Champaran Satyagraha

Prasad served in various educational institutions as a teacher. After completing his M.A in economics, he became a professor of English at theLangat Singh CollegeofMuzaffarpurinBiharand went on to become the principal. However, later on he left the college to undertake legal studies and entered theRipon College, Calcutta(now theSurendranath Law College). In 1909, while pursuing his law studies inKolkatahe also worked as Professor of Economics atCalcutta City College.

A lawyer

In 1915, Prasad appeared in the examination of masters in law from theDepartment of Law, University of Calcutta,passed the examination and won a gold medal. He completed his Doctorate in Law fromAllahabad University.In 1916, he joined the High Court of Bihar and Odisha. In 1917, he was appointed as one of the first members of the Senate and of the Patna University. He also practised law atBhagalpur,the famous silk town in Bihar.

Role in the freedom Movement

Prasad had a major role in the Independence Movement. Prasad's first association withIndian National Congresswas during 1906 annual session organised in Calcutta, where he participated as a volunteer, while studying in Calcutta. Formally, he joined theIndian National Congressin the year 1911, when the annual session was again held in Calcutta.During the Lucknow Session of Indian National Congress held in 1916, he metMahatma Gandhi.During one of the fact-finding missions atChamparan,Mahatma Gandhiasked him to come with his volunteers.He was so greatly moved by the dedication, courage and conviction of Mahatma Gandhi that as soon as the motion ofNon-Cooperationwas passed byIndian National Congressin 1920, he retired from his lucrative career of lawyer as well as his duties in the university to aid the movement.

He also responded to the call byGandhito boycott Western educational establishments by asking his son, Mrityunjaya Prasad, to drop out of his studies and enrol himself inBihar Vidyapeeth,an institution he along with his colleagues founded on the traditional Indian model.

Jawaharlal Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai, and Rajendra Prasad (centre) at the AICC Session, March 1939

During the course of the independence movement, he interacted withRahul Sankrityayan,a writer, and polymath. Rahul Sankrityayan was greatly influenced by Prasad's intellectual powers, finding him to be a guide and guru. In many of his articles he mentioned about his meeting with Sankrityayan and narrated about his meetings with Sankrityayan. He wrote articles for the revolutionary publicationsSearchlightand theDeshand collected funds for these papers. He toured widely, explaining, lecturing, and exhorting the principles of the independence movement.

He took an active role in helping people affected by the 1914 floods that struck Bihar andBengal.When an earthquake affected Bihar on 15 January 1934, Prasad was in jail. During that period, he passed on the relief work to his close colleagueAnugrah Narayan Sinha.He was released two days later and set up Bihar Central Relief Committee on 17 January 1934 and took on the task of raising funds to help the affected people. After the 31 May1935 Quetta earthquake,when he was forbidden to leave the country due to government's order, he set up the Quetta Central Relief Committee inSindhandPunjabunder his own presidency.

He was elected as the President of theIndian National Congressduring the Bombay session in October 1934.He again became the president whenSubhash Chandra Boseresigned in 1939.On 8 August 1942, Congress passed the Quit India Resolution in Bombay which led to the arrest of many Indian leaders.Prasad was arrested inSadaqat Ashram,Patna and sent toBankipur Central Jail.After remaining incarcerated for nearly three years, he was released on 15 June 1945.

After the formation ofInterim Governmentof 12 nominated ministers under the leadership ofJawaharlal Nehruon 2 September 1946, he was allocated the Food and Agriculture department. He was elected as the President ofConstituent Assemblyon 11 December 1946.On 17 November 1947 he became Congress President for a third time afterJ. B. Kripalanisubmitted his resignation.

Presidency

Between 1958 and 1960, President Prasad led 5 state visits to Japan,Ceylon,USSR,Indo-China,Malayaand Indonesia.

Two and a half years after independence, on 26 January 1950, the Constitution of independent India was ratified, and he waselectedas the firstPresident of India.On the night of 25 January 1950 (a day before theRepublic Day of India), his sister Bhagwati Devi died. He arranged her cremation but only after his return from the parade ground.

CaptainsAbdul Kardar(left) andLala Amarnath(right) with Prasad (center) on the day of the first test match betweenIndiaandPakistan,16 October 1952

As the President of India, Prasad duly acted as required by the Constitution and was independent of any political party. He travelled the world extensively as an ambassador of India, building diplomatic rapport with foreign nations. He was re-elected for two consecutive terms in1952and1957and is the only President of India to achieve this feat. TheMughal Gardensat theRashtrapati Bhavanwere open to public for about a month for the first time during his tenure, and since then it has been a big attraction for people in Delhi and many other parts of the country.

Prasad acted independently of political parties, following the expected role of the president as required by the constitution. Following the tussle over the enactment of theHindu Code Bill,he took a more active role in state affairs. In 1962, after serving 12 years as president, he announced his decision to retire. After relinquishing the office of the President of India in May 1962, he returned toPatnaon 14 May 1962 and stayed on the campus of Bihar Vidyapeeth.His wife died on 9 September 1962, a month beforeIndo-China War.He was subsequently honoured withBharat Ratna,the nation's highest civilian award.

He died on 28 February 1963, aged 78.Rajendra Smriti SangrahalayainPatnais dedicated to him.

State honours

Ribbon	Decoration	Country	Date	Note	Ref.
	Bharat Ratna	India	1962	The highest civilian honour of India.

In popular culture

Babu Rajendra Prasadis 1980shortdocumentary filmdirected by Manjul Prabhat and produced by theFilms Division of Indiawhich covers the life of the first president of India.

Bibliography

Prasad's portrait asCongresspresident by Swamy (1948) issue ofChandamamamagazine

Prasad on stamp of India issued in 1962.

• Satyagraha at Champaran(1922)
• Division of India(1946)
• Atmakatha(1946), his autobiography written during his three-year prison term inBankipur Jail
• Mahatma Gandhi and Bihar, Some Reminiscences(1949)
• Bapu Ke Qadmon Men(1954)
• Since Independence(published in 1960)
• Bharatiya Shiksha
• At the feet of Mahatma Gandhi

See also

• Shri Krishna Singh (politician)
• Anugrah Narayan Sinha
• Jawaharlal Nehru
• Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
• List of politicians from Bihar

Further reading

• Rajendra Prasad, first President of India,by Kewalram Lalchand Panjabi. Published by Macmillan, 1960.
• Rajendra Prasad: twelve years of triumph and despair,by Rajendra Lal Handa. Published by Sterling Publishers,1979.
• Dr Rajendra Prasad, Correspondence and Select Documents,by Rajendra Prasad, Valmiki Choudhary. Published by Allied Publishers, 1984.ISBN81-7023-002-0.Excerpts(Vol. 1-Vol. 10)
• Dr Rajendra Prasadby India Parliament.Lok Sabha.Published by Lok Sabha Secretariat, 1990.
• Rajendra Prasad and the Indian freedom struggle, 1917–1947,by Nirmal Kumar. Published by Patriot Publishers, 1991.ISBN81-7050-128-8.
• Dr Rajendra Prasad: Political Thinkers Of Modern India,by V. Grover. Published by Deep & Deep Publications, 1993.
• First Citizens of India, Dr Rajendra Prasad to Dr Shanker Dayal Sharma: Profile and Bibliography,by A. B. Kohli. Published by Reliance Pub. House, 1995.ISBN81-85972-71-0.

External links

• Newspaper clippings about Rajendra Prasadin the20th Century Press Archivesof theZBW
• Rajendra PrasadatIMDb