Wikipedia

Dumas Malone

Dumas Malone(DEW-mah;[1]January 10, 1892 – December 27, 1986) was an American historian, minister,[2]and biographer. A professor by occupation, Malone spent the majority of his career teaching at theUniversity of Virginia(UVA), where he served as the Thomas Jefferson Foundation Professor of History.[3][4]

Dumas Malone
Born(1892-01-10)January 10, 1892
Coldwater, Mississippi,U.S.
DiedDecember 27, 1986(1986-12-27)(aged 94)
Charlottesville, Virginia,U.S.
Spouse
Elizabeth Gifford
​
(m.1925)​
RelativesKemp Malone(brother)
AwardsPulitzer Prize for History(1975)
Presidential Medal of Freedom(1983)
Academic background
EducationEmory College(BA)
Yale University(BDiv,MA,PhD)
ThesisThe Public Life of Thomas Cooper, 1783–1839(1923)
Doctoral advisorAllen Johnson
Academic work
DisciplineHistoriography
InstitutionsYale University
University of Virginia
Harvard University
Columbia University
Notable worksJefferson and His Time
Signature

Malone was best known for his six-volume biography,Jefferson and His Time,for which he received the 1975Pulitzer Prize for History.Completed in 1981, the series became Malone'sdefining workand is considered the foremost authoritative biography ofThomas Jefferson.[5][6]Before beginning a lifelong career as a biographer, he was editor-in-chief of the twenty-volumeDictionary of American Biographyand the third director of theHarvard University Press.In 1983, PresidentRonald Reaganawarded him thePresidential Medal of Freedom.

Early life and education

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Upbringing

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Malone was born inColdwater,Mississippi,on January 10, 1892, to clergyman John W. Malone (1856–1930) and suffragist schoolteacher Lillian Kemp.[7][note 1]He was raised in a poor, religious household from theDeep Southand his grandfather was aConfederate veteranwho served in theAmerican Civil War.[9][8]His mother and father were educators who recognized the value of an intellectual upbringing; his mother fostered his early disposition for reading, and his father served as an academic at various educational institutions.[6][8]After Malone's birth, the family moved toOxford, Mississippi,where John Malone served as president of the Woman's College of Oxford, later becoming a minister inBrunswick, Georgia.In 1902, Malone's father became the president ofAndrew College.[9]

In 1906, Malone matriculated at Emory College (nowEmory University) at the age of 14,[10]receiving hisBachelor of Artsas the youngest member of the class of 1910.[6][7]His education at Emory consisted primarily of classical courses supplemented by Latin and Greek literature, the latter of which he was influenced by the classicist Charles Peppler; Malone later reflected of Peppler's class, "If I am something of a classicist in spirit, that course is one of the reasons for it." He also took great inspiration from the economist Edgar H. Johnson, the instructor of the college's only history course, whose teaching Malone credited with leaving "an abiding impression".[11]

Despite doing well in the university's classics courses, Malone later recalled being "not a particularly good student", owing his youth and immaturity as reasons for having been unprepared in college.[12]He playedcenterfor the class football team and was a member of theSigma Nu fraternity,[13][14]though otherwise graduated from the college relatively undistinguished.[6]Regardless, he later fondly remembered Emory as a "modest home of humane learning."[6]When the college inducted him into thePhi Beta Kappahonor societyin 1930, Malone remarked, "That was lucky for me. I am sure they did not pay much attention to my old undergraduate record. I was too busy exploring life to do full justice to my studies."[15]

Malone as a young professor of mathematics at Andrew College, pictured in a 1912 edition ofThe Atlanta Georgian

Ministry and Yale

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Malone initially sought to study religion and enter the ministry upon graduating.[8][16]He spent several years as a teacher in small, local schools; at Andrew College, he lectured on topics includingmathematics,history, and theBible.[17]Finding a passion for teaching, he briefly taughtbiblical literatureas an adjunct professor[18]atRandolph-Macon Woman's College,where two of his sisters had been educated.[19]

After spending a year atVanderbilt University,Malone enrolled inYale Divinity Schoolwhere he excelled academically, obtaining a Fogg scholarship[note 2]for his first semester,[20]and earning aBachelor of Divinityin 1916.[16]He had found his time at the university intellectually liberating, acquiring a passion for writing and abandoning his pursuit of theology in order to study history.[21][22]Malone's studies were abruptly interrupted byWorld War I.He left Yale in 1917 to enlist in theU.S. Marine Corpsafter temporarily training as part of theArmy YMCAatCamp Wheeler,becoming aSecond lieutenantafter graduating fromParris Island.[23]However, the war ended before he saw active combat and he was discharged in January 1919.[24]Malone then returned to Yale to obtain a doctorate in history. Later that same year, he was appointed as an instructor of history and began teaching a course inAmerican historyfor undergraduates.[25]

In 1921, Malone received hismaster's degreeand, in 1923, earned hisDoctor of Philosophy(PhD) in history.[26]His dissertation, "The Public Life ofThomas Cooper",was awarded theJohn Addison Porter Prize;it had been supervised by the historianAllen Johnson,who had also been the one to recommend the topic to him.[27][28]The thesis would later be used as the basis for Malone's first book, also titledThe Public Life of Thomas Cooper,published in 1926.[29]Following the completion of his doctorate, Malone was persuaded to join the faculty of theUniversity of Virginiaby its president,Edwin Alderman,during an interview at theAmerican Historical Associationand did so that same year.[30][31]

Career

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Virginia and theDAB

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The then-Alderman Libraryat the University of Virginia, where Malone's office was located on the top floor for more than 25 years[32]

In the fall of 1923, Malone assumed a position as anassociate professorof history at the University of Virginia;[33]his office was located at the top floor of theAlderman Library(now Shannon Library), where it would remain for some decades.[32]The university had been relatively small at the time, and the whole of the history faculty consisted of just Malone and Richard Heath Dabney, the father ofVirginius Dabney,upon his arrival.[32]Dabney had been encumbered with the entirety of the history curriculum which spanned from ancient to modern. Malone undertook the courses in European and American history, giving up the courses in European history upon the arrival ofStringfellow Barrand thereafter introduced new courses incolonial historyand more contemporary American history.[28]

It was during his time at the University of Virginia that Malone began an interest in the life ofThomas Jefferson,the university's founder. In his first year, he had already authored a 14-page summary of Jefferson's life for the university's Extension Series in March 1924.[34][note 3]Despite doubts by Allen Johnson, his former mentor at Yale, and calls for caution by other scholars, Malone resolved to write a voluminous biography on Jefferson by the fall of 1926.[33][35]The next year, he traveled to France with his newly-wed wife, Elizabeth Gifford (1898–1992), on a Sterling Traveling Fellowship to do more extensive research which formed the basis of an article entitled "Polly Jeffersonand Her Father "[36]published in the January 1931 edition of theVirginia Quarterly Review.[28]

Malone's tenure at Virginia suddenly ended when Allen Johnson extended an offer for him to take the co-editorship[37]of the monumental[38]Dictionary of American Biography(DAB) in 1929. He mulled extensively over the choice, consulting friends such asArthur M. Schlesinger Sr.and President Edwin Alderman as to whether to accept the position.[39]After reluctantly choosing to leave the University of Virginia, Malone moved with his wife toWashington, D.C.,[38]to assist Johnson with the dictionary, a choice which he called "the most painful decision I ever made."[40]In January 1931, Johnson was unexpectedly killed in an automobile accident that made headlines inThe New York TimesandThe Washington Post;his death made Malone theeditor-in-chief[41]of theDAB,[21]a capacity which Malone continued to serve in until 1936.[42]When the dictionary was finally completed—nearly a decade later—in 1942, it contained twenty volumes with the aid of more than 2,000 fellow biographers under his guidance.[43]

Malone found the seven years he had spent editing theDABas being dull and tedious, stating, upon leaving, that he would never edit again. Nevertheless, he remembered the experience as being "invaluable to me as a writer because of what they taught me about precision and clarity", and would eventually return to editing later in his career.[44]Malone's work in writing articles for the dictionary provided the foundation for his future biography on Jefferson and nurtured his interest for biography writing.[45]

Harvard University Press

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Malone pictured in the June 12, 1938, edition of theRichmond Times-Dispatchduring his tenure as director of the Harvard University Press

At the recommendation ofMark Antony De Wolfe Howe,[46]Malone was suggested as a possible candidate to serve as the third director of theHarvard University Press(HUP). Harvard PresidentJames B. Conant,persuaded by the positive appraisals of Malone from those he consulted, extended an offer for him to take the position in December 1935.[47]Malone accepted—provided he be able to finish his time on theDAB—and was formally appointed both as editor-in-chief[7][48](director)[49]on December 1, 1937, and asboard chairman,[50]following a vote by theHarvard Corporation.He moved with his family toLincoln, Massachusetts.[51]

In January of the following year, Malone described his new vision for the Press at a banquet dinner, advocating for what he called "scholarship plus" —the publication of works intended for the general public, as opposed to pieces meant exclusively for scholars.[52][53]Ordered by Conant to "start from scratch", Malone instituted a number of ambitious changes which were among the most significant reforms in the Press' history: the leadership of the Printing Office was terminated, a new editorial staff was established to manage a more authoritative Press,[54]and the old members of the Harvard Corporation resigned, giving way to the appointment of a number of prominent scholars. Conant also believed it appropriate for Malone to possess an academic title at the university and offered to name him as a professor of history, though Malone declined the post.[55]

Malone viewed the role of the Harvard University Press as primarily an academic institution as opposed to a business.[56]His administration of the Press achieved significant success, garnering wide recognition from the publication of several notable works—including twoPulitzer Prize-winners—and it saw a doubling[57]in sales. His aspiration of opening up the Press to the general public fueled a reputation for producing important publications. In May 1941, Conant congratulated him, saying, "The general history of the Press for the past year is certainly one of which you may well be proud [...] Keep it up!"[58]As the war continued, however, the Press' margins became strained by an increasing sales deficit,[59]and the relationship between Malone and the university administration began to deteriorate over serious financial issues in the midst ofWorld War II.[60]William Henry Claflin Jr.,Harvard's treasurer, enacted a series of cost-cutting measures which sought to limit the affairs of the HUP to be subordinate to a "strict economy;" in response, Malone appealed to university officials who, in turn, drafted a memorandum reaffirming the HUP's independence.[61]

With a stagnant audience for academic works and student enrollment waning during the war, Malone recalled his time as director to be "basically a lame-duck leader."[62]Mounting financial and administrative quandaries complicated his wartime directorship and diminished its reputation. When news reached Conant of a roughly $26,000 deficit the Press had accumulated during the 1942 fiscal year, his good relationship with it ended promptly.[63]In January 1943, Malone's salary and duties were reduced; in April, a majority of officials doubted his future leadership in avote of no-confidence.Following this rapid decline, Malone presented hisletter of resignationon July 17, writing that "the major criteria by which my work is judged differ materially from those applied to the academic departments of the University."[64]The Harvard Corporation accepted his request, and, in April 1943, Malone formally resigned his position as director in order to return to Virginia and begin work on his biography of Jefferson. He and his family moved toCharlottesville, Virginia,in the summer of that same year.[8][64]

Return to Virginia

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Having been relieved from his duties at Harvard, Malone dedicated his time to writing the first volume of his Jefferson biography in earnest upon returning to Virginia in 1943.[65]Prior to his resignation as director, his ambition to write the comprehensive biography was secured on June 1, 1938, by means of a signed contract.[66]Roger Scaife, the managing editor ofLittle, Brown and Company,presented the settlement for a multi-volume biography of Thomas Jefferson on March 22, 1938. Malone's personal finances, however, remained burdened after years of amassing debt despite the contract's generous payment and royalties. In early 1944, the historianDouglas Southall Freemanrecommended that Malone be supplemented by a grant from theRockefeller Foundation.[67]Since Malone was then unaffiliated with any institution and thus unable to satisfy the requirements for the grant, UVA PresidentJohn Lloyd Newcomband the university's librarian, Harry Clemons, arranged for him to be given an honorary position so as to be affiliated with the University of Virginia.[68]With the requirements satisfied, the Rockefeller Foundation granted a sum of $21,000 in order to fund the biography in May 1944.[69]

Jefferson the Virginiandepicted with Samuel Chamberlain'sSpringtime in Virginia,from the April 25, 1948, edition of theRichmond Times-Dispatch

In the winter of 1943 and 1944, Malone was selected to be the "chief historian" of a short-lived secret committee of historians stationed atthe Pentagontasked with advising bombing policy. In 1945, John A. Krout, chairman of the History Department atColumbia University,extended an offer for him to be appointed as a professor of history at the university.[70]Malone was at first reluctant to accept the position as it would disrupt his work on the first volume of his Jefferson biography, but accepted when the Rockefeller Foundation amended the terms of his agreement to fit a part-time teaching post. During his time teaching at Columbia, he would develop a friendship with Krout andAllan Nevins.[71]In 1959, Malone returned to the University of Virginia as Thomas Jefferson Foundation Professor, moving over to a biographer and residence position in 1962 but remaining affiliated with the university and living in Charlottesville.[72]

In 1947, Malone finished his first volume,Jefferson the Virginian,and published the work on Jefferson's birthday the next year.[73]The volume achieved acclaim by scholars, and its release was well received by audiences.[74][75][76]According to one review by historianMerle Curtiwriting in theChicago Tribune,"The narrative, and this is primarily a narrative rather than an interpretive [biography], is lucid and, in places, vivid. But it is for the most part sober and straightforward. Thus 'Jefferson the Virginian' lacks the flashy, dramatic, picturesque quality which best-sellers in the [biographical] field generally have...[Although] Professor Malone makes occasional interpretations, he has tried to let the facts he has selected speak for themselves."[77]In anticipation of the coming series, historianThomas D. Clarkwrote in a similar appraisal, "This first volume is the beginning of a biographical series of major importance which will bring Jefferson to a grateful reading public."[78]

Legacy and honors

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Those who follow trends in history and biography hear in Dumas Malone the voice of a scholar whose exacting standards our age has too little patience, one who rejects easy explanations and facile judgements. [He] at once shrinks from, and rises above, the fierce and superficial certainties of our age.

Edwin M. Yoder Jr.[79]

Malone was elected to theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciencesin 1936.[80]The following year, he was awarded an honoraryDoctor of LettersbyDartmouth Collegeand theUniversity of Rochester.[81][82]In 1951 and 1958, he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship.[83]In 1972, he was awarded Yale University'sWilbur L. Cross Medal[84][85]and the John F. Kennedy Medal of theMassachusetts Historical Society.[86]In 1975, he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for History—the oldest person to receive the award at the time.[87][88]In 1982, he was awarded The Award for Distinguished Service to the Humanities of thePhi Beta Kappa Society.[89]

In 1983, President Ronald Reagan awarded Malone thePresidential Medal of Freedom.[90]Malone was a member of theVirginia Historical Society.[21]The trustees of the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation established the Dumas Malone Graduate Research Fellowship at the University of Virginia in his honor, allotting funds to support the research of "outstanding, advanced graduate students."[91]

WhenQueen Elizabeth IIarrived inCharlottesville, Virginia,as part of her 1976 tour of the United States, GovernorMills Godwingifted her the first five volumes ofJefferson and His Time—the sixth volume,The Sage of Monticello,had not yet been completed.[8]

Malone's volumes concluded that it was impossible for Jefferson to have had a relationship withSally Hemings.[92]

Malone also published a set of lectures,Thomas Jefferson as Political Leader(1963), with the University of California Press.

Personal life and death

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Malone's gravestone at theUniversity of Virginia CemeteryinCharlottesville, Virginia.

Malone married Elizabeth Gifford in 1925, with whom he would have two children.[7]He died on December 27, 1986, at his home inCharlottesville.[6]According to the University of Virginia, the cause had been a "brief illness."[93]He is buried at theUniversity of Virginia Cemetery and Columbarium.

Selected publications

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  • Malone, Dumas (1923).The Public Life of Thomas Cooper, 1783–1839(Dissertation). New Haven, CT:Yale University Press.ISBN978-0404591175.

Jefferson and His Time

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Footnotes

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  1. ^Malone was the second of seven children.[8]
  2. ^Awarded based on the highest grade in all subjects.[20]
  3. ^Malone later recalled the work as being largely erroneous: "[the outline] was certainly no contribution to scholarship: in fact it contained errors that I afterwards found embarrassing. But it represented my first effort to view [Jefferson's] prodigious life as a whole and marked no inconsiderable increase in my own knowledge of it."[34]

References

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  1. ^Hyland 2013,p. xi.
  2. ^"Ministers Named for New Pulpits".The Atlanta Constitution.1 December 1914. p. 10.Retrieved18 March2023.
  3. ^"Dumas Malone | Biography, Books, & Thomas Jefferson | Britannica".www.britannica.com.Retrieved2023-03-08.
  4. ^Johnson, David (2013). "Long Journey with Mr. Jefferson: The Life of Dumas Malone (Book Review)".The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography.121(3): 297–298.JSTOR24392916.
  5. ^Shuffelton 1995,p. 291, 301.
  6. ^abcdefPeterson 1988,p. 237.
  7. ^abcdPace, Eric (28 December 1986)."Dumas Malone, expert on Jefferson, is dead at 94".The New York Times.Retrieved2 July2018.
  8. ^abcdefRouse, Parke S. (17 October 1982)."Dumas Malone: Modest Southerner, Scholarly Classicist".Daily Press.Retrieved9 March2023– viaNewspapers.com.
  9. ^abHyland 2013,p. 12.
  10. ^Hyland 2013,p. 15.
  11. ^Hyland 2013,p. 15–16.
  12. ^Hyland 2013,p. 16–17.
  13. ^Hyland 2013,p. 17.
  14. ^"Fraternity Men Active: Matriculates at Emory Offer Good Material for New Members".The Atlanta Constitution.22 September 1906. p. 11.Retrieved18 March2023.
  15. ^Hyland 2013,p. 18.
  16. ^abHyland 2013,p. 21–22.
  17. ^Hyland 2013,p. 18–19.
  18. ^"Reinforcing A Democracy Through the Education of Children: Randolph-Macon".Nashville Banner.25 November 1916. p. 22.Retrieved18 March2023.
  19. ^Hyland 2013,p. 19, 21.
  20. ^ab"Social Notes From Georgia Colleges".The Atlanta Constitution.14 March 1915. p. 7.Retrieved18 March2023.
  21. ^abcThe Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 1987,p. 243.
  22. ^Hyland 2013,p. 19, 21–23.
  23. ^Hyland 2013,p. 23, 28.
  24. ^Hyland 2013,p. 29.
  25. ^Hyland 2013,p. 37–39.
  26. ^Hyland 2013,p. 40.
  27. ^Yoder Jr., Edwin M.(15 July 1981)."Mr. Jefferson's indefatigable companion".The Charlotte News.Retrieved8 March2023.
  28. ^abcPeterson 1988,p. 239;Hyland 2013,pp. 47–48
  29. ^Peterson 1988,p. 238.
  30. ^Hyland 2013,p. 42–44.
  31. ^Shenker, Israel(1975-01-09)."Dumas Malone Is Completing Last Volume of the Biography".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Retrieved2023-03-06.
  32. ^abcHyland 2013,p. 46.
  33. ^abPeterson 1988,p. 239.
  34. ^abHyland 2013,p. 51.
  35. ^Hyland 2013,p. 52.
  36. ^Malone, Dumas (1931)."Polly Jefferson And Her Father".The Virginia Quarterly Review.7(1): 81–95.ISSN0042-675X.JSTOR26433693.
  37. ^Hall 1986,p. 66.
  38. ^abPeterson 1988,p. 240.
  39. ^Hyland 2013,p. 55–56, 68.
  40. ^Hyland 2013,p. 56, 77.
  41. ^Hall 1986,p. 65.
  42. ^Peterson 1988,p. 241;Hyland 2013,pp. 67–68
  43. ^Hyland 2013,p. 73, 75.
  44. ^Hyland 2013,p. 70–71.
  45. ^Hyland 2013,p. 77.
  46. ^Hall 1986,p. 64–65.
  47. ^Hyland 2013,p. 84–85.
  48. ^"Dumas Malone".The Washington Post.ISSN0190-8286.Retrieved2023-03-14.
  49. ^Hall 1986,p. 76.
  50. ^Hall 1986,p. 65, 69.
  51. ^Hyland 2013,p. 85, 87, 88.
  52. ^Hyland 2013,p. 86.
  53. ^"A Brief History of Harvard University Press | Harvard University Press".www.hup.harvard.edu.Retrieved2023-03-14.
  54. ^Hall 1986,p. 69–70.
  55. ^Hyland 2013,p. 87–88.
  56. ^Hall 1986,p. 68.
  57. ^Hall 1986,p. 67.
  58. ^Hall 1986,p. 66, 90.
  59. ^Hall 1986,p. 88–89.
  60. ^Hyland 2013,p. 90–91.
  61. ^Hyland 2013,p. 92–93.
  62. ^Hyland 2013,p. 93.
  63. ^Hall 1986,p. 93.
  64. ^abHyland 2013,p. 94.
  65. ^Hyland 2013,p. 97–98, 100.
  66. ^Hyland 2013,p. 97.
  67. ^Hyland 2013,p. 98–99.
  68. ^Hyland 2013,p. 99.
  69. ^"ROCKEFELLER GRANT AIDS JEFFERSON LIFE; Dr. Dumas Malone Gets $21,000 From Foundation for Biography".The New York Times.1944-05-28. p. 35.ISSN0362-4331.Retrieved2023-03-22.
  70. ^Hyland 2013,p. 102–103.
  71. ^Hyland 2013,p. 103, 105.
  72. ^"New York Times obituary of Dumas Malone".
  73. ^Hyland 2013,p. 106.
  74. ^Sims, Catherine (18 April 1948)."Scholarly Biography Wins Praise".The Atlanta Constitution.p. 40.Retrieved26 March2023.
  75. ^"Malone Releases First Volume of Great Jefferson Biography".The Chattanooga Times.25 April 1948. p. 19.Retrieved26 March2023.
  76. ^Peterson 1988,p. 244.
  77. ^Curti, Merle(2 May 1948)."First Volume of Scholarly Appraisal by Dumas Malone".Chicago Tribune.pp. 3, 11.Retrieved26 March2023.
  78. ^Clark, Thomas D.(24 October 1948)."Jefferson's Formative Years in Virginia: A Review by Thomas D. Clark".Courier Journal.p. 46.Retrieved26 March2023.
  79. ^Edwin, M. Yoder Jr. (5 August 1981)."Dumas Malone's Achievement: Forty Years with Jefferson".The Roanoke Times.Retrieved17 March2023.
  80. ^"Dumas Malone".American Academy of Arts & Sciences.9 February 2023. Archived fromthe originalon 19 March 2023.Retrieved2023-03-08.
  81. ^"Dumas Malone Honored With Dartmouth Degree".The Harvard Crimson.Archived fromthe originalon 19 March 2023.Retrieved2023-03-14.
  82. ^"U. of R. Gives Degrees to 407 At Exercises".Democrat and Chronicle.16 June 1936. p. 17.Retrieved18 March2023.
  83. ^"Dumas Malone".John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.Retrieved2023-03-15.
  84. ^"Past Medalists by Year | Yale Graduate School of Arts & Sciences".gsas.yale.edu.Retrieved2023-03-12.
  85. ^Hyland 2013,p. 37.
  86. ^"John F. Kennedy Medal to be Awarded at Annual Meeting".Massachusetts Historical Society.Retrieved14 March2023.
  87. ^Weil, Martin (December 28, 1986)."Dumas Malone, 94, Biographer of Jefferson, Dies".The Washington Post.Retrieved8 March2023.
  88. ^The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 1987,p. 244.
  89. ^"PBK - Phi Beta Kappa Past Triennial Award Winners".PBK.Retrieved2023-03-15.
  90. ^Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of FreedomArchived2009-10-11 at theWayback Machine,1983-02-23, retrieved 2009-07-30
  91. ^"Dumas Malone Graduate Research Fellowship | Office of Graduate & Postdoctoral Affairs".gradstudies.virginia.edu.Retrieved2023-03-08.
  92. ^Harden, Blaine(February 13, 1979)."Revival of 'Rumor' Disturbs Jefferson Scholars".The Washington Post.
  93. ^Archives, L. A. Times (1986-12-28)."Pulitzer Winner Was 94: Dumas Malone, Noted for Jefferson Biography, Dies".Los Angeles Times.Retrieved2023-03-08.

Scholarly sources

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Books

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Journals

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Further reading

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  • Robert M. S. McDonald, ed.Thomas Jefferson's Lives: Biographers and the Battle for History(University of Virginia Press, 2019) pp. 219–243online
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