Dumbo

This article is about the 1941 film. For other uses, seeDumbo (disambiguation).

Dumbois a 1941 American animatedfantasydrama filmproduced byWalt Disney Productionsand released byRKO Radio Pictures.The film is based upon the storyline written byHelen Abersonand Harold Pearl, and illustrated by Helen Durney for the prototype of a novelty toy ( "Roll-a-Book" ).

Dumbo
Original theatrical release poster
Directed by	Supervising director Ben Sharpsteen Sequence directors Norman Ferguson Wilfred Jackson Bill Roberts Jack Kinney Samuel Armstrong
Story by	Joe Grant Dick Huemer
Based on	Dumbo, the Flying Elephant byHelen Aberson Harold Pearl
Produced by	Walt Disney
Music by	Frank Churchill Oliver Wallace
Production company	Walt Disney Productions
Distributed by	RKO Radio Pictures
Release dates	October 23, 1941(1941-10-23)(New York City) October 31, 1941(1941-10-31)(U.S.)
Running time	64 minutes
Country	United States
Language	English
Budget	$950,000
Box office	>$1.3 million (est. United States/Canada rentals, 1941)

The main character is Jumbo Jr., an elephant who is ridiculed for his oversized ears and mockingly nicknamed "Dumbo", but in fact he is capable offlyingby using his ears aswings.Throughout most of the film, his only true friend, aside from his mother, is a mouse named Timothy – a relationship parodying thestereotypical animosity between mice and elephants.

Produced to recoup the financial losses of bothPinocchioandFantasia,Dumbowas a deliberate pursuit of simplicity and economy. At 64 minutes, it is one of the studio's shortest animated features. Sound was recorded conventionally using theRCASystem. One voice was synthesized using theSonovoxsystem, but it too was recorded using the RCA System.

Dumbowas released on October 23, 1941, where it was met with critical acclaim for its story, humor, visuals, and music.The film was later criticized forstereotyping of black people.Its accolades include anAcademy AwardforBest Scoring of a Musical Picture.In 2017, the film was selected for preservation in the United StatesNational Film Registryby theLibrary of Congressas being "culturally, historically and aesthetically significant".

In the years following its initial release,Dumboremains popular ever since, with a populartheme park attraction,merchandise products, atelevision series,and alive-action adaptationbeing produced.

Plot

InFlorida,while a largecircusspends the off-season in its winter grounds, aflock of white storks delivers many babies to the animals.Oneelephant,Mrs. Jumbo, does not receive her baby, and keeps scanning the sky in hope. The next spring, the circus sets out on a new tour. A belated stork catches up with a movingtrainnamed Casey Jr. and drops off the expected baby elephant, Jumbo Jr. The other elephants are initially delighted, until they see the baby has revealed far-oversized ears, and mockingly nickname him "Dumbo". Mrs. Jumbo shows her baby great care and love, defending him from the others' abuse.

Being clumsy due to his ears, Dumbo is made into asideshowattraction. When some rowdy boys started tobullyDumbo and his ears, Mrs. Jumbospankstheir leader and throws hay bales at them. The circus staff quickly remove Dumbo from the pen, causing Mrs. Jumbo to fly into a rage, eventually dousing the circus’sringmasterin a water tub. She is subsequently deemed mad and locked up in a cage, while Dumbo is blamed for the incident, and is still bullied by the others.

After scaring off the other elephants, Timothy, a mouse that travels with the circus, befriends Dumbo and decides to make him a star. He whispers in the ringmaster's ear while the latter sleeps, convincing him to try a new stunt with Dumbo as the top of a pyramid of elephants. Dumbo trips on his ears during the show and knocks over the pyramid, injuring the others and causing thebig topto collapse. After, all elephants exile Dumbo permanently as he is put in with the clowns' firemen act, regularly jumping from a "burning building" prop into a vat of pie filling. Despite his newfound popularity, he hates the new performance and is upset.

Timothy decides to take Dumbo to see Mrs. Jumbo, but they cannot see each other's faces and can only intertwine trunks. Meanwhile, theclownsdecide to increase the popularity of their fireman act by dangerously raising the platform Dumbo jumps from. In celebration of the plan, they drinkchampagne,and a bottle of it falls into a water vat. Crying after visiting his mother, Dumbo has an unsettling case of thehiccups,so Timothy takes him to the vat for some water, only to discover that the water contains champagne. Both of them getdrunk,andhallucinatepink elephants.

While recovering the next morning, Dumbo and Timothy are later discovered asleep high up in a tree by Dandy Crow and his gang ofcrows.Initially making fun of Timothy's assertion that Dumbo flew with his ears while being drunk, the crows are soon moved by Dumbo's sad story. They decide to help Timothy, giving him a "magicfeather"to help Dumbo fly. Holding the feather, Dumbo does indeed take off a second time. He and Timothy return to the circus with plans to surprise the audience.

During the clowns' fire act, Dumbo jumps off the platform and prepares to fly. He drops the feather, but Timothy assures him it was only a psychological aid. As Dumbo successfully flies about the big top, much to the audience’s delight, he throws a trunkful of peanuts to the other elephants as payback. Dumbo gains fame and fortune, Timothy becomes his new manager and signs him to aHollywoodcontract, and Mrs. Jumbo is freed. She and Dumbo are given a private coach on Casey Jr., and the crows wave goodbye to the duo as they travel away.

Note:The scene where Casey Jr. climbs a hill is a reference to Watty Piper’sThe Little Engine That Could.

Voice cast

The voice actors are uncredited for their roles in the film.

• Thetitle characteris Dumbo, the nickname given to Jumbo Jr. He is a newborn elephant who has huge ears and is able to use them to fly, carrying what he thinks of as a magic feather. Dumbo is speechless in this film.
• Edward Brophyas Timothy Q. Mouse,ananthropomorphicmouse who becomes the only friend of Dumbo after his mother is locked up and does his best to make Dumbo happy again. He is never mentioned by name in the film, but his signature can be read on the contract in a newspaper photograph at the finale.
• Verna Feltonas
  • Elephant Matriarch, the well-meaning but pompous leader of the elephants who is cold toward Dumbo.
  • Mrs. Jumbo, Dumbo's mother, who not only speaks just once in the film to give Dumbo's name, but also sings her lullaby “Baby Mine” to him.
• Cliff Edwardsas Dandy Crow(previously namedJim Crowon the original model sheets), the leader of a group of crows. Though he initially jokes and ridicules Timothy's idea that Dumbo can fly, he hears Dumbo's tragic history and becomes determined to help Dumbo fly for real. He is never mentioned by name in the film.
• Herman Bingas The Ringmaster, who is the strict, greedy, and arrogant owner of the circus.
• Sterling Hollowayas Mr. Stork,Dumbo's carrier stork seen at the beginning of the film.
• Margaret Wright as Casey Junior, the sentient2-4-0tender locomotivehauling the circus train.
• The Hall Johnson Choir as Crow Chorus
  • Hall Johnsonas Deacon Crow
  • James Baskettas Fats Crow
  • Nick Stewartas Specks Crow
  • Jim Carmichael as Dopey Crow
• The King's Men as the Roustabout Chorus
• Noreen Gammill as Elephant Catty
• Dorothy Scott as Elephant Giddy
• Sarah Selby as Elephant Prissy
• Billy Bletcheras Clown
• Malcolm Hutton as Smitty
• John McLeish as the narrator

Production

Development

Dumbois based upon a children's story written byHelen Aberson-Mayerand Harold Pearl,with illustrations by Helen Durney.The children's book was first brought to the attention ofWalt Disneyin late 1939 byKay Kamen,the studio's head of merchandise licensing, who showed a prototype of the Roll-A-Book that includedDumbo.Disney immediately grasped its possibilities and heartwarming story and purchased the rights to it.

Originally intended as a short film, Disney soon realized a decent book adaption needed a feature-length film.At the time, the foreign markets in Europe had been curtailed due toWorld War II,which causedPinocchioandFantasiato fail at the box office. With the film's modest budget,Dumbowas intended to be a low-budget feature designed to bring revenue to the studio.Story artistsDick HuemerandJoe Grantwere assigned to develop the plot into a feature-length film. From January 22 to March 21, 1940, they wrote a 102-page script outline in chapters, much like a book, an unusual way of writing a film script. They conceived the stork-delivery and the pink elephants sequences and had Dumbo's mother renamed from "Mother Ella" to "Mrs. Jumbo". They riffed on elephants' fear of mice by replacing a wiserobinnamed "Red" found in the original story with the wisecracking mouse character, Timothy. They also added a "rusty black crow", which was later expanded into five.Regardless of this, very little was changed from the original draft.In March 1940, a story team headed by Otto Englander translated the outline into story sketches.

Animation

From Disney's perspective,Dumborequired none of the special effects that had slowed down production and grew the budgets ofPinocchio,Fantasia,andBambi.When the film went into production in early 1941, supervising directorBen Sharpsteenwas given orders to keep the film simple and inexpensive.As a result, the character designs are simpler, background paintings are less detailed, and a number of held cels (or frames) were used in thecharacter animation.Although the film is more "cartoony" than previous Disney films, the animators brought elephants and other animals into the studio to study their movement.

Watercolor paintwas used to render the backgrounds.Dumbois one of the few Disney features to use the technique, which was also used forSnow White and the Seven Dwarfs,and regularly employed for the various Disney cartoon shorts. The other Disney features usedoil paintandgouache.2002'sLilo & Stitch,which drew influences fromDumbo,also made use of watercolor backgrounds.

Disney animators' strike

Main article:Disney animators' strike

During a story meeting forBambion February 27, 1940, Disney observed thatDumbowas "an obvious straight cartoon" and that the animators that were assigned onBambiwere not appropriate for the look ofDumbo.Animators such asArt BabbittandWard Kimballwere considered for the film.For that reason, less experienced animators were brought on to animate the characters. Kimball recalled that Disney approached him in a parking lot aboutDumboand summarized the entire story in five minutes. "And listening to him tell that story," Kimball noted, "I could tell that the picture was going to work. Because everything sounded right. It had a great plot." In spite of this,Bill Tytla,who was one of the studio's top animators, animated the title character, but admitted that "it was in the nature of the film to go very fast and get it out in a hurry." To speed up production, Disney used photostats of story sketches instead of full layout artwork for the film, and had experienced animators to supervise the younger, less experienced animators assigned on the film.

Production on the film was interrupted on May 29, 1941, when much of the Disney animation staff went on strike. Kimball chose to not to strike, but his close friendWalt Kelly,who was an assistant animator helping him on the crow sequence, left the studios shortly after for reasons unrelated to the strike.

Some have interpreted the clowns' requests to get a raise from their boss being a reference to the Disney animators that went on strike in 1941 (during the creation of the film), demanding higher pay from Walt himself.Animator and strike organizer Art Babbitt denied this, saying he had been assigned to animate the sequence before the strike. "People attached political significance to what happened there. You know, 'Let's go on strike' and so on. We weren't thinking strike at the time. In fact, there never would have been a strike if it hadn't been forced on us."

Music

Frank ChurchillandOliver Wallacescored the film whileNed Washingtonwrote the lyrics to the songs. For their work on the score, Churchill and Wallace won theAcademy Award for Best Original Score.Churchill and Washington's work on "Baby Mine"also garnered a nomination for theAcademy Award for Best Original Song.

Songs

Original songs performed in the film include:

No.	Title	Performer(s)	Length
1.	"Look Out for Mr. Stork"	The Sportsmen
2.	"Casey Junior"	The Sportsmen
3.	"Song of the Roustabouts"	The King's Men
4.	"Baby Mine"	Betty Noyes
5.	"The Clown Song (A.K.A. We're Gonna Hit the Big Boss for a Raise)"	Billy Bletcher, Eddie Holden & Billy Sheets
6.	"Pink Elephants on Parade"	The Sportsmen
7.	"When I See an Elephant Fly"	Cliff Edwards& The Hall Johnson Choir
8.	"When I See an Elephant Fly (Reprise)"	Chorus

Release

The original 1941 theatrical trailer ofDumbo

Dumbowas completed and delivered to Disney's distributor,RKO Radio Pictures,on September 11, 1941.RKO initially balked at the film's 64-minute length and asked Disney to add another ten minutes. Disney refused, "No, that's as far as I can stretch it. You can stretch a thing so far and then it won't hold. The picture is right as it is. And another ten minutes is liable to cost five hundred thousand dollars. I can't afford it."The film was re-released in theaters in 1949, 1959, 1972, and 1976.

Television broadcast

Dumbohad its television premiere on September 14, 1955,albeit severely edited, as an installment of theDisneylandtelevision show. The film was shown unaltered on September 17, 1978, as part of a two-night salute to the program's 25th anniversary.

Home media

Along withAlice in Wonderland,Dumbowas the first of Disney's canon of animated films to be released onhome video.The film was originally released on June 26, 1981, on VHS,Laserdiscand Betamax as a rental only before becoming available for sale in early 1982.Sales were also extended toCEDin October 1982.It was again re-released on VHS and Betamax as part of theWalt Disney Classicsseries on November 6, 1985.The film was re-released on VHS and Laserdisc on July 12, 1991.It was followed by another re-issue on VHS and Laserdisc on October 28, 1994, as a part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection.On October 23, 2001, a 60th Anniversary Edition was released in VHS and DVD formats.

In 2006, a "Big Top Edition" of the film was released on DVD.A 70th Anniversary Edition of the film was released in the United States on September 20, 2011.The 70th Anniversary Edition was produced in two packages: a two-disc Blu-ray/DVD combo and a one-disc DVD.The film was also released as a movie download.All versions of the 70th Anniversary Edition contain deleted scenes and several bonus features, including "Taking Flight: The Making of Dumbo" and "The Magic of Dumbo: A Ride of Passage", while the two-disc Blu-ray version includes games, animated shorts, and several exclusive features.The film was re-released on Blu-ray and DVD on April 26, 2016, to celebrate its 75th anniversary.

Reception

Box office

Despite the advent ofWorld War II,Dumbowas still the most financially successful Disney film of the 1940s. After its October 23 release,Dumboproved to be a financial miracle compared to other Disney films. The simple film only cost $950,000 (equivalent to $19,680,000 in 2023) to produce,half the cost ofSnow White,less than a third of the cost ofPinocchio,and certainly less than the expensiveFantasia.Dumboeventually grossed roughly more than $1.3 million (equivalent to $33,140,000 in 2023) during its original release.The film returned a profit of $850,000.

Critical reception

Varietywrote thatDumbowas "a pleasant little story, plenty of pathos mixed with the large doses of humor, a number of appealing new animal characters, lots of good music, and the usual Disney skillfulness in technique in drawing and use of color."Cecelia Ager,writing inPM,calledDumbo"the nicest, kindest Disney yet. It has the most taste, beauty, compassion, skill, restraint. It marks a return to Disney first principles, the animal kingdom—that happy land where Disney workers turn into artists; where their imagination, playfulness, ingenuity, daring flourish freest; where, in short, they're home."

Bosley Crowther,reviewing forThe New York Times,wrote that the film was "the most genial, the most endearing, the most completely precious cartoon feature film ever to emerge from the magical brushes of Walt Disney's wonder-working artists".Timewrote: "Like story and characters,Dumbo's coloring is soft and subdued, free from picture-postcard colors and confusing detail—a significant technical advance. But the charm ofDumbois that it again brings to life that almost human animal kingdom where Walter Elias Disney is king of them all. "Harrison's Reportspraised the film as "one of Walt Disney's most delightful offerings. Technically, it is excellent; the color is exceptionally good. The story itself is pleasing; it combines comedy with human appeal. The only fault is that occasionally the action slows down."

Timehad originally scheduled to run a story with an appearance cover for "Mammal of the Year" (a play on its annual"Man/Person of the Year"honor) on December 8, 1941. Theattack on Pearl Harboron December 7 of that year had postponed it, and the story was later published on December 29.

Among retrospective reviews,film criticLeonard Maltinstated thatDumbois his favorite of Disney's films and he described it as "one of Walt Disney's most charming animated films".In 2011,Richard CorlissofTimenamed the film as one of the 25 all-time best animated films.On the review aggregator websiteRotten Tomatoes,the film has an approval rating of 98% based on 42 reviews, with an average score of 8.3/10. The website's consensus reads "Dumbopacks plenty of story into its brief runtime, along with all the warm animation and wonderful music you'd expect from a Disney classic. "Metacritichas assigned a weighted score of 96 out of 100 forDumbobased on 11 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".

Depiction of black people

The film has been criticized for itsstereotypical depiction of black people.The Encyclopedia of Racism in American Films(2018) notes that "All of the circus laborers are African American, the only time that blacks are seen in any great number in the entire movie."Film scholarRichard Schickel,in his 1968 bookThe Disney Version,argued that the group of crows in the film wereAfrican Americanstereotypes.The lead crow, voiced by white actorCliff Edwardsin an imitation of Southern African American dialect,was named "Jim Crow", after thepre-Civil-War minstrel character.The term had become a pejorative term for African Americans, and commonly referred toracial segregation laws,and the character's name was changed in the 1950s to "Dandy Crow" in attempt to avoid controversy.The other crows were voiced by African American actors and singers of the popular all-black "Hall Johnson Choir",including actorsJames Baskett(Song of the South) andNick Stewart(The Amos 'n' Andy Show).Ward Kimball,the chief animator of the crows, used famous African-American dancers Freddie and Eugene Jackson as live-action reference for the characters. The personalities and mannerisms of the crows—specifically their fast-paced, back and forth dialogue—were inspired by the backchat found on the band records ofCab CallowayandLouis Armstrong.Karina Longworth,exploring the history ofSong of the Southin her podcastYou Must Remember This,discussed the basis of the crows inminstrel showculture, as part of a wider use of minstrel culture byWalt Disney.

The crow characters have been praised by a number of critical sources. The animation historianJohn Canemakerfelt that the crows were amongst the very few characters in the film that sympathize and are empathetic with Dumbo's plight. Being a marginalized ethnic group themselves, they can relate to Dumbo as a fellowoutcast.Canemaker further added that the crows "are the most intelligent, the happiest, the freest spirited characters in the whole film."In 1980, film critic Michael Wilmington referred to the crows as "father figures", self-assured individuals who are "obvious parodies of proletarian blacks", but comments, "The crows are the snappiest, liveliest, most together characters in the film. They are tough and generous. They bow down to no one. And, of course, it is they who teach Dumbo to fly."

In 2017,Whoopi Goldbergexpressed the desire for the crow characters to be more merchandised by Disney, "because those crows sing the song inDumbothat everybody remembers. "In 2019,Floyd Norman,the first African-American animator hired atWalt Disney Productionsduring the 1950s, defended the crows in an article entitledBlack Crows and Other PC Nonsense.

The crows and Timothy Q. Mouse were not included in the 2019 live-action/CGIremake ofDumbo.In 2019, it was reported that an edited version of the animated film without the crows would be featured on the forthcomingDisney+service.The movie streams on Disney+ uncensored, with an advisory in the synopsis warning "it may contain outdated cultural depictions."In 2021, the film was one of several that Disney limited to viewers 7 years and older on their service Disney+, citing similarity of the crows' depictions to "racist minstrel shows".

Awards and nominations

Award	Category	Nominee(s)	Result	Ref.
Academy Awards	Best Scoring of a Musical Picture	Frank ChurchillandOliver Wallace	Won
	Best Original Song	"Baby Mine" Music by Frank Churchill; Lyrics byNed Washington	Nominated
Cannes Film Festival	Best Animation Design	Ben Sharpsteen	Won
National Board of Review Awards	Top Ten Films		5th Place
National Film Preservation Board	National Film Registry		Inducted
Online Film & Television Association Awards	Hall of Fame – Motion Picture		Inducted

Media and merchandise

Dumbo's Circus

Main article:Dumbo's Circus

Dumbo's Circusis a live-action/puppettelevision series for preschool audiences that aired onThe Disney Channelin the 1980s. Unlike in the film, Dumbo spoke on the show. Each character would perform a special act, which ranged from dancing and singing to tellingknock knock jokes.

Books

• Walt Disney's Dumbo: Happy to Help:(ISBN0-7364-1129-1) A picture book published by Random House Disney, written by Liane Onish and illustrated by Peter Emslie. It was published January 23, 2001. This paperback is for children aged 4–8. Twenty-four pages long, its 0.08 of an inch thick, and with cover dimensions of 7.88 x 7.88 inches.
• Walt Disney's Dumbo Book of Opposites:(ISBN0-307-06149-3) A book published in August 1997 byGolden Booksunder theGolden Board Bookbrand. It was written by Alan Benjamin, illustrated by Peter Emslie, and edited by Heather Lowenberg. Twelve pages long and a quarter of an inch thick, this board edition book had dimensions of 7.25 x 6.00 inches.
• Walt Disney's Dumbo the Circus Baby:(ISBN0-307-12397-9) A book published in September 1993 byGolden Pressunder the A Golden Sturdy Shape Book brand. Illustrated by Peter Emslie and written by Diane Muldrow, this book is meant for babies and preschoolers. Twelve pages long and half an inch thick, this book's cover size is 9.75 x 6.25 inches.

Theme parks

Dumbo the Flying Elephant,as it appears inHong Kong Disneyland.

Dumbo the Flying Elephantis a popular ride that appears inDisneyland,Walt Disney World'sMagic Kingdom,Tokyo Disneyland,Disneyland Park (Paris),andHong Kong Disneyland.It is located inFantasyland.

TheCasey Jr. Circus Trainis an attraction found atDisneylandandDisneyland Paris.

In June 2009, Disneyland introduced a flying Dumbo to their nighttime fireworks show, in which the elephant flies aroundSleeping Beauty Castlewhile fireworks synched to music go off.

Casey Junior is the second float in the Main Street Electrical Parade and its versions. Casey, driven by Goofy, pulls a drum with the parade logo andMickey MouseandMinnie Mouse.

Video games

The Ringmaster appears as one of four villains in the 1999 PC gameDisney's Villains' Revenge.In the game, theDisney Villainsalter the happy endings fromJiminy Cricket's book; in particular, the Ringmaster forces Dumbo to endlessly perform humiliating stunts in his circus. In the end, the Ringmaster is defeated when he is knocked unconscious by a well-aimed custard pie.

Dumbo appears in the popularPlayStation 2gameKingdom Heartsreleased in 2002 in the form of a summon that the player can call upon in battle for aid.Sora,the protagonist, flies on Dumbo while he splashes enemies with water from his trunk.Dumbo reprises his role as a summon in the follow-up gameKingdom Hearts: Chain of Memoriesreleased in 2004 for theGame Boy Advance.

Dumbo, Timothy Q. Mouse, the Ringmaster, Mrs. Jumbo, and Mr. Stork appear as playable characters in theworld buildervideo gameDisney Magic Kingdoms,as part of the main storyline of the game.

Cancelled sequel

In 2001, the "60th Anniversary Edition" DVD ofDumbofeatured a sneak peek of the proposed sequelDumbo II,including new character designs and storyboards. Robert C. Ramirez (Joseph: King of Dreams) was to direct the sequel, in which Dumbo and his circus friends navigated a large city after being left behind by their traveling circus.Dumbo IIalso sought to explain what happened to Dumbo's father, Mr. Jumbo. Dumbo's circus friends included the chaotic twin bears Claude and Lolly, the curious zebra Dot, the older, independent hippo Godfry, and the adventurous ostrich Penny. The animals were metaphors for the different stages of childhood.Dumbo IIwas supposed to be set on the day immediately following the end of the firstDumbomovie.John LassetercancelledDumbo II,soon after being named Chief Creative Officer ofWalt Disney Animation Studiosin 2006.

Live-action adaptation

Main article:Dumbo (2019 film)

On July 8, 2014,Walt Disney Picturesannounced that alive-action adaptationofDumbowas in development. In the same announcement,Ehren Krugerwas confirmed as the screenwriter, as well as co-producer with Justin Springer.On March 10, 2015,Tim Burtonwas announced as the director.On January 11, 2017, it was reported thatWill Smithwas in talks to star in the remake as the father of some children who befriend Dumbo.That same day, it was revealed thatTom Hankshad reportedly been offered to play the film's villain.The following month, it was announced that Smith would not be starring in the film.Smith passed on the project due to a disagreement over salary and scheduling as well as to star inBad Boys for Life.He played the role ofGeniein the2019 live-action remake ofAladdin.In March 2017, it was reported thatEva Greenwas in talks to play a trapeze artist.Following this announcement,Danny DeVitowas cast as a ringleader named Medici.Two weeks later, it was reported thatColin Farrellhad entered negotiations to play the role of Holt, which was originally offered to Will Smith.On April 4, 2017,Michael Keaton,Burton's former frequent collaborator, entered talks to star as the villain.Keaton confirmed his involvement with the film on June 26, 2017.Filming took place at Cardington Studios inBedfordshire, England.On July 15, 2017, Disney announced the casting for all of the principal roles and that the film would be released on March 29, 2019.DeObia Oparei,Joseph GattandAlan Arkinalso play new characters created for the film.

See also

• Seeing pink elephants
• Roles of mothers in Disney media

References

General sources

• Barrier, Michael (1999).Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age.Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-198-02079-0.
• Barrier, Michael (2008).The Animated Man: A Life of Walt Disney.University of California Press.ISBN978-0-520-25619-4.
• Gabler, Neal (2006).Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination.Vintage Books.ISBN978-0-679-75747-4.
• Shull, Michael S.; Wilt, David E. (2004)."Filmography 1941".Doing Their Bit: Wartime American Animated Short Films, 1939-1945.McFarland & Company.ISBN978-0-786-48169-9.

External links

• Official website
• Dumboat theAFI Catalog of Feature Films
• Helen R. Durney collectionatSyracuse University- the original sketches for theDumboRoll-a-Book.
• DumboatIMDb
• DumboatRotten Tomatoes
• DumboatBox Office Mojo