Wikipedia

E. Howard Hunt

Everette Howard Hunt Jr.(October 9, 1918 – January 23, 2007) was an Americanintelligence officerand author. From 1949 to 1970, Hunt served as an officer in theCentral Intelligence Agency(CIA), where he was a central figure inU.S. regime change in Latin Americaincluding the1954 Guatemalan coup d'étatand the 1961Bay of Pigs InvasioninCuba.Along withG. Gordon Liddy,Frank Sturgis,and others, Hunt was one of theNixon administration's so-calledWhite House Plumbers,a team of operatives charged with identifying governmentleaksto outside parties.

Howard Hunt
Hunt in September 1973
Born
Everette Howard Hunt Jr.

(1918-10-09)October 9, 1918
Hamburg, New York,U.S.
DiedJanuary 23, 2007(2007-01-23)(aged 88)
Miami,Florida, U.S.
EducationBrown University(BA)
Criminal charge(s)Conspiracy,burglary, illegalwiretapping
Criminal penalty2.5 to 8 years
Paroled after 33 months
Spouse(s)Dorothy Wetzel (died 1972)
Laura Martin
Children4 (with Wetzel)
2 (with Martin)
Espionage activity
AllegianceUnited States
Service branchUnited States Navy
United States Army Air Forces
Office of Strategic Services
Central Intelligence Agency
White House Plumbers
Service years1940–1945 (Army)
1949–1970 (CIA)
Codename
  • Robert Dietrich
  • Gordon Davis
  • David St. John
  • Edward Warren
  • Edward J. Hamilton
  • Hugh W. Newstead
  • Eduardo
Operations1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
Brigade 2506
Watergate scandal

Hunt and Liddy plotted the Watergate burglaries and other clandestine operations for the Nixon administration. In theWatergate scandal,Hunt was convicted of burglary,conspiracy,andwiretapping,and was sentenced to 33 months in prison. After his release, Hunt lived inMexicoand thenMiamiuntil his death in January 2007.

Early life and education

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Hunt's birthplace inHamburg, New York

Hunt was born inHamburg, New York,[1]the son of Ethel Jean (Totterdale) and Everette Howard Hunt Sr., an attorney andRepublican Partyofficial.

He attendedHamburg High SchoolinHamburg,where he graduated in 1936 along with fellow classmateHoward J. Osborn.[2][3]He then attendedBrown University,anIvy Leagueuniversity inProvidence, Rhode Island,where he graduated in 1940.

Career

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U.S. military and OSS

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DuringWorld War II,Hunt served in theU.S. Navyon the destroyerUSSMayoand theU.S. Army Air Corps.He also served inChinawith theOffice of Strategic Services(OSS), the precursor to theCentral Intelligence Agency.[4]

Author

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Hunt was a prolific author, publishing 73 books during his lifetime.[5]During and after World War II, he wrote several novels under his own name, includingEast of Farewell(1942),Limit of Darkness(1944),Stranger in Town(1947),Maelstrom(1949)Bimini Run(1949), andThe Violent Ones(1950). He also wrotespyandhardboilednovels under an array of pseudonyms, includingRobert Dietrich,Gordon Davis,David St. John,andP. S. Donoghue.

Some parallels exist between Hunt's writings and his experiences during theWatergate scandaland espionage.[6]He continued his writing career after he was released from prison, publishing nearly twenty spy thrillers between 1980 and 2000.[1][7]

In 1946, Hunt was awarded aGuggenheim Fellowshipfor his writing.

Economic Cooperation Administration

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Prior to 1949, Hunt served as an officer in the Information Division of theEconomic Cooperation Administration,a predecessor of theMutual Security Agency.[8]

Central Intelligence Agency

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Shortly following the end ofWorld War II,the OSS was disbanded. In 1947, with theCold Waremerging and intensifying, the absence of a central intelligence organization was seen as a national security deficiency, and theCentral Intelligence Agency(CIA) was formed. In October 1949, just asWarner Bros.acquired the rights to Hunt's novelBimini Run,Hunt joined the CIA'sOffice of Policy Coordination(OPC). He was assigned as acovert actionofficer specializing in political action and influence in what later came to be the CIA'sSpecial Activities Center.[9]

Mexico City

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Further information:Operation PBFortune

In 1950, Hunt was appointed OPC Station Chief inMexico City,where he recruited and supervisedWilliam F. Buckley Jr.,who worked under Hunt[10]in his OPC Station inMexicofrom 1951 to 1952. Buckley and Hunt remained lifelong friends, and Buckley became godfather to Hunt's first three children.[11]

InMexico,Hunt helped lay the framework forOperation PBFortune,later renamedOperation PBSuccess,the successful covert operation to overthrowJacobo Árbenz,the democratically elected president ofGuatemala.Hunt would later said, "What we wanted to do was to have a terror campaign, to terrify Arbenz particularly, to terrify his troops, much as the GermanStukabombers terrified the population of Holland, Belgium and Poland. "[12][13]

Hunt was then assigned as Chief of Covert Action inJapan,and later as Chief of Station inUruguay,where he was noted by American diplomatic contemporary Samuel F. Hart for controversial working methods.[1]

Bay of Pigs invasion

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Further information:Bay of Pigs Invasion

Hunt was subsequently assigned responsibility for organizingCuban exileleaders in the United States into a suitably representative government-in-exile that would, after theBay of Pigs Invasion,form a pro-American government that could replaceFidel Castro.[14]

Planning for the Bay of Pigs invasion began during theEisenhower administration,but Hunt was later bitter about what he perceived as PresidentJohn F. Kennedy's lack of commitment to the operation, which was designed to attack and overthrow the Castro government.[15]In his semi-fictional autobiography,Give Us This Day,Hunt wrote, "The Kennedy administration yielded Castro all the excuse he needed to gain a tighter grip on the island ofJosé Martí,then moved shamefacedly into the shadows and hoped the Cuban issue would simply melt away. "

In 1959, Hunt helpedCIA DirectorAllen W. DulleswriteThe Craft of Intelligence.[16]The following year, in 1960, Hunt establishedBrigade 2506,a CIA-sponsored group of Cuban exiles formed to attempt the military overthrow of the Castro's government inCuba.The Bay of Pigs invasion commenced on April 17, 1961, but was quickly aborted and viewed as a fiasco. Hunt was then reassigned as executive assistant to Dulles.[17] In 1961, President Kennedy fired Dulles for the failed Bay of Pigs invasion.

Hunt then served from 1962 to 1964 as the first Chief of Covert Action for the CIA's Domestic Operations Division (DODS).

In 1974, Hunt toldThe New York Timesthat he worked for DODS for approximately four years, beginning in 1962, shortly after the agency's establishment by the Kennedy administration over the objection ofRichard HelmsandThomas H. Karamessines.Hunt said that the division was assembled shortly after the Bay of Pigs operation, and that "many men connected with that failure were shunted into the new domestic unit." He said that some of his projects from 1962 to 1966 dealt largely with subsidizing and manipulating news and publishing organizations in the United States, which he said "did seem to violate the intent of the agency's charter."[18]

In 1964,John A. McCone,then deputy chief of intelligence at the CIA, directed Hunt to take a special assignment as aNon-official coverofficer inMadrid,Spain, tasked with creating an American answer toIan Fleming'sBritish MI-6James Bondnovel series. While in Spain, Hunt was covered as a recently retiredU.S. State DepartmentForeign Service Officerwho moved his family to Spain in order to write the first installment of the nine-novel Peter Ward series,On Hazardous Duty,published in 1965.

After a year and a half in Spain, Hunt returned to his assignment at DODS. Following a brief tenure on the Special Activities Staff of the Western European Division, he became Chief of Covert Action for the region in July 1968, and was based in theWashington metropolitan area.Hunt was lauded for his "sagacity, balance and imagination", and received the second-highest rating of Strong signifying "performance... characterized by exceptional proficiency" in a performance review from the Division's Chief of Operations in April 1969. However, this was downgraded to the third-highest rating of "Adequate" in an amended review from the Division's Deputy Chief, who recognized Hunt's "broad experience" but opined that "a series of personal and taxing problems" had "tended to dull his cutting edge."[19]

Hunt later said that he "had been stigmatized by the Bay of Pigs", and had come to terms with the fact that he "would not get promoted too much higher."[20]

In his final years with the CIA, Hunt began to cultivate new contacts in society and the business world.[20]While serving as vice president ofBrown University's club inWashington, D.C.,he befriended and commenced a strong association with the organization's president, former congressional aideCharles Colson,who was working onRichard Nixon's presidential campaign.[21]

CIA retirement

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Hunt retired from the CIA at the pay grade ofGS-15,Step 8[22]on April 30, 1970.

After retiring from the CIA, Hunt neglected to elect survivorship benefits for his wife. In April 1971, he requested to retroactively amend his election but was rebuffed by the agency. In a May 5, 1972, letter to CIA General Counsel Lawrence Houston, Hunt raised the possibility of returning to active duty for a short period of time in exchange for activating the benefits upon his proposed second retirement. Houston advised Hunt in his May 16, 1972, response that this "would be in violation of the spirit of the CIA Retirement Act".[22]

Robert R. Mullen Company

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Further information:Robert Mullen Company

Immediately following his retirement, Hunt went to work for theRobert R. Mullen Company,which cooperated with the CIA;H. R. Haldeman,White House Chief of Staffto President Nixon, wrote in 1978 that the Mullen Company was in fact a CIA front company, a fact that was apparently unknown to Haldeman while he worked in theWhite House.[23]Through CIA's ProjectQKENCHANT,Hunt obtained a Covert Security Approval to handle the firm's affairs during Mullen's absence from Washington.[24][25]

White House

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In 1971, Colson, who was then director of Nixon'sOffice of Public Liaison,hired Hunt, where he joined theWhite House Special Investigations Unit,specializing in political sabotage.[4]

Hunt's first assignment for theWhite Housewas a covert operation to break into theLos Angelesoffice ofDaniel Ellsberg'spsychiatrist,Lewis J. Fielding.[26]In July 1971, Fielding refused a request from theFederal Bureau of Investigationfor psychiatric data on Ellsberg.[27]Hunt and Liddy cased the building in late August.[28]The burglary, on September 3, 1971, was not detected, but no Ellsberg files were found.[29]

In the summer of 1971, Colson authorized Hunt to travel toNew Englandto seek potentially scandalous information on SenatorEdward Kennedyrelated toChappaquiddick incidentand Kennedy's possible extramarital affairs.[23]Hunt sought and used CIA disguises and other equipment for the project.[30]The mission eventually proved unsuccessful, with little useful information uncovered by Hunt.[23]

Hunt's White House duties included assassinations-relateddisinformation.In September 1971, Hunt forged top-secretU.S. State Departmentcables designed to prove that President Kennedy had personally and specifically ordered the assassination ofSouth VietnamPresidentNgo Dinh Diemand his brother,Ngô Đình Nhu,during the1963 South Vietnamese coup.He offered the forged documents to aLifemagazine reporter.[31]Hunt later told theSenate Watergate Committeein 1973 that he fabricated the cables to show a link between President Kennedy and the assassination of Diem, a Catholic, to estrange Catholic voters from the Democratic Party, after Colson suggested he "might be able to improve upon the record."[32]

In 1972, on Colson's orders, Hunt andG. Gordon Liddywere part of an assassination plot targeting journalistJack Anderson.[33]Nixon disliked Anderson because Anderson published a1960 election-evestory about a secret loan fromHoward Hughesto Nixon's brother,[34]which Nixon believed was a factor in his election defeat toJohn F. Kennedy.Hunt and Liddy met with a CIA operative and discussed methods of assassinating Anderson, which included covering Anderson's car steering wheel withLSDto drug him and cause a fatal accident,[4]poisoning his aspirin bottle, and staging a fatal robbery. The assassination plot never materialized because Hunt and Liddy were arrested for their involvement in the Watergate scandal later that year.

Watergate scandal

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Main article:Watergate scandal

Seymour Hershreported inThe New Yorkerthat the Nixon White House tapes show that, following the assassination attempt onGeorge Wallaceon May 15, 1972, Nixon and Colson agreed to send Hunt to theMilwaukeehome of the gunman,Arthur Bremer,to placeMcGovernpresidential campaign material there. The intention was to link Bremer with the Democrats. Hersh wrote that, in a taped conversation:

Nixon is energized and excited by what seems to be the ultimate political dirty trick: the FBI and the Milwaukee police will be convinced, and will tell the world, that the attempted assassination of Wallace had its roots in left-wing Democratic politics.

Hunt did not make the trip, however, because the FBI moved quickly to seal Bremer's apartment and place it under police guard.[35]

In his memoir Hunt reports that the day after the assassination he received a call fromChuck Colson,asking him to break into Bremer's apartment and plant "leftist literature to connect him to the Democrats". Hunt recalls that he was highly sceptical of the plan due to the apartment being guarded by the FBI but investigated the feasibility of it anyway due to Colson's insistence.[36]

Later that year, Hunt organized the bugging of theDemocratic National Committeeat theWatergate complexoffice building.[37]On June 18, 1972, five burglars were arrested by police at the Watergate. Hunt and Liddy were indicted on federal charges three months later.

Hunt put pressure on the White House and theCommittee for the Re-Election of the Presidentfor cash payments to cover legal fees, family support, and expenses, for himself and his fellow burglars. Key Nixon figures, including Haldeman, Charles Colson,Herbert W. Kalmbach,John Mitchell,Fred LaRue,andJohn Deaneventually became entangled in the payoff schemes. Large sums of money were passed to Hunt and his accomplices in an attempt to secure their silence at the trial, by pleading guilty to avoid prosecutors' questions, and afterwards.[38]

The Washington PostandThe New York Timeslater reported on the payoff scheme, publishing many articles that proved to be the beginning of the end for the cover-up since prosecutors felt obligated to follow up on the media reports. Hunt also pressured Colson, Dean, andJohn Ehrlichmanto ask Nixon for clemency in sentencing, and eventual presidential pardons for himself and his Watergate break-in partners, which eventually helped implicate and snare those higher up.[39]

Hunt was sentenced to 30 months to eight years in prison for his role in the Watergate scandal,[40]and spent 33 months in prison atFederal Correctional Complex, Allenwoodand the low-security Federal Prison Camp atEglin Air Force Base,Florida, on a conspiracy charge; he arrived at the Eglin Air Force Base prison on April 25, 1975.[41]While at Allenwood, Hunt suffered a mildstroke.[42]

JFK conspiracy allegations

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Hunt supported theWarren Commission's conclusion thatLee Harvey Oswaldacted alone in theassassination of John F. Kennedy.[43]

Three tramps

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Main article:Three tramps
E. Howard Hunt and one of the three tramps arrested after theassassination of President Kennedy

Shortly after theassassination of John F. KennedyinDallas,The Dallas Morning News,theDallas Times Herald,and theFort Worth Star-Telegramphotographed threetransientsunder police escort near theTexas School Book Depository.[44]The men were later known as thethree tramps.[45]

According toVincent Bugliosi,allegations that these men were involved in a conspiracy originated from theoristRichard E. Spraguewho compiled the photographs in 1966 and 1967, and subsequently turned them over toJim Garrisonduring hisinvestigation of Clay Shaw.[45]Appearing before a nationwide audience on the December 31, 1968, episode ofThe Tonight Show,Garrison held up a photo of the three and suggested they were involved in the assassination.[45]

Several years later, in 1974, assassination researchersAlan J. Webermanand Michael Canfield compared photographs of the men to people they believed to be suspects involved in a conspiracy and said that two of the men were Hunt and fellow Watergate conspiratorFrank Sturgis.[46]In 1975, comedian and civil rights activistDick Gregoryhelped bring national media attention to the allegations against Hunt and Sturgis after obtaining the comparison photographs from Weberman and Canfield.[46]Immediately after obtaining the photographs, Gregory held a press conference that received considerable coverage, including inRolling StoneandNewsweek.[46][47]

In 1975, theU.S. President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United States,also known as the Rockefeller Commission, investigated the allegation that Hunt and Sturgis, on behalf of the CIA, participated in Kennedy's assassination.[48]The commission's final report stated that witnesses testified that the derelicts bore a resemblance to Hunt or Sturgis "were not shown to have any qualifications in photo identification beyond that possessed by an average layman".[49]Their report also stated that FBI Agent Lyndal L. Shaneyfelt, "a nationally-recognized expert in photoidentification and photoanalysis" with the FBI photographic laboratory, had concluded from photo comparison that none of the men was Hunt or Sturgis.[50]

In 1979, theU.S. House Select Committee on Assassinationsreported that forensic anthropologists had again analyzed and compared the photographs of the tramps with those of Hunt and Sturgis and also with photographs of Thomas Vallee, Daniel Carswell, andFred Lee Chrisman.[51]According to the committee, only Chrisman resembled any of the tramps, but determined that he was not inDealey Plazaon the day of Kennedy's assassination.[51]

In 1992, journalist Mary La Fontaine discovered the November 22, 1963, arrest records that the Dallas Police Department had released in 1989, which named the three men as Gus W. Abrams, Harold Doyle, and John F. Gedney.[52]According to the arrest reports, the three men were "taken off a boxcar in the railroad yards right after President Kennedy was shot", detained as "investigative prisoners", described as unemployed and passing through Dallas, then released four days later.[52]

Compulsive Spy

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In 1973,Viking PresspublishedCompulsive Spy,a book about Hunt's career, byTad Szulc,a former correspondent forThe New York Times.[53]Szulc wrote that unnamed CIA sources told him that Hunt, working withRolando Cubela Secades,had a role in coordinating the assassination of Castro during an aborted second invasion of Cuba after the failed Bay of Pigs invasion.[53]Szulc wrote that Hunt was the acting chief of the CIA station in Mexico City in 1963 whileLee Harvey Oswaldwas also in Mexico City.[54][55][nb 1]

In June 1975, the Rockefeller Commission investigated allegations that the CIA, including Hunt, may have had contact with Oswald orJack Ruby,[57]concluding that one "witness testified that E. Howard Hunt was Acting Chief of a CIA Station in Mexico City in 1963, implying that hecouldhave had contact with Oswald when Oswald visited Mexico City in September 1963. "[58]The report concluded, however, that there was "no credible evidence" of CIA involvement in the assassination, reporting that, "At no time was [Hunt] ever the Chief, or Acting Chief, of a CIA Station in Mexico City.[58]

Released in the Fall of 1975 after the Rockefeller Commission's report, Weberman and Canfield's bookCoup d'Etat in Americareiterated Szulc's allegation.[55][nb 2]

In July 1976, Hunt filed a $2.5 million libel suit against the authors and the book's publishers and editor.[59]According toEllis Rubin,Hunt's attorney who filed the suit in a Miami federal court, the book said that Hunt took part in the assassination of Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr.[59]

As part of his suit, Hunt filed alegal actionin theUnited States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginiain September 1978 requesting that Szulc be cited forcontemptif he refused to divulge his sources.[54]Three months earlier, Szulc stated in a deposition that he refused to name his sources due to "the professional confidentiality of sources" and"journalistic privilege".[54]Rubin said that knowing the source of the allegation that Hunt was in Mexico City in 1963 was important because Szulc's passage "is what everybody uses as an authority... he's cited in everything written on E. Howard Hunt".[54]He added that rumors that Hunt was involved in the Kennedy assassination might be put to end if Szulc's source was revealed.[54]Stating that Hunt had not provided a sufficient reason to override Szulc'sFirst Amendment rights to protect the confidentiality of his sources,Albert Vickers Bryan Jr.,the U.S. District Court judge, ruled in favor of Szulc.[55]

Libel suit: Liberty Lobby andThe Spotlight

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On November 3, 1978, Hunt gave a security-classified deposition for the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA). He denied knowledge of any conspiracy to kill Kennedy. TheAssassination Records Review Board(ARRB) released the deposition in February 1996.[60]Two newspaper articles published a few months before the deposition stated that a 1966 CIA memo linking Hunt to the assassination of President Kennedy had recently been provided to the HSCA. The first article, byVictor Marchetti– author of the bookThe CIA and the Cult of Intelligence(1974) – appeared in theLiberty LobbynewspaperThe Spotlighton August 14, 1978.

According to Marchetti, the memo said in essence, "Some day we will have to explain Hunt's presence in Dallas on November 22, 1963."[61]He also wrote that Hunt, Frank Sturgis andGerry Patrick Hemmingwould soon be implicated in a conspiracy to kill John F. Kennedy.

The second article, by Joseph J. Trento and Jacquie Powers, appeared six days later in the Sunday edition ofThe News Journal,Wilmington, Delaware.[62]It alleged that the purported memo was initialed byRichard HelmsandJames Angletonand showed that, shortly after Helms and Angleton were elevated to their highest positions in the CIA, they discussed the fact that Hunt had been inDallason the day of theKennedy assassinationand that his presence there had to be kept secret. However, nobody has been able to produce this supposed memo, and theUnited States President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United Statesdetermined that Hunt had been inWashington, D.C.,on the day of the assassination.[63]

Hunt sued Liberty Lobby – but not theSunday News Journal– forlibel.Liberty Lobby stipulated, in this first trial, that the question of Hunt's alleged involvement in the assassination would not be contested.[64]Hunt prevailed and was awarded $650,000 damages. In 1983, however, the case was overturned on appeal because of error in jury instructions.[65]

In a second trial, held in 1985,Mark Lanemade an issue of Hunt's location on the day of the Kennedy assassination.[66]Lane successfully defended Liberty Lobby by producing evidence suggesting that Hunt had been in Dallas. He used depositions fromDavid Atlee Phillips,Richard Helms, Liddy,Stansfield TurnerandMarita Lorenz,plus across-examinationof Hunt. On retrial, the jury rendered a verdict for Liberty Lobby.[67]

Lane claimed he convinced the jury that Hunt was a JFK assassination conspirator, but some of the jurors who were interviewed by the media said they disregarded the conspiracy theory and judged the case (according to the judge's jury instructions) on whether the article was published with "reckless disregard for the truth."[68]Lane outlined his theory about Hunt's and the CIA's role in Kennedy's murder in a 1991 book,Plausible Denial.[69]

Mitrokhin Archive

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Main article:Mitrokhin Archive

Former KGBarchivistVasili Mitrokhinindicated in 1999 that Hunt was made part of a fabricated conspiracy theory disseminated by a Soviet "active measures"program designed to discredit the CIA and the United States.[70][71]According to Mitrokhin, the KGB created a forged letter from Oswald to Hunt implying that the two were linked as conspirators, then forwarded copies of it to "three of the most active conspiracy buffs" in 1975.[70]Mitrokhin indicated that the photocopies were accompanied by a fake cover letter from an anonymous source alleging that the original had been given to FBI DirectorClarence M. Kelleyand was apparently being suppressed.[70]

Kerry Thornley's memoir

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According toKerry Thornley,who served with Oswald in the Marine Corps and wrote the biographical bookThe Idle Warriorsabout him before the assassination of the president (the manuscript was seized during the investigation and was kept as physical evidence for a long time).[72]

Thornley met regularly met with a man inNew Orleansknown to him as Gary Kirstein, with whom they discussed the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Also, according to Thornley, Kirstein in those years wanted to organize the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. and planned to "frame a jailbird for it."[73]In "Confession to Conspiracy to Assassinate JFK by Kerry Thornley as told toSondra London"he said that after Watergate, when photos of Howard Hunt appeared in the media, he found that he was very similar to his acquaintance Kirstein, along with whom they discussed organizing the assassination of the president.[74]

Deathbed confession of involvement in Kennedy assassination

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After Hunt's death, Howard St. John Hunt and David Hunt stated that their father had recorded several claims about himself and others being involved in a conspiracy to assassinate John F. Kennedy.[4][75]Notes and audio recordings were made.

In the April 5, 2007, issue ofRolling Stone,St. John Hunt detailed a number of individuals purported to be implicated by his father, includingLyndon B. Johnson,Cord Meyer,David Atlee Phillips, Frank Sturgis,David Morales,Antonio Veciana,William Harvey,and an assassin he termed "French gunman grassy knoll"who many presume isLucien Sarti.[4][76]The two sons alleged that their father cut the information from his memoirs to avoid possible perjury charges.[75]According to Hunt's widow and other children, the two sons took advantage of Hunt's loss of lucidity by coaching and exploiting him for financial gain and furthermore falsified accounts of Hunt's supposed confession.[75]TheLos Angeles Timessaid they examined the materials offered by the sons to support the story and found them to be "inconclusive".[75]

Memoir:American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate, and Beyond

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Hunt's memoir,American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate, and Beyond,[77]was ghost-written by Greg Aunapu and published byJohn Wiley & Sonsin March 2007.[78]

According to the Hunt Literary Estate, Hunt had intended to write an update to his 1974 autobiographyUndercoverand supplement this edition with post-9/11 reflections, but by the time he had embarked on the project, he was too ill to continue. This prompted John Wiley & Sons to search for and hire a ghost writer to write the book in its entirety. According to St. John Hunt, it was he who suggested to his father the idea of a memoir to reveal what he knew about the Kennedy assassination, but the Hunt Literary Estate disputes this as scurrilous.[75]

The foreword toAmerican Spywas written byWilliam F. Buckley Jr.[79]According to Buckley, he was asked through an intermediary to write the introduction but declined after he found that the manuscript contained material "that suggested transgressions of the highest order, including a hint that LBJ might have had a hand in the plot to assassinate President Kennedy."[79]He stated that the work "was clearly ghostwritten", and eventually agreed to write an introduction focusing on his early friendship with Hunt after he received a revised manuscript "with the loony grassy-knoll bits chiseled out".[79]

Publishers WeeklycalledAmerican Spya "breezy, unrepentant memoir" and described it as a "nostalgic memoir [that] breaks scant new ground in an already crowded field".[80]Tim Ruttenof theLos Angeles Timessaid it was "a bitter and self-pitying memoir" and "offers a rather standard account of how men of his generation became involved in intelligence work".[81]

Referencing the book's title,Tim WeinerofThe New York Timeswrote: "American Spyis presented as a 'secret history,' a double-barreled misrepresentation. There are no real secrets in this book. As history it is bunk. "[82]Weiner said that the author's examination of the Kennedy assassination was the low-point of the book, indicating that Hunt pretended to take various conspiracy theories, including the involvement of former President Johnson, seriously.[82]He concluded his review describing it as a work "in a long tradition of arrant nonsense" and "a book to shun".[82]Joseph C. Goulden ofThe Washington Timesdescribed it as a "true mess of a book" and dismissed Hunt's allegations against Johnson as "fantasy".[83]Goulden summarized his review: "I wish now that I had not read this pathetic book. Avoid it."[83]

Writing forThe Christian Science Monitor,Daniel Schorrsaid "Hunt tells most of his Watergate venture fairly straight".[84]Contrasting this opinion,Politico's James Rosen described the chapters regarding Watergate as the "[m]ost problematic" and wrote: "There are numerous factual errors – misspelled names, wrong dates, phantom participants in meetings, fictitious orders given – and the authors never substantively address, only pause occasionally to demean, the vast scholarly literature that has arisen in the last two decades to explain the central mystery of Watergate."[85]

Rosen's review was not entirely negative and he indicated that the book "succeeds in taking readers beyond the caricatures and conspiracy theories to preserve the valuable memory of Hunt as he really was: passionate patriot; committed Cold Warrior; a lover of fine food, wine and women; incurable intriguer, wicked wit and superb storyteller."[85]Dennis Lythgoe ofDeseret Newssaid "[t]he writing style is awkward and often embarrassing", but that "the book as a whole is a fascinating look into the mind of one of the major Watergate figures".[86]InNational Review,Mark RieblingpraisedAmerican Spyas "the only autobiography I know of that convincingly conveys what it was like to be an American spy."[87]

The Boston GlobewriterMartin Nolancalled it "admirable and important" and said that Hunt "presents a livelier, tabloid version of the 1970s".[88]According to Nolan: "It is the best moment-by-moment depiction of the June 17, 1972, burglary of Democratic National Committee headquarters I have ever read."[88]

Canadian journalistDavid Giammarcointerviewed Hunt for the December 2000 issue ofCigar Aficionadomagazine.[89]Hunt later wrote the foreword to Giammarco's bookFor Your Eyes Only: Behind the Scenes of the James Bond Films(ECW Press, 2002).

Hunt was portrayed byEd Harrisin the 1995 biopicNixon.In the 2019 filmThe Irishman,Hunt is portrayed by stage actorDaniel Jenkins.In the2022seriesGaslit,Hunt is portrayed byJ. C. MacKenzie.[90]In the 2023HBOminiseriesWhite House Plumbers,Hunt is played byWoody Harrelson.[91]

A fictionalized account of Hunt's role in the Bay of Pigs operation appears inNorman Mailer's 1991 novelHarlot's Ghost.

On the television seriesThe X-Files,the antagonist known asCigarette Smoking Man(portrayed byWilliam B. Davis) was a shadowy intelligence operative partly modeled on Hunt.[92]The episode "Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man",fleshed out the character's backstory as unsuccessful author of mystery/suspense fiction in his spare time. When meeting Lee Harvey Oswald, prior to the JFK assassination, he goes by the alias 'Mr. Hunt.'[93]

Personal life

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Marriage to Dorothy Wetzel

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Hunt's first wife, Dorothy Louise (née Wetzel) Day Goutiere, was born on April 1, 1920, inDayton, Ohio.[94]Wetzel was a CIA employee inShanghai,and later served as secretary[95]toW. Averell Harrimanin Paris during theMarshall Plan.Hunt and Wetzel had four children, including two daughters, Lisa and Kevan, and two sons, St. John and David.[96]

Dorothy Hunt was killed in the December 8, 1972,[97]crash ofUnited Airlines Flight 553inChicago.Congress,the FBI and theNational Transportation Safety Board(NTSB) investigated the crash, and concluded that the crash was caused by accidental crew error.[98]

Some sources have suggested and stated that "much more than"[99]$10,000 in cash was found in Dorothy Hunt's handbag in the wreckage.[100]

Marriage to Laura Martin

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Hunt later married teacher Laura Martin, with whom he raised two more children, Austin and Hollis. Following his release from prison, he and Laura moved toGuadalajara,Mexico, where they lived for five years before returning to the United States, where they settled inMiami.[101]

Death

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Hunt's grave marker inHamburg, New York

On January 23, 2007, Hunt died ofpneumoniainMiami,at age 88.[1][102]He is buried in Prospect Lawn Cemetery in his hometown of Hamburg, New York.[103][104]

Books

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Nonfiction

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Book contributions

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  • Foreword toFor Your Eyes Only: Behind the Scenes of the James Bond Films,byDavid Giammarco(2002)

Novels as Howard Hunt or E. Howard Hunt

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  • East of Farewell(1942)
  • Limit of Darkness(1944)
  • Stranger in Town(1947)
  • Calculated Risk: A Play(as Howard Hunt) (1948)
  • Maelstrom(as Howard Hunt). (1948)
  • Bimini Run(1949)
  • The Violent Ones(1950)
  • The Berlin Ending: A Novel of Discovery(1973)
  • Hargrave Deception / E. Howard Hunt(1980)
  • Gaza Intercept / E. Howard Hunt(1981)
  • Cozumel / E. Howard Hunt(1985)
  • Kremlin Conspiracy / E. Howard Hunt(1985)
  • Guadalajara / E. Howard Hunt(1990)
  • Murder in State / E. Howard Hunt(1990)
  • Body Count / E. Howard Hunt(1992)
  • Chinese Red / by E. Howard Hunt(1992)
  • Mazatlán / E. Howard Hunt(1993) (lists former pseudonym P. S. Donoghue on cover)
  • Ixtapa / E. Howard Hunt(1994)
  • Islamorada / E. Howard Hunt(1995)
  • Paris Edge / E. Howard Hunt(1995)
  • Izmir / E. Howard Hunt(1996)
  • Dragon Teeth: A Novel / by E. Howard Hunt(1997)
  • Guilty Knowledge / E. Howard Hunt(1999)
  • Sonora / E. Howard Hunt(2000)

As Robert Dietrich

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  • Cheat(1954)
  • One for the Road(1954)
  • Be My Victim(1956)
  • Murder on the rocks: an original novel(1957)
  • House on Q Street(1959)
  • Murder on Her Mind(1960)
  • End of a Stripper(1960)
  • Mistress to Murder(1960)
  • Calypso Caper(1961)
  • Angel Eyes(1961)
  • Curtains for a Lover(1962)
  • My Body(1962)

As P. S. Donoghue

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  • Dublin Affair(1988)
  • Sarkov Confession: a novel(1989)
  • Evil Time(1992)

As David St. John

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  • Festival for Spies
  • The Towers of Silence
  • Return from Vorkuta(1965)
  • The Venus Probe(1966)
  • On Hazardous Duty(1966)
  • One of Our Agents is Missing(1967)
  • Mongol Mask(1968)
  • Sorcerers(1969)
  • Diabolus(1971)
  • Coven(1972)

As Gordon Davis

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  • I Came to Kill(1953)
  • House Dick(1961)
  • Counterfeit Kill(1963)
  • Ring Around Rosy(1964)
  • Where Murder Waits(1965)

As John Baxter

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  • A Foreign Affair.New York:Avon(1954)
  • Unfaithful.New York:Avon(1955)

Further reading

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  • Morley, Jefferson (2022).Scorpions' Dance: The President, the Spymaster, and Watergate.New York: St. Martin's Press.ISBN978-1250275837.
  • Szulc, Tad(1973).Compulsive Spy: The Strange Career of E. Howard Hunt.New York:Viking Press.ISBN978-0670235469.
  • Staff writer (May 20, 1974). "The Spy Whom Nixon Feared."People Weekly.[105]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Szulc wrote: "As I mentioned above, Hunt spent August and September 1963 in Mexico City in charge of the CIA station there."[56]
  2. ^Weberman and Canfield wrote: "According to formerTimesreporter Tad Szulc, Howard Hunt just happened to be CIA station chief in Mexico City in August–September 1963. "

References

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  1. ^abcdWeiner, Tim(January 24, 2007)."E. Howard Hunt, Agent Who Organized Botched Watergate Break-In, Dies at 88".New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on January 18, 2020.RetrievedJuly 7,2015.
  2. ^"Hamburg Senior Class is Large".Buffalo Evening News.No. 21. June 9, 1936.
  3. ^Szulc,Compulsive Spy,p. 56
  4. ^abcdeHedegaard, Erik (April 5, 2007)."The Last Confessions of E. Howard Hunt".Rolling Stone.Archived fromthe originalon June 18, 2008.
  5. ^"E.Howard Hunt: used books, rare books and new books @ BookFinder.com".www.bookfinder.com.Archivedfrom the original on October 30, 2017.RetrievedJanuary 24,2022.
  6. ^Thomas Vinciguerra (January 28, 2007)."You Can Teach a Spy a Novelist's Tricks".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on October 30, 2017.RetrievedJune 15,2020.
  7. ^James Rosen (February 6, 2007)."Howard Hunt's Final Mission".POLITICO.Archivedfrom the original on May 5, 2015.RetrievedJune 15,2020.
  8. ^LetterArchivedNovember 4, 2021, at theWayback Machinefrom Westmore Willcox, Chief of Special Mission, toW. Averell Harriman(November 19, 1949).
  9. ^Prados, John(2006).Safe For Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA,p. xxii.
  10. ^Hendershot, Heather. "Firing Lineand the Black Revolution. "The Moving Image: The Journal of the Association of Moving Image Archivists,vol. 14, no. 2 (Fall 2014), p. 25.JSTOR10.5749/movingimage.14.2.0001."Even as Nixon was trying to wipe out Firing Line with the other public affairs programs, he suggested, at the height of the Watergate scandal, that the administration could get Buckley to write a positive newspaper column about Howard Hunt, under whom Buckley had served in the CIA."
  11. ^William F. Buckley Jr. (January 26, 2007),"Howard Hunt, RIP."ArchivedSeptember 27, 2007, at theWayback Machine.Buckley describes their early friendship in Mexico in his introduction to Hunt's posthumously-published memoir,American Spy.
  12. ^Weiner, Tim (January 24, 2007)."E. Howard Hunt, Agent Who Organized Botched Watergate Break-In, Dies at 88".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on January 18, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 15,2017.
  13. ^State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years.Routledge. p. 121.
  14. ^Tad Szulc,Compulsive Spy: The Strange Career of E. Howard Hunt(New York: Viking, 1974), 78.
  15. ^Rosenberg, Carol (June 28, 2001).Plotter of Bay of Pigs, Watergate conspirator: 'File and forget' Castro.ArchivedMay 28, 2007, at theWayback MachineMiami Herald
  16. ^Szulc,Compulsive Spy,95
  17. ^HSCA Deposition (November 3, 1978)ArchivedSeptember 30, 2022, at theWayback Machine,Part II, p. 6:10–17
  18. ^Seymour M. Hersh, "Hunt Tells of Early Work For a CIA Domestic Unit,"The New York Times(December 31, 1974), p. 1, col. 6.
  19. ^"Archived document"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on November 4, 2021.RetrievedNovember 9,2017.
  20. ^abE. Howard Hunt; Greg Aunapu (February 26, 2007).American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate and Beyond.John Wiley & Sons. p. 157.ISBN978-0-471-78982-6.
  21. ^Hunt,Give Us This Day,13–14
  22. ^ab"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on October 16, 2017.RetrievedOctober 15,2017.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  23. ^abcThe Ends of Power,by H. R. Haldeman with Joseph DiMona, 1978
  24. ^"CIA document. Memorandum"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on August 4, 2021.RetrievedApril 13,2021.
  25. ^"ARRB REQUEST: CIA-IR-06, QKENCHANT".Central Intelligence Agency. May 14, 1996. p. 3. Archived fromthe original(gif)on March 8, 2012.RetrievedJune 11,2010.
  26. ^Szulc,Compulsive Spy,128
  27. ^Szulc,Compulsive Spy,127
  28. ^Szulc,Compulsive Spy,130
  29. ^Szulc,Compulsive Spy,131
  30. ^Marjorie Hunter, "Colson Confirms Backing Kennedy Inquiry but Denies Knowing of Hunt's CIA AidArchivedApril 19, 2021, at theWayback Machine,"New York Times (June 30, 1973), p. 15. | NYT archives
  31. ^Szulc,Compulsive Spy,134–135.
  32. ^David E. Rosenbaum, "Hunt Says He Fabricated Cables on Diem to Link Kennedy to Killing of a Catholic; Testifies Colson Sought To Alienate Democrats," New York Times (September 25, 1973), p. 28.
  33. ^Feldstein, Mark (July 28, 2004)."The Last Muckraker".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on October 14, 2008.RetrievedSeptember 3,2020.
  34. ^Mark Feldstein,"Getting the Scoop"ArchivedDecember 4, 2010, at theWayback Machine,
  35. ^Molotsky, Irvin (December 7, 1992).Article Says Nixon Schemed to Tie Foe to Wallace Attack.ArchivedApril 19, 2021, at theWayback Machine"[T]he agent picked for the mission was E. Howard Hunt."The New York Times
  36. ^Hunt, E. Howard (2007).American spy: my secret history in the CIA, Watergate, and beyond.John WIley & Sons. p. 207.
  37. ^Reynolds, Tim. "Watergate Figure E. Howard Hunt Dies."Associated Press.January 23, 2007.
  38. ^Blind Ambition,by John Dean, New York, 1976,Simon & Schuster
  39. ^All the President's Men,byCarl BernsteinandBob Woodward,New York, 1974, Simon & Schuster
  40. ^"E. Howard Hunt Released After Serving 32 Months".The New York Times.February 24, 1977.Archivedfrom the original on April 19, 2021.RetrievedSeptember 4,2020.
  41. ^Braxton, Sheila, "Hunt Arrives at Eglin – 'Equal Treatment' Is All He Asks",Playground Daily News,Fort Walton Beach, Florida, Sunday April 27, 1975, Volume 30, Number 68, page 1A.
  42. ^Charles W. Colson (September 1, 2008) [1976].Born Again.Chosen Books. p. 247.ISBN978-1-58558-941-8.
  43. ^Mabe, Chauncey (April 12, 1992)."Plumber Sailor, Author Spy".Sun-Sentinel.Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Archived fromthe originalon August 19, 2014.RetrievedAugust 16,2014.
  44. ^Bugliosi, Vincent(2007).Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy.New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p.930.ISBN978-0-393-04525-3.
  45. ^abcBugliosi 2007,p. 930.
  46. ^abcBugliosi 2007,p. 931.
  47. ^Weberman, Alan J;Canfield, Michael (1992) [1975].Coup D'Etat in America: The CIA and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy(Revised ed.). San Francisco: Quick American Archives. p.7.ISBN9780932551108.
  48. ^"Chapter 19: Allegations Concerning the Assassination of President Kennedy".Report to the President by Commission on CIA Activities in the United States.Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. June 1975. p. 251.
  49. ^Report to the President by Commission on CIA Activities in the United States, Chapter 19 1975,p. 256.
  50. ^Report to the President by Commission on CIA Activities in the United States, Chapter 19 1975,p. 257.
  51. ^ab"I.B. Scientific acoustical evidence establishes a high probability that two gunmen fired at President John F. Kennedy. Other scientific evidence does not preclude the possibility of two gunmen firing at the President. Scientific evidence negates some specific conspiracy allegations".Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives.Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 1979. pp. 91–92.Archivedfrom the original on April 3, 2020.RetrievedAugust 26,2017.
  52. ^abBugliosi 2007,p. 933.
  53. ^abCheshire, Maxine (October 7, 1973)."New Book Places Hunt In Second Bay Of Pigs Plot".The Blade.Toledo, Ohio. p. C3.Archivedfrom the original on July 9, 2021.RetrievedApril 12,2015.
  54. ^abcdeSeaberry, Jane (September 6, 1978)."Hunt Sues to Obtain Data Linking Him to Assassination"(PDF).The Washington Post.Washington, D.C. p. A6.Archived(PDF)from the original on November 5, 2021.RetrievedApril 13,2015.
  55. ^abc"Source Ruling Goes Against Hunt".Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.Vol. 52, no. 83. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. AP. November 4, 1978. p. 10.Archivedfrom the original on July 9, 2021.RetrievedApril 13,2015.
  56. ^Szulc, Tad(1974).Compulsive Spy: The Strange Career of E. Howard Hunt.Viking Press. p. 99.ISBN9780670235469.
  57. ^Report to the President by Commission on CIA Activities in the United States, Chapter 19 1975,pp. 267–269.
  58. ^abReport to the President by Commission on CIA Activities in the United States, Chapter 19 1975,pp. 269.
  59. ^ab"Hunt files libel suit over death charges".The Miami News.Miami. AP. July 29, 1976. p. 4A.RetrievedAugust 16,2014.[permanent dead link‍]
  60. ^"Assassination Archive and Research Center".ASSASSINATION ARCHIVES.Archivedfrom the original on October 11, 2007.RetrievedJune 5,2007.
  61. ^Victor Marchetti, "CIA to Admit Hunt Involvement in Kennedy Slaying,"The Spotlight(August 14, 1978)
  62. ^Trento, Joe; Powers, Jacquie (August 28, 1978)."Was Howard Hunt in Dallas the Day JFK Died?"(PDF).Sunday News Journal.Vol. 4, no. 34. p. A-1.Archived(PDF)from the original on April 17, 2021.RetrievedAugust 11,2014.
  63. ^Knuth, Magen."E. Howard Hunt and Frank Sturgis: Were Watergate Conspirators Also JFK Assassins?".Archivedfrom the original on August 29, 2008.RetrievedMay 6,2015.
  64. ^Hunt v. Marchetti, 824 F.2d 916 (11th Cir. 1987)."In arguing that the stipulation should be binding on retrial, Hunt attempts to characterize the statements of theLiberty Lobbyattorney as stipulating to the fact that Hunt was not in Dallas on the day of the Kennedy assassination. The statements, however, are more accurately viewed as a stipulation that the question of Hunt's alleged involvement in the assassination would not be contested at trial. They thus served merely to narrow the factual issues in dispute. "Id. at 917–18 (citations omitted).
  65. ^Hunt v. Liberty Lobby, 720 F.2d 631 (11th Cir. 1983)."Libel Award for Howard Hunt overturned by appeals court," New York Times (December 4, 1983).
  66. ^Hunt v. Marchetti, 824 F.2d 916 (11th Cir. 1987)."Hunt was aware throughout discovery prior to the retrial that Liberty Lobby intended to make Hunt's location on the day of the Kennedy assassination an issue on retrial." Id. at 928.
  67. ^Hunt v. Marchetti, 824 F.2d 916 (11th Cir. 1987)."The jury on retrial rendered a verdict for Liberty Lobby. We affirm." Id. at 918.
  68. ^John McAdams,"Implausible Assertions"ArchivedMay 14, 2021, at theWayback Machine
  69. ^Isaacs, Jeremy (1997).Cold War: Howard Hunt interview excerptsArchivedNovember 6, 2007, at theWayback Machineandfull transcriptArchivedDecember 15, 2004, at theWayback Machine.CNN
  70. ^abcAndrew, Christopher;Mitrokhin, Vasili(2001) [1999]."Fourteen: Political Warfare (Active Measures and the Main Political Adversary)".The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB.New York: Basic Books. pp. 225–230.ISBN978-0-465-00312-9.
  71. ^Trahair, Richard C. S.; Miller, Robert L. (2009) [2004].Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations(First paperback / Revised ed.). New York: Enigma Books. pp. 188–190.ISBN978-1-929631-75-9.
  72. ^"Thornley's personal file in the Weisberg documents"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on August 12, 2011.
  73. ^"Kerry Thornley's Memoir As Rendered by Sondra London. Martin Luther King".Archivedfrom the original on September 23, 2013.
  74. ^"Kerry Thornley's Memoir As Rendered by Sondra London. Watergate".Archivedfrom the original on September 23, 2013.
  75. ^abcdeWilliams, Carol J. (March 20, 2007)."Watergate plotter may have a last tale".Los Angeles Times.Los Angeles.Archivedfrom the original on July 14, 2013.RetrievedDecember 30,2012.
  76. ^McAdams, John(2011). "Too Much Evidence of Conspiracy".JFK Assassination Logic: How to Think About Claims of Conspiracy.Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. p. 189.ISBN9781597974899.RetrievedDecember 30,2012.
  77. ^Minzesheimer, Bob (June 1, 2005)."'Deep Throat': Source of additional books? ".USA Today.Archivedfrom the original on April 17, 2021.RetrievedJanuary 5,2013.
  78. ^Reed, Christopher (January 25, 2007).E Howard Hunt obituary.The Guardian
  79. ^abcBuckley Jr., William F.(January 26, 2007)."Howard Hunt, R.I.P."National Review.New York. Universal Press Syndicate. Archived fromthe originalon July 22, 2012.RetrievedJanuary 5,2013.
  80. ^Publishers Weekly(February 5, 2007)."American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate and Beyond".publishersweekly.com.Publishers Weekly.Archivedfrom the original on February 23, 2014.RetrievedJanuary 5,2013.
  81. ^Rutten, Tim(February 28, 2007)."Book Review: Hunt, ever a true believer – in himself".Los Angeles Times.Los Angeles. Archived fromthe originalon March 6, 2014.RetrievedJanuary 5,2013.
  82. ^abcWeiner, Tim(May 13, 2007)."Watergate Warrior".The New York Times.New York.Archivedfrom the original on April 19, 2021.RetrievedJanuary 5,2013.
  83. ^abGoulden, Joseph C. (April 7, 2007)."E. Howard Hunt's 'memoir' and its glitches".The Washington Times.Washington, D.C.Archivedfrom the original on December 24, 2013.RetrievedJanuary 5,2013.
  84. ^Schorr, Daniel(February 16, 2007)."Remembering Watergate's field commander".The Christian Science Monitor.Archivedfrom the original on October 3, 2015.RetrievedJanuary 5,2013.
  85. ^abRosen, James (February 6, 2007)."Howard Hunt's Final Mission".politico.com.Politico.Archivedfrom the original on February 6, 2012.RetrievedJanuary 5,2013.
  86. ^Lythgoe, Dennis (March 11, 2007)."Book review: CIA spy tells his side of the Watergate story".Deseret News.Salt Lake City. Archived fromthe originalon June 3, 2015.RetrievedJanuary 5,2013.
  87. ^Riebling, Mark(April 30, 2007)."His Long War"(PDF).National Review.p. 46.Archived(PDF)from the original on February 27, 2012.RetrievedJanuary 5,2013.
  88. ^abNolan, Martin(May 6, 2007)."Secret service How the machinations of two unlikely allies defined – and deformed – an era".The Boston Globe.Boston.Archivedfrom the original on June 3, 2015.RetrievedJanuary 5,2013.
  89. ^Cigar AficionadoArchivedSeptember 2, 2006, at theWayback Machine,November/December 2000
  90. ^Schriesheim, Rebecca (April 26, 2022)."'Gaslit' Cast and Character Guide: Who's Playing Who in the Starz Thriller Series? ".Collider.Valnet, Inc.Archivedfrom the original on May 2, 2022.RetrievedMay 2,2022.
  91. ^"Woody Harrelson, Justin Theroux in Watergate Show White House Plumbers".The Hollywood Reporter.December 9, 2022.Archivedfrom the original on December 10, 2022.RetrievedDecember 10,2022.
  92. ^Richard A. Hall (2020). The American Villain: Encyclopedia of Bad Guys in Comics, Film, and Television. Bloomsbury Publishing, ISBN 9798216047506
  93. ^"Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man".Archivedfrom the original on October 7, 2022.RetrievedJune 15,2022.
  94. ^Hunt, Saint John (2015).Dorothy, "an Amoral and Dangerous Woman": The Murder of E. Howard Hunt's Wife: Watergate's Darkest Secret.Trine Day.ISBN978-1-63424-037-6.
  95. ^Behrman, Greg (August 7, 2007).The Most Noble Adventure: The Marshall Plan and the Time When America Helped Save Europe.Simon and Schuster. p. 196.ISBN978-1-4165-4591-0.
  96. ^Hunt, Saint John (January 1, 2013).Bond of Secrecy: My Life with CIA Spy and Watergate Conspirator E. Howard Hunt.Trine Day.ISBN978-1-936296-84-2.
  97. ^"6 - Rabbit Holes - Transcript".SLOW BURN: WATERGATE.Slate Magazine.Archivedfrom the original on October 13, 2023.RetrievedMay 23,2023.
  98. ^NTSB reportArchivedJune 20, 2007, at theWayback Machine
  99. ^Oglesby, Cari (August 8, 1973)."Crash Of Flight 553 Watergate Paymistress Murdered Or Who Killed Dorothy Hunt | Ann Arbor District Library".Ann Arbor Sun.Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor District Library. Boston Phoenix.Archivedfrom the original on May 30, 2023.RetrievedMay 23,2023.
  100. ^"Deadly Plane Skid in Chicago; New Jersey Snow Storm; Hostages In Iraq; Holiday Shipping Tips - 10:00 ET".Transcripts.CNN.com.December 9, 2005.Archivedfrom the original on January 24, 2022.RetrievedJanuary 24,2022.
  101. ^Hunt, E. Howard (2007).American Spy – My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate & Beyond.John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 320.ISBN978-0-471-78982-6.
  102. ^Cornwell, Rupert (January 25, 2007).E. Howard Hunt obituary.ArchivedMay 24, 2007, at theWayback MachineThe Independent
  103. ^Prospect Lawn Cemetery."History Of Prospect Lawn Cemetery".Hamburg, New York: Prospect Lawn Cemetery. Archived fromthe originalon December 15, 2014.RetrievedJanuary 2,2013.
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  105. ^"People Weekly, May 20, 1974, E. Howard Hunt, The Spy Whom Nixon Feared".eBay.Archivedfrom the original on May 23, 2023.RetrievedMay 23,2023.
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