Wikipedia

Easy Aces

Easy Acesis an American serialradiocomedy(1930–1945). It was trademarked by the low-keyed drollery of creator and writerGoodman Aceand his wife,Jane,as an urbane, put-upon realtor and hismalaprop-prone wife. A 15-minute program, airing as often as five times a week,Easy Acesdid not draw as strong ratings as other 15-minute serial comedies such asAmos 'n' Andy,The Goldbergs,Lum and Abner,orVic and Sadebut its unobtrusive, conversational, and clever style, and the cheerful absurdism of its storylines, built a loyal enough audience of listeners and critics alike to keep it on the air for 15 years.

Easy Aces
Goodman and Jane Ace-Easy Aces(1939)
GenreComedy
Running time15 minutes (KMBC)
30 minutes (CBS)
Country of originUSA
Language(s)English
Home stationNBC(Blue)
CBS
StarringMary Hunter
Paul Stewart
Martin Gabel
Helene Dumas
Ken Roberts
Ann Thomas
Ethel Blume
Alfred Ryder
Peggy Allenby
AnnouncerTruman Bradley
Ford Bond
Written byGoodman Ace
Original release1930 –
1945
Opening theme"Manhattan Serenade"[1]

Accident of circumstance

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Goodman Ace (b. Goodman Aiskowitz, 1899–1982) was a film critic for theKansas City Journal-Postin his nativeKansas City.On radio stationKMBC,he readcomic stripsto children on Sunday mornings and reviewed films on Friday evenings. One night in 1930, the cast of the 15-minute show that followed his slot failed to show up, and Ace found himself having to fill in the time. His wife, Jane (b. Jane Epstein, 1897–1974), had accompanied him to the studio that night, and the two engaged in an impromptu chat about their weekend bridge game. This brought such a favorable response that the station invited Ace to create a domestic comedy—even though neither of the couple had ever really acted before.[2][3]

At first, according to radio historian John Dunning (inOn the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio), the show oriented entirely around the couple'sbridgeplaying, and nearly died the same way, when Jane Ace was said to have lost her temper over her husband's constant needling of her style of play, and threatened to quit the show entirely. Ace revamped the show into "a more universally based domestic comedy revolving around Jane's improbable situations and her impossible turns of phrase."[4]The result was one of radio's most respected comedies, going on to a fifteen-year air life despite its never being a ratings blockbuster. It was the first KMBC program to go on to become a network radio show.[5]

Easy Acespostcard sent to listeners by the show's sponsor,Lavoris,reminding them that new episodes of the program would begin 26 September 1932 on CBS (Columbia Network). Goodman and Jane appear to be returning from vacation by freight train.

Easy Acesmoved toWBBMChicago[6]in 1930 on a trial basis; the Aces themselves launched a write-in appeal to test the size of their audience and thousands of letters convinced original sponsorLavoristo renew the deal for 1932–33. (A typical Ace maneuver, according to Dunning, was to buy trade publication ad space poking fun at the show's modest rating: after all, a typical Ace ad would say, the ratings were polled by telephone and theEasy Acesaudience never answered the phone while the show was on.)[7][8][9]The program began airing on theCBSnetwork in March 1932.[10][11][4]That summer, the Aces soughtNew York Citybacking and found it in theBlackett, Sample and Hummertagency headed byFrank Hummert,soon to become radio's topsoap operaproducer with his wifeAnnebut then producing various other programs.[1]

Hummert liked the Aces' style and the show's low overhead and put them on CBS as often as four times weekly, as an afternoon offering, beforeAnacin(marketed at that time byAmerican Home Products' Whitehall Pharmaceutical division) moved them to 7 p.m. in 1935—right up againstAmos 'n' Andy.Easy Acescould not win its timeslot but it did build a loyal audience of its own. The show moved to theNBC Blue Networkand a 7:30 p.m. time slot Mondays and Wednesdays, beginning in 1935,[12]before returning to CBS in 1942, holding the same time slot on Wednesdays and Fridays.[13][14]The show became a half-hour entry one night a week from 1943 through January 1945. It ended when Goodman Ace and Anacin had a disagreement over a musical bridge in one of the episodes; he, in turn, criticized their use of cardboard packaging instead of tin for their headache tablets, calling it a "gyp".[1][15]

In 1934, the couple was signed byEducational Picturesto doEasy Acestwo reel comedies.[16]Dumb Luckwas released 18 January 1935, with the Aces reprising their radio roles.[17][18]In 1936–37, the "Easy Aces" narrated a series of one-reel comic travelogues for the Van Beuren Corporation, released thruRKO Radio Pictures.

Easy Acesstorylines often ran several episodes, though there were many single-episode stories, and the show was performed live on the air but in an isolated studio, without an audience, which suited its conversational style. Goodman Ace wrote the show's scripts and played the exasperated but loving husband of Jane Ace, his deceptively scatterbrained, language-molesting, more than periodically meddlesome wife. (Like many radio couples of the day, the Aces used their real names on the air, though no one ever addressed Ace by his first name—it was always Ace—and Jane chose the maiden name of Sherwood for her on-air character.)[19]

There were no sound effects beyond the almost ambient-like playing of normal life sounds, and the Aces' inexperience as actors probably worked in their favour: they simply played as though they were allowing listeners to eavesdrop on their own real-life conversations, allowingEasy Aceslisteners more than those of many shows to believe the Aces really could have been their own unusual neighbours. The couple worked from a card table with a microphone sunk in its center, feeling it was easier to talk to each other in this manner rather than standing at a microphone.[20][21]In addition, as Arthur Frank Wertheim noted in his bookRadio Comedy,Ace shunned belly laughs in favour of consistent character humour. "A lot of times, on the air," Wertheim quoted Ace as saying, "I noticed comics in a sketch do a joke that destroys the character because it gets a big laugh."

The cast included Mary Hunter as best friend and boarder Marge;Paul Stewartas ne'er-do-well brother-in-law Johnny;Martin Gabelas Neil Williams, a newspaper reporter and Marge's love interest; Helene Dumas as Southern maid Laura;Ken Robertsas Cokie, an orphaned young adult "adopted" by the Aces;[20]Ann Thomas as Ace's secretary;[22]Ethel Blume as the Aces' niece, Betty;Alfred Ryder(remembered best as Sammy on another old-time radio mainstay,The Goldbergs) as Betty's husband, Carl Neff;Peggy Allenbyas Mrs. Benton, a nosy, gossipy neighbour who turned up now and then to leave openings for Jane to fret and gnash over imagined slights or indiscretions; and,Truman BradleyandFord Bondas their announcers.[12][23]WhenEasy Acesrelocated from Chicago to New York, the actor who played Marge's husband did not move along with the rest of the cast; Ace wrote him out of the script with a divorce for the couple and a new boyfriend for Marge. He then received a letter from an extremely loyal fan who said that since he did not believe in divorce, he would stop listening to the show unless Marge's ex-husband was written out of the story as dead.[20]

Ace prodded the network to build set tables with microphones embedded beneath them, not in front of or above them, the better to ease the prospect of mike fright among their co-performers and allow them to sound like themselves and not actors. Further along that line, Ace refused to rehearse an episode more than once, the better to avoid destroying the spontaneity that made the show work as it did.[14]

"I am his awfully-wedded wife"

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That and almost everything else could be forgotten amidst Jane Ace's linguistic mayhem, much of it provided by her wry husband's scripts and enough improvised by her.[24](Mary Hunter's real laughter, at Jane's malaprops or Ace's arch barbs, was practically the show's laugh track, years before anyone ever thought of using canned laughter.) Known as often as not as "Jane-isms,"[25]the better remembered of her twisted turns of phrase were more than a match forGracie Allen's equally celebrated illogical logic, anticipating such later word and context manglers asJimmy Durante,Lou Costello,Phil Harris,and, especially,All in the Family's Archie Bunker. The famed Jane-isms included:

ZIV Company advertisement for radio program transcriptions (1945)
  • Perish forbid!
  • Congress is back in season.
  • You could have knocked me down with a fender.
  • Up at the crank of dawn.
  • Time wounds all heels.
  • Now, there's no use crying over spoiled milk.
  • I'm completely uninhabited.
  • Seems like only a year ago they were married nine years!
  • I am his awfully-wedded wife.
  • He blew up higher than a hall.
  • I look like the wrath of grapes!
  • I wasn't under the impersonation you meant me!
  • He shot out of here like a bat out of a belfry.
  • I'm sitting on pins and cushions.
  • The coffee will be ready in a jitney.
  • This hangnail expression...
  • I don't drink, I'm a totalitarian.
  • We'll be together like Simonized twins.
  • Well, you've got to take the bitter with the better.

Jane Ace'smalapropswere less limited in their word play than theMrs. MalapropofRichard Brinsley Sheridan'sThe Rivals.She was scripted as having a knack for making right the muddled situations she made muddled in the first place, by stumbling into the solutions right before her original muddling might have blown everything to smithereens. Some critics such as theNew York Herald-Tribune's John Crosby noted her language molestation betrayed a "crazy like a fox" intelligence with its own logical illogic, but as Crosby himself said, "There are a lot of Malaprops in radio but none of them scrambles a cliché quite so skillfully as Jane."[26][27]

Cheerful absurdity

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The show's storylines, crafted to allow for steady unfurling of absurdities, included dealing with deadbeat brother-in-law Johnny falling into work as a private investigator; accidentally discovering a potential boxing champion when first thinking about adopting an orphan; losing (in a crooked politician's crooked deal) and then regaining Ace's real estate business; Jane becoming a professional bridge player (as the instructor's living example of hownotto play bridge!); Jane's misguided attempts to help her husband's business affairs (mostly under the influence of a domineering woman who had manipulated her husband's business success); and various Jane-instigated romantic mishaps. (Jane: "Well, you could have knocked me over with a fender"; Ace, deadpan: "There'san idea "). There were frequent allusions to playing bridge, as well, even when the game wasn't a storyline centerpiece; this may have been the Aces' own nod of thanks to the subject that provoked the show's creation in the first place.

In 1945,Easy Aceslost its longtime sponsor,Anacin,after a company representative objected to a musical interlude. (The Aces at one point used small music themes, usually spun off a line of dialogue toward the end of the previous scene.) Ace rejoined by suggesting he didn't like Anacin switching from small tins to small cardboard boxes to package its aspirin. "They sent me a two-word answer: 'you're fired'," Ace remembered in a radio interview many years later.[15]

Episode status

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The program in syndication on theYankee Networkin 1945.

Easy Acessurvives with many of its best episodes intact thanks to a bit of foresight on the Aces' part. They owned the rights from the beginning, recorded ( "transcribed," in the day's vernacular) just about all its episodes, and sold thesyndicationrights to over three hundred episodes from 1937 to 1941 to theFrederick Ziv Company,aCincinnati-based distribution firm (and later producers of television shows likeBat Masterson), in 1945.[11]

These episodes became a bigger ratings hit in syndication than when the Aces and cast performed them originally.[11][28]They are theEasy Acesepisodes long since available to old-time radio collectors, in above-average sound condition, but minus their commercial spots, edited away the better to foster future, differently-sponsored airings. (TheLibrary of Congressis believed to have perhaps one or two hundred moreEasy Acesepisodes in its collection as well.)

Resurrected Aces

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In 1948, the Aces revived the show onCBSasmr. ace and JANE(the unusual spelling was Ace's idea) on Saturday nights at 7pm. (Timehad reported a year earlier that the Aces were pondering whether to create a new fifteen-minute serial for Jane almost exclusively, but she couldn't decide whether to do that or a new half-hour show with a live audience.)[11]Recorded live before a studio audience, the new version also revived and expanded a few of the vintageEasy Acesplots and presented a few new ones. The new show was sponsored first by theU.S. Army Recruiting Service[29]and, later, byJell-O.[30][31]

"The new program," wrote Crosby, in a 31 March 1948 column, "differs from the oldEasy Acesin about the same manner as the new and oldAmos 'n' Andyprograms. It's once a week, half-hour, streamlined up-to-date and very, very funny... Goodman Ace, the brains of this team, tags along behind his wife, acting as narrator for her mishaps in a dry, resigned voice (one of the few intelligent voices on the air) and interjecting witty comment. The couple's conversations are usually masterpieces of cross-purpose. "[29]

Jane-isms included her being assigned to a jury panel and remarking:I'll say he's not guilty, whoever he is. If he's nice enough to pay me three dollars a day to be his jury, the least I can do is recuperate, doesn't it to you?"In most other respects," John Crosby wrote, "Jane is a rather difficult conversationalist because she is either three jumps ahead or three long strides behind the person she is conversing with."[29]

Of Goodman Ace, Crosby wrote that with the revival show he "uses his program to take a few pokes at radio, the newspapers, and the world in general. He's particularly sharp on the subject of radio, a field he knows intimately. Once, playing the role of an advertising man, he asked a prospective sponsor what sort of radio program he had in mind. 'How about music?' asked Ace. 'Music? That's been done, hasn't it?' said the sponsor."[29]

The Aces' co-stars now includedLeon Janney,John Griggs,Evelyn Varden,Eric Dressler, Cliff Hall, andPert Kelton.(Kelton would soon become the first Alice Kramden, in the earliest "Honeymooners" sketches onJackie Gleason's originalCavalcade of Starsvariety hour on the old, experimentalDuMontnetwork.) The new announcer was Ken Roberts, from their old cast, and he also joined the new cast as a next-door neighbour who just so happened to be... a radio announcer.[1](Jane's asking for an autograph each time they met became a small running gag on the new show.) Ace sketched Roberts in character as full of jibes about radio commercial announcements, a typical such jibe going thus: "Fifty years ago, Blycose began selling the public its high-quality products. And, today, just as it was fifty years ago, it is 20 March."[29]

But however favorablymr. ace and JANEwas reviewed, however high the quality the Aces injected into it, it wasn't enough to extend its new life for more than one year. CBS kept the show on the air as a sustaining (non-sponsored) program for some months after Jell-O no longer was the sponsor.[32]Nor was it enough to gain the Aces a steady television audience, when they tried reviving the originalEasy Acesformat and style and adapting it to a15-minute TV showon theDumont Television Networkwhich ran from 14 December 1949 to 7 June 1950.[33]Only one episode of the DuMont show is known to exist, in the J. Fred MacDonald collection at theLibrary of Congress.[34][35][36][37]

In 1956, it seemed that the television version of the show would be revived. There was news that NBC and Goodman Ace had selectedErnie Kovacsand his wife,Edie Adams,to play the roles of the couple in a pilot, but there is no information as to whether the pilot was ever filmed.[38][39]

Afterlife

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Premiere of "Jane Ace, Disk Jockey", 27 October 1951.

Jane Ace all but retired from public life (taking a very brief turn as what her husband called "a comedienne now making her come-down as a disc jockey" in the early 1950s) afterEasy Aceswas laid to rest at long last.[40]The Aces were hired asNBCRadioMonitor"Communicators" in 1955; they were given a spot just afterDave Garroway.[41][42]The couple was also signed to an NBC Radio show for women calledWeekdaythat went on the air not long afterMonitor'sdebut.Weekdaywas aired Monday through Friday.[43][44]They also went into commercial work.[45][46][47][48]

Goodman Ace enjoyed a second career as a writer. He wrote for radio (most notably, as head writer forTallulah Bankhead's weekly variety show,The Big Show,but also forEd Wynn,Jack Benny,Abbott & Costello,Danny Kaye,and others), for television (most notably, forMilton Berle,Sid Caesar,Perry Como,Robert Q. Lewis,andBob Newhart), and as a weekly columnist forSaturday Review(formerlyThe Saturday Review of Literature). Those columns eventually yielded three anthologies:The Book of Little Knowledge: More Than You Want to Know About Television,The Fine Art of Hypochondria, or How Are YouandThe Better of Goodman Ace.

In 1970, Ace published a book of eight completeEasy Acesscripts as well as essays about living with, working with and loving the malaprop queen, plus a seven-inchflexidiscthat extracted from the original radio performance of one of those scripts, "Jane Sees a Psychiatrist." The book was named for the show's standard introduction:Ladies and Gentlemen--Easy Aces.[49]He also held a regular slot for humorous commentaries on New York-area stationWPATfor a few years before spending the rest of his life as a writer and lecturer.

The show and the Aces were inducted into theNational Radio Hall of Famein 1990.[50]

ACanadiantelevisionsitcom,The Trouble with Tracy,was adapted from theEasy Acesscripts in the early 1970s. Through a variety of factors -- notably, that 7 episodes were recorded every five days, allowing no time for retakes for flubbed lines or missed cues --The Trouble with Tracyhas been labelled by some television critics as one of the worst TV comedies ever produced.[51]

See also

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References

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  1. ^abcdSinger, Mark, ed. (2005).Mr. Personality: Profiles and Talk Pieces from The New Yorker.Mariner Books. p. 432.ISBN0-618-19726-5.Retrieved22 September2010.
  2. ^Steinhauser, Si (27 July 1937)."Radio's Easy Aces Find It Easy To Keep Going for Seven Years".The Pittsburgh Press.Retrieved20 November2010.
  3. ^Christensen, Lawrence O.; Foley, William E.; Kremer, Gary R.; Winn, Kenneth H., eds. (1999).Dictionary of Missouri Biography.University of Missouri. p. 848.ISBN0-8262-1222-0.Retrieved1 March2011.
  4. ^abDunning, John(1998).On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio(Revised ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 216–218.ISBN978-0-19-507678-3.Retrieved11 November2024.
  5. ^"KMBC Finding Aid-page 9"(PDF).University of Missouri at Kansas City Library.Retrieved17 November2010.[permanent dead link‍]
  6. ^"Goodman and Jane Ace".Museum of Broadcast Communications. Archived fromthe originalon 22 June 2011.Retrieved13 January2011.
  7. ^Crosby, John (1 June 1957)."Appeal of Magic Not What It Was".The News and Courier.Retrieved7 May2011.
  8. ^Winchell, Walter (15 September 1949)."Walter Winchell".St. Petersburg Times.Retrieved8 May2011.
  9. ^Dixon, Hugh (10 February 1941)."Hollywood".Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. 22.Retrieved26 September2017– viaNewspapers.com.
  10. ^"Ace's Own Show Is Deuces With Him". The Milwaukee Journal. 5 March 1944.
  11. ^abcd"Aces Up".Time. 8 September 1947. Archived fromthe originalon 4 May 2008.Retrieved14 January2011.(subscription required)
  12. ^ab"'Easy Aces' To Return ".The Pittsburgh Press. 29 September 1935.Retrieved20 November2010.
  13. ^Kofoed, Jack (28 February 1940)."The Miami Story:The Aces Are Not Conventional in Anything They Do".The Miami News. p. 15.Retrieved26 September2017– viaNewspapers.com.
  14. ^ab"Radio: The Aces Move".Time. 2 November 1942. Archived fromthe originalon 29 October 2009.Retrieved14 January2011.
  15. ^abGrace, Arthur (27 December 1957)."Anacin's Popularity Goodman's Fault".The Miami News. p. 12 – viaNewspapers.com.
  16. ^"Easy Aces on Screen".Reading Eagle. 13 December 1934.Retrieved27 November2010.
  17. ^"Dumb Luck".Internet Movie Database. 18 January 1935.Retrieved27 November2010.
  18. ^"Educational Pictures Film List".Internet Movie Database.Retrieved27 November2010.
  19. ^Epstein, Lawrence J., ed. (2004).Mixed Nuts: America's Love Affair With Comedy Teams From Burns And Allen To Belushi And Aykroyd.PublicAffairs. p. 320.ISBN1-58648-190-8.Retrieved1 March2011.[permanent dead link‍]
  20. ^abcJacobs, Mary (25 June 1939). "A Couple of Aces". The Milwaukee Journal.
  21. ^Lee, Johnny (9 June 1943)."Radio Chatter".Schenectady Gazette.Retrieved10 November2010.
  22. ^"Bronx Express Is Cause of Ann Thomas' Accent". The Milwaukee Journal. 30 March 1941.
  23. ^"Easy Aces".Original Old Radio. Archived fromthe originalon 4 January 2013.Retrieved12 January2011.
  24. ^Horten, Gerd, ed. (2003).Radio Goes to War: The Cultural Politics of Propaganda during World War I.University of California Press. p. 232.ISBN0-520-24061-8.Retrieved1 March2011.
  25. ^Sterling, Christopher H., ed. (2003).Encyclopedia of Radio 3-Volume Set.Routledge. p. 1696.ISBN1-57958-249-4.Retrieved1 March2011.
  26. ^Sosin, Milt (1 February 1945)."'Easy Aces' Lend Their Talents To Heroes' Phone Campaign ".The Miami News. p. 1.Retrieved7 May2011– viaNewspapers.com.
  27. ^Wilson, Earl (28 September 1978)."Dumb Doras Have Returned To Caves".Sarasota Herald-Tribune.Retrieved7 May2011.
  28. ^"'Aces' E.T. Mark Nears $500,000 ".Billboard.15 March 1947.Retrieved1 March2011.
  29. ^abcdeCrosby, John (31 March 1948)."The Aces Are Back".The Portsmouth Times.Retrieved14 January2011.
  30. ^"Aces Are Trumps".The News and Courier. 27 August 1948.Retrieved27 November2010.
  31. ^"CBS to Cuffo 'Ace and Jane' After GF Quits".Billboard.11 December 1948.Retrieved1 March2011.
  32. ^Hammerston, Claude (7 December 1948)."Variety in Radio Fare".Ottawa Citizen.Retrieved27 November2010.
  33. ^"Show Within A Show Is Basis For Easy Aces TV Program".The Courier Journal. 12 March 1950. p. 88.Retrieved2 October2017– viaNewspapers.com.
  34. ^DuMont historical websiteArchived16 February 2009 at theWayback Machine
  35. ^Crosby, John (18 May 1949)."Tearful Parting:Aces Will Leave Radio".Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.Retrieved27 November2010.
  36. ^Crosby, John (27 December 1949)."The Invisible Aces".Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.Retrieved10 November2010.
  37. ^"Radio: A Homey Little Thing".Time. 19 December 1949. Archived fromthe originalon 31 January 2011.Retrieved14 January2011.(subscription required)
  38. ^"'Easy Aces' For the Kovacs ".Billboard.8 December 1956.Retrieved8 November2010.
  39. ^O'Brian, Jack (10 November 1956)."Mary Astor Gets Star Role on Montgomery's TV Show".Reading Eagle.Retrieved14 January2011.
  40. ^"'Jane Ace, Disk Jockey' premieres tonight ".The Miami News. 27 October 1951. p. 4.Retrieved23 September2010– viaNewspapers.com.
  41. ^Hart, Dennis, ed. (2002).Monitor: The Last Great Radio Show.iUniverse, Inc. p. 254.ISBN0-595-21395-2.Retrieved19 September2010.
  42. ^Cox, Jim, ed. (2002).Say Goodnight Gracie: The Last Years of Network Radio.McFarland and Company. p. 224.ISBN0-7864-1168-6.Retrieved16 September2010.
  43. ^Miller, Leo (6 November 1955)."'Weekday' (5 Times) NBC's Latest ".Sunday Herald.Retrieved14 January2011.
  44. ^"Radio:Woman's Home Companion".Time. 28 November 1955. Archived fromthe originalon 15 December 2008.Retrieved14 January2011.
  45. ^Grace, Arthur (18 February 1959)."Instant Brew By Real Ace".The Miami News. p. 24.Retrieved23 September2010– viaNewspapers.com.
  46. ^"Jane Ace Takes It Easy".The Miami News. 9 January 1959. p. 10.Retrieved23 September2010– viaNewspapers.com.
  47. ^Danzig, Fred (16 December 1959)."A TV Commercial Steals Show".Beaver Valley Times.Retrieved23 September2010.
  48. ^Lowry, Cynthia (14 December 1959)."'Electronic Deceits' To Be Eliminated From TV Shows ".Times Daily.Retrieved27 November2010.
  49. ^Moser, Nick (7 September 1970)."The Passing Parade".Retrieved23 September2010.
  50. ^"Goodman and Jane Ace-Easy Aces".Radio Hall of Fame. Archived fromthe originalon 26 May 2011.Retrieved20 July2010.
  51. ^Cobb, David (23 January 1970)."Can These Four People Be Funny For Half An Hour Every Day?".Ottawa Citizen.Retrieved20 November2010.

Sources

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  • Goodman Ace,Ladies and Gentlemen, Easy Aces(New York: Doubleday, 1970).
  • Fred Allen (Joe McCarthy, editor),Fred Allen's Letters(New York: Doubleday, 1965).
  • Dick Bertel,The Golden Age of Radio,interview with Goodman Ace, October 1971.
  • Tim Brooks and Earle Marsh,The Complete Directory to Prime Network TV Shows -- 1946 to Present (First Edition)
  • Frank Buxton and Bill Owen,The Big Broadcast 1920-1950
  • John Crosby,Out of the Blue(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1952)
  • WBAI-FM, Richard Lamparski interview with Goodman Ace, December 1970.
  • Leonard Maltin,The Great American Broadcast: A Celebration of Radio's Golden Age(New York: Dutton/Penguin, 1997)
  • Robert Metz,CBS: Reflections in a Bloodshot Eye
  • Arthur Frank Wertheim,Radio Comedy.(New York: Oxford University Press, 1979)
  • John Dunning,On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio(New York: Oxford University Press, 1998)

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