Wikipedia

Edmund the Martyr

Not to be confused withEdward the Martyr.

Edmund the Martyr(also known asSt EdmundorEdmund of East Anglia,died 20 November 869)[note 1]was king ofEast Angliafrom about 855 until his death.

Edmund
illumination of Edmund the Martyr being shot with arrows
Illumination of the beheading of Edmund the martyr
The martyrdom of Edmund:Folios14r and 14v from the 12th centuryPassio Sancto Eadmundi(Morgan Library & Museum,New York)
King of the East Angles
Reignc.855 – 20 November 869
PredecessorÆthelweard
SuccessorOswald
Died20 November 869
East Anglia

Few historical facts about Edmund are known, as the kingdom of East Anglia was devastated by theVikings,who destroyed any contemporary evidence of his reign. Coins minted by Edmund indicate that he succeededÆthelweard of East Anglia,as they shared the samemoneyers.He is thought to have been of East Anglian origin, but 12th century writers produced fictitious accounts of his family, succession and his rule as king. Edmund's death was mentioned in theAnglo-Saxon Chronicle,which relates that he was killed in 869 after theGreat Heathen Armyadvanced into East Anglia.Medievalversions of Edmund's life and martyrdom differ as to whether he died in battle fighting the Great Heathen Army, or if he met his death after being captured and then refusing the Viking leaders' demand that he renounce Christ.

A popularcultemerged after Edmund's death, and he wascanonisedby the Church. A series of coins commemorating him was minted from around the time East Anglia was absorbed by the kingdom ofWessexin 918, and in about 986, the French monkAbbowrote of his life and martyrdom.

During the 10th century, Edmund's remains weretranslatedfrom an unidentified location in East Anglia to Beodricesworth (modernBury St Edmunds); they were temporarily moved to London for safekeeping in 1010. Edmund's cult flourished during theEarlyandHighMiddle Ages, and he andEdward the Confessorwere regarded as thepatron saintsofmedieval Englanduntil they were replaced bySaint Georgein the 15th century.[2]Medieval manuscripts and works of art relating to Edmund include Abbo'sPassio Sancti Eadmundi,John Lydgate's 15th-centuryLife,theWilton Diptych,and a number of churchwall paintings.

King of the East Angles

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Accession and rule

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The kingdom of the East Angles

The existence of Edmund is known from coins minted by hismoneyers,three of whom—Dudda, Eadmund, and Twicga—minted coins for Edmund's predecessor,Æthelweardwhich suggests that a smooth transition of power occurred.[3]The number of coins issued in his name indicates that he reigned for a number of years, but the only contemporary documentary references to Edmund are the records of his death inAsser's life ofAlfred the Greatand theAnglo-Saxon Chronicle.The twelfth-centuryAnnals of St Neotsstates that Edmund succeeded on Christmas Day 855 aged fourteen and was crowned by BishopHunberhton Christmas Day 856 at a royal vill inBurnain Suffolk, but no source is known for these statements.[4]The devastation in East Anglia that was caused by theVikingsdestroyed all thechartersthat may have referred to Edmund.[5]

Edmund cannot be placed within any ruling dynasty. The 10th century French monkAbbo of Fleurystated that Edmund wasex antiquorum Saxonum nobili prosapia oriundus,which according to Ridyard "was probably Abbo's rather verbose way of saying he was descended from the ancient nobility of his race".[6]

A variety of different coins weremintedby Edmund's moneyers during his reign.[7]The lettersAN,standing for 'Anglia', appear on the coins of only Edmund andÆthelstan,another 9th century king of the East Angles; the letters appear on Edmund's coins as part of the phrase+ EADMUND REX AN[GLORUM]( "Edmund, King of the Angles" ).[8]Edmund's later coins read+ EADMUND REX( "Edmund, King" ).[8][9]Otherwise, no chronology for his coins has been confirmed.[10]

Death and burial

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For decades after theViking raid on Lindisfarne in 793,their attacks on England were mainly raids on isolatedmonastic communities.According to theAnnales Bertinianiand theAnglo-Saxon Chronicle,a larger-scale attack occurred inc. 844.By the end of the decade the Vikings had started to over-winter in England.[11]In the autumn of 865 a force probably numbering over 5,000 combatants, described by theAnglo-Saxon Chronicleas "a great heathen army", came to East Anglia. Edmund made peace with them and gave them horses and other supplies, and they stayed there until the summer of 866, when they moved on to York.[12]The army attacked Mercia by the end of 867 and made peaceful terms with the Mercians; a year later the Vikings returned to East Anglia.[13]

TheAnglo-Saxon Chronicle,which generally described few matters relating to the East Angles and their rulers, relates that "here the army rode across Mercia into East Anglia, and took winter-quarters at Thetford; and that winter King Edmund fought against them, and the Danish took the victory, and killed the king and conquered all that land".[14]Where Edmund was killed and whether he died in battle or was murdered by the Danes afterwards is not known.[15]The Great Heathen Army went on to invadeWessexin late 870, where they were confronted byÆthelred of Wessexand his brother, the futureAlfred the Great.[16][17]

Edmund was buried in a wooden chapel near to where he was killed. At a date generally assumed by historians to have been during the reign ofÆthelstan,who became king of the Anglo-Saxons in 924, Edmund's body wastranslatedfromHaegelisdun—the location of which has never been conclusively identified—toBeodricesworth,now modernBury St Edmunds.[18][19]In 925 Æthelstan founded a religious community to take care of Edmund'sshrine.[20]

Memorial coinage

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A St Edmund memorialpenny(British Museum)

Following the death of the DanishGuthrum,king of East Anglia, in around 890,[note 2]the same moneyers who had minted his coins started to produce money in commemoration of Edmund.[22]The coins, whose design was based upon those produced during Edmund's reign, provide the earliest evidence that he was venerated as a saint.[23][24]All thepenniesand (more rarely)half-penniesthat were produced readSCE EADMVND REX—'O St Edmund the king!'. Some of them have alegendthat provides evidence that the Vikings experimented with their initial design.[25]

The St Edmund memorial coins were minted in great quantities by a group of more than 70 moneyers, many of whom appear to have originated from continental Europe; over 1800 specimens were found when theCuerdale Hoardwas discovered inLancashirein 1840.[26]The coins were widely used within theDanelaw.They have mainly been found in the east of England, but the exact location of any of the mints they came from is not known with certainty, although scholars have assumed that they were made in East Anglia.[27]

Veneration

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Cult at Bury St Edmunds

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Saint Edmund the Martyr
John Lydgateprays at the shrine of St Edmund, from a folio ofLives of SS Edmund and Fremund(British Library)
Venerated inRoman Catholic Church
Anglican Communion
Eastern Orthodox Church
MajorshrineBury St Edmunds,destroyed during theDissolution of the Monasteries
Feast20 November
AttributesAn arrow or a sword, a hand-heldorbandsceptre,wolf
PatronageKings,pandemics,wolves, torture victims, protection from theplague

Edmund'scultwas promoted and flourished, but it declined, with the production of St Edmund coins ceasing after around 910. The saint did not reappear inliturgical calendarsfrom the 9th century until the appearance of Abbo of Fleury'sPassio Sancti Eadmundithree centuries later.[28]In 1010, Edmund's remains were translated to London to protect them from the Vikings, where they were kept for three years before being returned to Bury.[20]

The Danish kingCanute,who ruled England from 1016,[29]converted to Christianity and was instrumental in founding the abbey at Bury St Edmunds.[30]The new stoneabbeychurch was completed in 1032, having possibly been commissioned by Canute in time to be consecrated on the 16th anniversary of theBattle of Assandun,which took place on 18 October 1016.[31]Edmund's shrine became one of the most famous and wealthypilgrimagelocations in England. The abbey's power grew upon being given jurisdiction over the western half of the county ofSuffolkby the creation in 1044 of theLiberty of Saint Edmund,established byEdward the Confessor,and a larger church was built in 1095, into which Edmund'srelicswere translated.[32][note 3]After theNorman Conquestof England in 1066, theabbotplanned out over 300 new houses within agrid-iron patternat a location that was close to the abbey precincts, a development which caused the town to more than double in size.[34][35]King Johnis said to have given a greatsapphireand a precious stone set in gold to the shrine, which he was permitted to keep upon the condition that it was returned to the abbey when he died.[36]

Edmund's shrine was destroyed in 1539, during thedissolution of the monasteries.According to a letter (now in theBritish Library'sCotton Collection), the shrine was defaced, and silver and gold to the value of over 5,000markswas taken away. The abbot and his monks were expelled and the abbey was dissolved.[37]

Cult at Toulouse

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In 1664, a lawyer from the French city ofToulousepublicized a claim that Edmund's remains had been taken from Bury by the futureLouis VIII of Francefollowing his defeat at theBattle of Lincolnin 1217.[38]The relics had then been donated by Louis to theBasilica of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse.[39]The first record of this is a relic list for Saint-Sernin of around 1425, which included St Edmund among the church's relics.[39]

In 1644, after the city was saved from theplaguefrom 1628 to 1631, which the population ascribed to the intercession of a saint known to the church authorities asAymundus,who they decided was Edmund. In gratitude for its deliverance, the city vowed to build a newreliquaryfor the saint's remains. Edmund's cult flourished there for over two centuries.[40]The reliquary, designed byJean Chalette,was silver and adorned with solid silver statues.[41]In 1644, the relics were verified and catalogued for interment in the newly-completed shrine, by which time the cult's origins had been forgotten.[42]Edmund's shrine was removed in 1794 during theFrench Revolution.The saint's relics were restored to the Basilica of Saint-Sernin in 1845 and placed in a new reliquary.[43]

Relics at Arundel

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Arundel CastleinWest Sussex

In 1901 theArchbishop of Westminster,Herbert Vaughan,received "certain relics" from the Basilica of Saint-Sernin. The relics, believed at the time to be those of St Edmund, were intended for the high altar of London'sWestminster Cathedral,which was then under construction.[39]

The acceptance of the relics required the intercession ofPope Leo XIII,after an initial refusal by the church in France.[44]Upon their arrival in England they were housed in theFitzalan ChapelatArundel Castleprior to their translation to Westminster. Although their validity had been confirmed in 1874, when two pieces were given toEdward Manning, Archbishop of Westminster,concerns were raised about the authenticity of the Arundel relics byMontague Jamesand Charles Biggs inThe Times.The relics remained at Arundel under the care of theDuke of Norfolkwhile a historical commission was set up by Cardinal Vaughan and Archbishop Germain of Saint-Sernin. They remain as of 1993at Arundel.[45]In 1966 three teeth from the collection of relics from France were given toDouai AbbeyinBerkshire.[39]

Commemoration and attributes

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Monument inHoxne,Suffolk, marking the location of an ancient oak tree, supposed to be the site of Edmund's death.

Thefeast dayof Edmund, King and Martyr in the Catholic Church is 20 November.[46]He is also remembered in theChurch of England,with aLesser Festivalon this day of the year.[47]Edmund's particular attributes are the arrow and the sword,[48]being an English king, his attributes include theorbandsceptre.[49]According to theOxford Dictionary of Saints,his attribute can also be a wolf.[20]

A stone cross atHoxnein Suffolk marks one supposed location of Edmund's death. The monument records that it was built on the site of an ancient oak tree which fell in 1848 and was found to have an arrow head embedded in its trunk.[50]Some fifty-fiveChurch of England parish churchesare dedicated to Edmund, perhaps the most notable being the Church ofSt Edmund, King and Martyr,Lombard Streetin theCity of London.TheBenedictinecommunity ofDouai Abbeyalso has Edmund as its patron.[51]There is a St Edmunds chapel at the East end ofTewkesbury Abbey[52]

Medieval hagiographies and legends

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Passio Sancti Eadmundi

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In about 986, the monks ofRamsey Abbeycommissioned Abbo of Fleury to write Edmund'spassio,or account of his martyrdom.[53]According to Abbo,St Dunstan,Archbishop of Canterbury, was the source of the story of the martyrdom, which he had heard told long before, in the presence of Æthelstan, by an old man who swore an oath that he had been Edmund's sword-bearer.[54]

In Abbo's version of events, the king refused to meet the Danes in battle, preferring to die a martyr's death. According to Ridyard, Edmund's martyrdom cannot be proven and the nature of his fate—whether he died fighting or was murdered after the battle—cannot be read from theAnglo-Saxon Chronicle.Ridyard notes that the story that Edmund had an armour-bearer implies that he would have been a warrior king who was prepared to fight the Vikings on the battlefield, but she acknowledges the possibility that such later accounts belong to "the realm of hagiographical fantasy".[55]

Edmund's death, according to Ælfric of Eynsham

"King Edmund, against whom Ivar advanced, stood inside his hall, and mindful of the Saviour, threw out his weapons. He wanted to match the example of Christ, who forbade Peter to win the cruel Jews with weapons. Lo! the impious one then bound Edmund and insulted him ignominiously, and beat him with rods, and afterwards led the devout king to a firm living tree, and tied him there with strong bonds, and beat him with whips. In between the whip lashes, Edmund called out with true belief in the Saviour Christ. Because of his belief, because he called to Christ to aid him, the heathens became furiously angry. They then shot spears at him, as if it was a game, until he was entirely covered with their missiles, like the bristles of a hedgehog (just likeSt Sebastianwas).

When Ivar the impious pirate saw that the noble king would not forsake Christ, but with resolute faith called after Him, he ordered Edmund beheaded, and the heathens did so. While Edmund still called out to Christ, the heathen dragged the holy man to his death, and with one stroke struck off his head, and his soul journeyed happily to Christ. "

Ælfric of Eynsham,Old English paraphrase of Abbo of Fleury, 'Passio Sancti Eadmundi'[56]

Abbo named one of Edmund's killers as Hinguar, who can probably be identified with Ivarr inn beinlausi (Ivar the Boneless), son ofRagnar Lodbrok.[57]After describing the horrific manner of Edmund's death, thePassiocontinued the story. His severed head was thrown into the wood. As Edmund's followers searched for him, calling out "Where are you, friend?" the head answered,Her, her, her( "Here! Here! Here!" ) until at last they found it, clasped between a wolf's paws, protected from other animals and uneaten. The followers then recovered the head.[58][59]

Abbo failed to date these events surrounding Edmund's translation toBeodericsworth,although from his text it can be seen that he believed that the relics had been taken to Beodericsworth by the time thatTheodredbecameBishop of Londonin around 926.[60]Uponexhumationof the body, a miracle was discovered. All the arrow wounds upon Edmund's undecayed corpse had healed and his head was reattached.[58]The last recorded inspection of the body whilst at Bury St Edmunds was in 1198.[39][61]

A 19th century carving depicting the wolf guarding Edmund's head, inSt Andrew's Church, Greensted-juxta-Ongar.

The resemblance between the deaths of St Sebastian and St Edmund was remarked upon by Abbo: both saints were attacked byarchers,although only Edmund is supposed to have been decapitated. His death bears some resemblance to the fate suffered by other saints:St Deniswaswhippedand beheaded and the body ofMary of Egyptwas said to have been guarded by alion.[62]The EnglishmedievalistAntonia Gransdendescribed Abbo'sPassioas "little more than a hotch-potch of hagiographical commonplaces" and argues that Abbo's ignorance of what actually happened to Edmund would have led him to use aspects of theLivesof well-known saints such as Sebastian and Denis as models for his version of Edmund's martydom. Gransden acknowledged that there are some aspects of the story—such as the appearance of the wolf that guards Edmund's head—that do not have exact parallels elsewhere.[63]

Miracles of St Edmund

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Herman the Archdeacon,who was an excellent Latinist, wrote another hagiography of Edmund, theMiracles of St Edmund,at the end of the eleventh century. His original text does not survive, but a shortened version is part of a book dating to around 1100 produced by Bury St Edmunds Abbey, which is composed of Abbo's hagiography, followed by Herman's. The hagiographer and musician,Goscelin,soon afterwards produced a revised version of Herman'sMiracles,which was hostile to Herman personally.[64]Both versions are printed and translated byTom Licence.[65]

Other legends

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A 12th-century depiction of Edmund's martyrdom (Morgan Library & Museum,New York)

De Infantia Sancti Edmundi,a fictitious 12th-century hagiography of Edmund's early life by the EnglishcanonGeoffrey of Wells,represented him as the youngest son of 'Alcmund', aSaxonking of Germanic descent. 'Alcmund' may never have existed.[66]Edmund's fictitious continental origins were later elaborated upon in the 15th century by the poet John Lydgate in hisThe Lives of Saints Edmund and Fremund.[67]Lydgate spoke of his parentage, his birth atNuremberg,his adoption byOffa of Mercia,his nomination as successor to the king and his landing atOld Hunstantonon the North Norfolk coast to claim his kingdom.[68]

Biographical details of Edmund in theCatholic Encyclopedia,published in 1913, include that "he showed himself a model ruler from the first, anxious to treat all with equal justice, and closing his ears to flatterers and untrustworthy informers".[66]It was written that he withdrew for a year to his royal tower at Hunstanton and learned the wholePsalter,so that he could recite it from memory.[69]

Edmund may have been killed atHoxne,in Suffolk.[70]His martyrdom is mentioned in a charter that was written when the church and chapel at Hoxne were granted to Norwich Priory in 1101. Place-name evidence has been used to link the name of Hoxne with Haegelisdun, named by Abbo of Fleury as the site of Edmund's martyrdom, but this evidence is dismissed by the historian Peter Warner.[71]The association of Edmund's cult with the village has continued into modern times.[note 4]Dernfordin Cambridgeshire,[72]andBradfield St Clare[73](near Bury St Edmunds) are other possible sites for where Edmund was martyred.[note 5]In a preface to Lydgate'sLife,in which Edmund's banner—depicting three crowns set on a blue background—is described,[74]the crowns are said to represent Edmund's martyrdom, virginity and kingship.[75][note 6]

The ancient woodenSt Andrew's Church, Greensted-juxta-Ongarin Essex, is said to have been a resting place for his body on the way to Bury St Edmunds in 1013.[77]

Patronages

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Edmund is thepatron saintofpandemicsas well as kings,[78]the Roman Catholicdiocese of East Anglia,[79]and Douai Abbey.[80]England did not ever have a single patron saint before theTudor period;[81]during the Middle Ages, several saints were considered to have a close association with England and to be nationally important: St Edmund;St Gregory the Great;St Edward the Confessor;St Thomas Becket;andSt George.Of these saints, Edmund was the most consistently popular with English kings,[82]althoughEdward IIIraised the importance of George when he associated him with theOrder of the Garter.[34]

In 2006,BBC Radio Suffolkradio presenter Mark Murphy andDavid Ruffley,theMember of ParliamentforBury St Edmunds,failed in their campaign to reinstate Edmund as the patron saint of England.[83][note 7] In 2013,BBC Newsreported a new campaign launched by Murphy and thebrewerGreene King,which is based in Bury St Edmunds, to reinstate St Edmund as England's patron saint. Supporters of the campaign stated their hopes that a petition could be used to force Parliament to debate the issue.[85][86]

In art

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The veneration of Edmund throughout the centuries has created a legacy of noteworthy works of art. An illustrated copy of Abbo of Fleury'sPassio Sancti Eadmundi,made at Bury St Edmunds in around 1130, is now kept at theMorgan LibraryinNew York City.[20]The copy ofJohn Lydgate's 15th-centuryLife,written forHenry VI of England,is held at the British Library.[87]TheWilton Diptychwas painted during the reign ofRichard II of Englandand is the most famous representation of Edmund in art.Painted on oak panels,it shows Edmund and Edward the Confessor as the royal patrons of England presenting Richard to theVirgin and Child.[20][88]The poet John Lydgate (1370–1451), who lived all his life in Bury St Edmunds, presented his twelve-year-old king Henry VI of England with a long poem (now known asMetrical Lives of Saints Edmund and Fremund) when Henry came to the town in 1433 and stayed at the abbey for four months.[89]The book is now kept by the British Library in London.[76]Edmund's martyrdom features on several medieval wall-paintings to be found in churches across England.[note 8]

The saint features in a romantic poem,Athelston,whose 15th-century author is unknown. In the climactic scene of the poem, Edyff, the sister of King 'Athelston' of England, gives birth to Edmund after passing through a ritualordeal by fire.[90]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^The year of Edmund's death may have been 870, according to some calculations. The uncertainty has arisen because theAnglo-Saxon Chroniclesometimes began in September, meaning that an event that took place in November 869 (according to the modern calendar) would have been recorded by the Anglo-Saxons as having taken place in 870.[1]
  2. ^Guthrum who ruled East Anglia under thebaptismal nameof Æthelstan.[21]
  3. ^TheLibertyremained a separate jurisdiction under the control of the abbot ofBury St Edmunds Abbeyuntil thedissolution of the monasteriesin the 1530s.[33]
  4. ^Until 1849, an old tree stood in Hoxne Park that was believed to be where Edmund had been martyred. In the heart of the tree, an arrowhead was found. A piece of the tree was used to form part of an altar of a church dedicated to Edmund. Another legend relates that after being routed in battle, Edmund hid under the Goldbrook bridge at Hoxne, but his hiding place was revealed to a wedding party, who gave him away to his enemies.
  5. ^However, there is a spot where places named in the early accounts occur close together. A field called 'Hellesdon' lay just south of Pitcher's Green atBradfield St Clare;Sutton Hall stands a mile south of Bradfield St Clare on the parish boundary; Kingshall Farm, Kingshall Green and Kingshall Street occur inRougham,two miles to the north. Bradfield St Clare is approximately six miles from Bury St Edmunds, which was an Anglo-Saxon royal vill (settlement). A monastery already existed, founded by King Sigeberht in 633AD. There was also a building called Bradfield Hall that stood within the St Edmund's Abbey, and accounts show that the Abbey's Cellarer paid rent for small pieces of land at Bradfield St Clare Hall (6shillings8dpence) and Sutton Hall (3s 2d.).
  6. ^The three crowns banner (representing thecoat of armsof Bury St Edmunds) appears in Lydgate's book.[76]
  7. ^Ruffley had taken up the cause and helped deliver a large petition to the government inLondon.Prime MinisterTony Blairrejected the request; however, their attempt was successful on another level: "St Edmund (was) named patron saint of Suffolk...the high point of a successful campaign which was launched by Breakfast show presenter Mark Murphy and producer Emily Fellows in the autumn of 2006".[84]
  8. ^Churches with surviving wall paintings of Edmund can be found atMedieval Wall Painting in the English Parish ChurchArchived12 June 2012 at theWayback Machinewebsite: D to F.

References

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  1. ^Swanton 1997,p. xv.
  2. ^Farmer 2011,pp. 136–139.
  3. ^Young 2018,p. 40.
  4. ^Gransden 2004.
  5. ^Yorke 2002,p. 20.
  6. ^Ridyard 1988,p. 217.
  7. ^"Treasure hunters found nearly 1,000 items in 2012".BBC News.16 January 2014.Retrieved19 January2014.
  8. ^abYoung 2018,p. 7.
  9. ^Grierson & Blackburn 1986,p. 294.
  10. ^Grierson & Blackburn 1986,p. 588.
  11. ^Oliver 2013,p. 168.
  12. ^Abels 1998,pp. 113–115;Whitelock 1979,p. 191.
  13. ^Oliver 2013,p. 172.
  14. ^Swanton 1997,p. 70.
  15. ^Butler, Thomas & Burns 1997,p. 173.
  16. ^Yorke 1995,p. 109.
  17. ^Ridyard 1988,p. 211.
  18. ^Young 2018,p. 75.
  19. ^Ridyard 1988,p. 213.
  20. ^abcdeFarmer 2011,pp. 136–137.
  21. ^Costambeys 2008.
  22. ^Young 2018,p. 72.
  23. ^Young 2018,pp. 69, 72.
  24. ^Grierson & Blackburn 1986,p. 305.
  25. ^Grierson & Blackburn 1986,p. 320.
  26. ^Grierson & Blackburn 1986,p. 319.
  27. ^Grierson & Blackburn 1986,pp. 319–320.
  28. ^Gransden 1992,pp. 82–83.
  29. ^Lawson 2013.
  30. ^Young 2018,p. 89.
  31. ^Young 2018,p. 90.
  32. ^"High Stewards".The High Stewardship of the Liberty of St Edmund.Retrieved9 January2022.
  33. ^Redstone 1914,p. 202.
  34. ^abCantor 1982,p. 176.
  35. ^Waller 2000,p. 98.
  36. ^Yates 1843,part II p. 40.
  37. ^Pinner 2015,pp. 1–2.
  38. ^Young 2018,p. 12–13.
  39. ^abcdeGem 2020.
  40. ^Young 2018,p. 133.
  41. ^Julien 1996.
  42. ^Young 2018,pp. 133–134.
  43. ^Young 2018,pp. 135–136.
  44. ^Houghton 1970,p. 78.
  45. ^Gem 2020,p. 45.
  46. ^Young 2018,p. 100.
  47. ^"The Calendar".The Church of England.Retrieved27 March2021.
  48. ^Olderr 2012,pp. 20, 198.
  49. ^Olderr 2012,p. 177.
  50. ^Historic England."Details from listed building database (1458357)".National Heritage List for England.Retrieved24 May2022.
  51. ^Mackinlay 1893, pp. 324–325
  52. ^"The Project Gutenberg eBook of the Abbey Church of Tewkesbury, by H.J.L.J. Massé".
  53. ^Gransden 1992,p. 47.
  54. ^Ridyard 1988,p. 63.
  55. ^Ridyard 1988,pp. 66–67.
  56. ^"Medieval Sourcebook: Abbo of Fleury: The Martyrdom of St. Edmund, King of East Anglia, 870".Fordham University.2021.Retrieved13 December2021.
  57. ^Ridyard 1988,p. 67.
  58. ^abRidyard 1988,p. 212.
  59. ^Young 2018,p. 55.
  60. ^Ridyard 1988,p. 231.
  61. ^Houghton 1970,p. 51.
  62. ^Gransden 1992,p. 87.
  63. ^Gransden 1992,pp. 86–87.
  64. ^Licence 2014,pp. xci, cix, cxiv–cxxix.
  65. ^Licence 2014.
  66. ^abPhillips 1909,p. 295.
  67. ^Reimer 2004,p. 169.
  68. ^Reimer 2004,p. 179.
  69. ^Houghton 1970,p. 16.
  70. ^Warner 1996,p. 219.
  71. ^Warner 1996,pp. 139, 141.
  72. ^Houghton 1970,p. 24.
  73. ^Reimer, Stephen R."The Lives of Ss. Edmund and Fremund: Introduction".The Canon of John Lydgate Project.Archived fromthe originalon 14 February 2012.Retrieved26 April2013.
  74. ^Frantzen 2004,pp. 68–69.
  75. ^Preble 1917,p. 123.
  76. ^abBritish Library onlineCatalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts:Harley 2278 f.3vArchived10 September 2016 at theWayback Machine(Arms of Bury).
  77. ^Westwood 1986,p. 152.
  78. ^Ball 2003,p. 276.
  79. ^Roman Catholic diocese of East AngliawebsiteArchived17 December 2011 at theWayback Machine.
  80. ^"Our Patron St Edmund".Douai Abbey: Under the Patronage of St Edmund, King & Martyr.Trustees of Douai Abbey.Retrieved14 December2021.
  81. ^Young 2018,pp. 11, 154.
  82. ^Young 2018,p. 11.
  83. ^Young 2018,p. 153.
  84. ^"St Edmund, Patron Saint of Suffolk".BBC News.25 April 2007.Retrieved20 August2007.
  85. ^Woodger, Andrew; Haugh, Richard (4 June 2013)."St Edmund takes on St George for England's patron saint honour".BBC News.Retrieved6 June2013.
  86. ^"Campaign for St Edmund to be England's patron saint".BBC News.5 June 2013.Retrieved8 January2022.
  87. ^"Detailed record for Harley 2278".British Library.Archived fromthe originalon 6 January 2022.Retrieved13 December2021.
  88. ^"The Wilton Diptych".Richard II's Treasure: the riches of a medieval king.University of London.2007.Retrieved12 December2021.
  89. ^Frantzen 2004,pp. 66–67.
  90. ^Field & Brewer 2010,p. 140.

Sources

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Further reading

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