Wikipedia

Edward Bulwer-Lytton

Not to be confused with his son,Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton,Governor-General of India.
For the British general, seeEdward Bulwer (British Army officer).

Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton,PC(25 May 1803 – 18 January 1873), was an English writer and politician. He served as aWhigmember of Parliament from 1831 to 1841 and aConservativefrom 1851 to 1866. He wasSecretary of State for the Coloniesfrom June 1858 to June 1859, choosingRichard Clement Moodyas founder of British Columbia. He was created Baron Lytton of Knebworth in 1866.[1][2]

The Right Honourable
The Lord Lytton
PC
Secretary of State for the Colonies
In office
5 June 1858 – 11 June 1859
MonarchVictoria
Prime MinisterThe Earl of Derby
Preceded byLord Stanley
Succeeded byThe Duke of Newcastle
Personal details
Born
Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer[1]

(1803-05-25)25 May 1803
London, England
Died18 January 1873(1873-01-18)(aged 69)
Torquay,England
Political partyWhig(1831–1841)
Conservative(1851–1866)
Spouse
​
​
(m.1827)​
Children2, includingRobert
Parent(s)William Earle Bulwer
Elizabeth Barbara Warburton-Lytton
Alma materTrinity College, Cambridge
Trinity Hall, Cambridge

Bulwer-Lytton's works were well known in his time. He coined famous phrases like "pursuit of thealmighty dollar","the pen is mightier than the sword","dweller on the threshold","the great unwashed ", and the opening phrase"It was a dark and stormy night."The sardonicBulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest,held annually since 1982, claims to seek the "opening sentence of the worst of all possible novels".[3][4][5][6]

Life

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Bulwer was born on 25 May 1803 to General William Earle Bulwer ofHeydon HallandWood Dalling,Norfolk, andElizabeth Barbara Lytton,daughter ofRichard Warburton LyttonofKnebworth House,Hertfordshire. He had two older brothers, William Earle Lytton Bulwer (1799–1877) andHenry(1801–1872; later Baron Dalling and Bulwer).[7]

His father died and his mother moved to London when he was four years old. When he was 15, a tutor named Wallington, who tutored him atEaling,encouraged him to publish an immature work:Ishmael and Other Poems.Around this time, Bulwer fell in love, but the woman's father induced her to marry another man. She died about the time that Bulwer went to Cambridge and he stated that her loss affected all his subsequent life.[7]

In 1822 Bulwer-Lytton enteredTrinity College, Cambridge,where he metJohn Auldjo,but soon moved toTrinity Hall.In 1825 he won theChancellor's Gold Medalfor English verse.[8]In the following year he took hisBAdegree and printed for private circulation a small volume of poems,Weeds and Wild Flowers.[7]He purchased an army commission in 1826, but sold it in 1829 without serving.[9]

Edward Bulwer-Lytton. HisHarold, the Last of the Saxons(1848) was the source for Verdi's operaAroldo.

In August 1827, he marriedRosina Doyle Wheeler(1802–1882), a noted Irish beauty, but against the wishes of his mother, who withdrew his allowance, forcing him to work for a living.[7]They had two children, Emily Elizabeth Bulwer-Lytton (1828–1848), and(Edward) Robert Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton(1831–1891) who becameGovernor-General and Viceroy of British India(1876–1880). His writing and political work strained their marriage and his infidelity embittered Rosina.[10]

In 1833, they separated acrimoniously and in 1836 the separation became legal.[10]Three years later, Rosina publishedCheveley, or the Man of Honour(1839), a near-libellous fiction satirising her husband's alleged hypocrisy.[10]

In June 1858, when her husband was standing as parliamentary candidate for Hertfordshire, she denounced him at thehustings.He retaliated by threatening her publishers, withholding her allowance and denying her access to their children. Finally he had her committed to a mental asylum, but she was released a few weeks later after a public outcry.[10]This she chronicled in a memoir,A Blighted Life(1880).[11][12]She continued attacking her husband's character for several years.[13]

Bulwer-Lytton in later life

The death of Bulwer's mother in 1843 meant his "exhaustion of toil and study had been completed by great anxiety and grief," and by "about the January of 1844, I was thoroughly shattered."[14][15]

In his mother's room atKnebworth House,which he inherited, he "had inscribed above the mantelpiece a request that future generations preserve the room as his beloved mother had used it." It remains hardly changed to this day.[16]

On 20 February 1844, in accordance with his mother's will, he changed his surname from Bulwer to Bulwer-Lytton and assumed the arms of Lytton by royal licence.[13]His widowed mother had done the same in 1811. His brothers remained plain "Bulwer".[citation needed]

By chance, Bulwer-Lytton encountered a copy of "Captain Claridge's work on the "Water Cure",as practised byPriessnitz,at Graefenberg "and," making allowances for certain exaggerations therein ", pondered the option of travelling to Graefenberg, but preferred to find something closer to home, with access to his own doctors in case of failure:" I who scarcely lived through a day without leech or potion! ".[14][15]After reading a pamphlet by Doctor James Wilson, who operated a hydropathic establishment withJames Manby GullyatMalvern,he stayed there for "some nine or ten weeks", after which he "continued the system some seven weeks longer under Doctor Weiss, atPetersham",then again at" Doctor Schmidt's magnificent hydropathic establishment at Boppart "(at the former Marienberg Convent atBoppard), after developing a cold and fever upon his return home.[14]

The EnglishRosicruciansociety, founded in 1867 byRobert Wentworth Little,claimed Bulwer-Lytton as their "Grand Patron", but he wrote to the society complaining that he was "extremely surprised" by their use of the title, as he had "never sanctioned such."[17]Nevertheless, a number of esoteric groups have continued to claim Bulwer-Lytton as their own, chiefly because some of his writings – such as the 1842 bookZanoni– have included Rosicrucian and other esoteric notions. According to theFulham Football Club,he once resided in the originalCraven Cottage,today the site of their stadium.[18]

Bulwer-Lytton had long suffered from a disease of the ear, and for the last two or three years of his life lived inTorquaynursing his health.[19]After an operation to curedeafness,an abscess formed in the ear and burst; he endured intense pain for a week and died at 2 am on 18 January 1873, just short of his 70th birthday.[19]The cause of death was unclear but it was thought the infection had affected his brain and caused a fit.[19]Rosina outlived him by nine years. Against his wishes, Bulwer-Lytton was honoured with a burial inWestminster Abbey.[20]His unfinished historyAthens: Its Rise and Fallwas published posthumously.[citation needed]

Political career

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Caricature by "Ape"published inVanity Fairin 1870

Bulwer began his political career as a follower ofJeremy Bentham.In 1831 he was electedmemberforSt Ives,Cornwall, after which he was returned forLincolnin 1832, and sat inParliamentfor that city for nine years. He spoke in favour of theReform Billand took the lead in securing the reduction, after he had vainly supported the repeal, of thenewspaper stamp duties.His influence was perhaps most keenly felt after theWhig Party's dismissal from office in 1834, when he issued a pamphlet entitledA Letter to a Late Cabinet Minister on the Crisis.[21]Lord Melbourne,thePrime Minister,offered him a lordship of theAdmiralty,which he declined as likely to interfere with his activity as an author.[13]

Bulwer was created abaronet,of Knebworth House in the County of Hertford, in theBaronetage of the United Kingdom,in 1838.[22]In 1841, he left Parliament and spent much of his time in travel.[13]He did not return to politics until 1852, when, having differed fromLord John Russellover theCorn Laws,he stood forHertfordshireas aConservative.Bulwer-Lytton held that seat until 1866, when he was raised to thepeerageasBaron Lyttonof Knebworth in the County of Hertford. In 1858, he enteredLord Derby'sgovernmentasSecretary of State for the Colonies,thus serving alongside his old friendBenjamin Disraeli.He was comparatively inactive in theHouse of Lords.[13]

"Just prior to his government's defeat in 1859 the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton, notified SirGeorge Ferguson Bowenof his appointment as Governor of the new colony to be known as 'Queen's Land'. "The draft letter was ranked #4 in the 'Top 150: Documenting Queensland' exhibition when it toured to venues around Queensland from February 2009 to April 2010.[23]The exhibition was part ofQueensland State Archives' events and exhibition program which contributed to the state's Q150 celebrations, marking the 150th anniversary of theseparation of Queenslandfrom New South Wales.[24]

British Columbia

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When news of theFraser Canyon Gold Rushreached London, Bulwer-Lytton, as Secretary of State for the Colonies, requested that the War Office recommend a field officer, "a man of good judgement possessing a knowledge of mankind", to lead a Corps of 150 (later increased to 172) Royal Engineers, who had been selected for their "superior discipline and intelligence".[25]The War Office choseRichard Clement Moody,and Lord Lytton, who described Moody as his "distinguished friend",[26]accepted the nomination in view of Moody's military record, his success as Governor of the Falkland Islands, and the distinguished record of his father,Colonel Thomas Moody, Knightat the Colonial Office.[27]Moody was charged to establish British order and transform the newly establishedColony of British Columbiainto the British Empire's "bulwark in the farthest west"[28]and "found a second England on the shores of the Pacific".[25]Lytton desired to send to the colony "representatives of the best of British culture, not just a police force", sought men who possessed "courtesy, high breeding and urbane knowledge of the world",[29]and decided to send Moody, whom the Government considered to be the archetypal "English gentleman and British Officer"[30]at the head of theRoyal Engineers, Columbia Detachment,to whom he wrote an impassioned letter.[26]

The formerHBCFort Dallas atCamchin,the confluence of theThompsonand theFraser Rivers,was renamed in his honour by Governor SirJames Douglasin 1858 asLytton, British Columbia.[31]

Literary works

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Bulwer-Lytton's literary career began in 1820 with the publication of a book of poems and spanned much of the 19th century. He wrote in a variety of genres, including historical fiction, mystery, romance, the occult and science fiction. He financed his extravagant way of life with a varied and prolific literary output, sometimes publishing anonymously.[10]

1849 printing ofPelhamwith Hablot K. Browne (Phiz) frontispiece: Pelham's electioneering visit to the Rev. Combermere St Quintin, who is surprised at dinner with his family.

Bulwer-Lytton publishedFalklandin 1827, a novel which was only a moderate success.[7]ButPelhambrought him public acclaim in 1828 and established his reputation as a wit and dandy.[10]Its intricate plot and humorous, intimate portrayal of pre-Victorian dandyism kept gossips busy trying to associate public figures with characters in the book.[7]Pelhamresembled Benjamin Disraeli's first novelVivian Grey(1827).[10]The character of the villainous Richard Crawford inThe Disowned,also published in 1828, borrowed much from that of banker and forgerHenry Fauntleroy,who was hanged in London in 1824 before a crowd of some 100,000.[32]

Bulwer-Lytton admired Disraeli's fatherIsaac D'Israeli,himself a noted author. They began corresponding in the late 1820s and met for the first time in March 1830, when Isaac D'Israeli dined at Bulwer-Lytton's house. Also present that evening wereCharles Pelham VilliersandAlexander Cockburn.The young Villiers had a long parliamentary career, while Cockburn becameLord Chief Justice of Englandin 1859.

Bulwer-Lytton reached his height of popularity with the publication ofEngland and the English,[33]andGodolphin(1833).[13]This was followed byThe Pilgrims of the Rhine(1834),The Last Days of Pompeii(1834),Rienzi, Last of the Roman TribunesaboutCola di Rienzo(1835),[10]Ernest Maltravers; or, The Eleusinia(1837),Alice; or, The Mysteries(1838),Leila; or, The Siege of Granada(1838), andHarold, the Last of the Saxons(1848).[10]The Last Days of Pompeiiwas inspired byKarl Briullov's paintingThe Last Day of Pompeii,which Bulwer-Lytton saw inMilan.[34]

HisNew TimonlampoonedTennyson,who responded in kind.[13]Bulwer-Lytton also wrote the horror storyThe Haunted and the Haunters; or, The House and the Brain(1859). Another novel with a supernatural theme wasA Strange Story(1862), which was an influence onBram Stoker'sDracula.[35]

Bulwer-Lytton wrote many other works, includingVril: The Power of the Coming Race(1871) which drew heavily on his interest in the occult and contributed to the early growth of the science fiction genre.[36]Its story of a subterranean race waiting to reclaim the surface of the Earth is an early science fiction theme. The book popularised theHollow Earththeory and may have inspired Nazi mysticism.[37]His term "vril" lent its name toBovrilmeat extract.[38]The book was also the theme of a fundraising event held at theRoyal Albert Hallin 1891, theVril-Ya Bazaar and Fete.[39]"Vril" has been adopted by theosophists and occultists since the 1870s and became closely associated with the ideas of anesoteric neo-Nazismafter 1945.[40]

His playMoney(1840) was first produced at theTheatre Royal, Haymarket,London, on 8 December 1840. The first American production was at the Old Park Theater in New York on 1 February 1841. Subsequent productions include thePrince of Wales's Theatre's in 1872 and as the inaugural play at the newCalifornia Theatrein San Francisco in 1869.[41]

Among Bulwer-Lytton's lesser-known contributions to literature was that he convincedCharles Dickensto revise the ending ofGreat Expectationsto make it more palatable to the reading public, as in the original version of the novel, Pip and Estella remain apart.[42]

Legacy

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Bulwer-Lytton's works had an influence in a number of fields.

Quotations

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Bulwer-Lytton's most famous quotation is "The pen is mightier than the sword"from his playRichelieu:

beneath the rule of men entirely great, the pen is mightier than the sword

He popularized the phrase "pursuit of thealmighty dollar"from his novelThe Coming Race,[43]and he is credited with "the great unwashed",using this disparaging term in his 1830 novelPaul Clifford:

He is certainly a man who bathes and "lives cleanly", (two especial charges preferred against him by Messrs. the Great Unwashed).[44]

Theosophy

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The writers oftheosophywere among those influenced by Bulwer-Lytton's work.Annie Besantand especiallyHelena Blavatskyincorporated his thoughts and ideas, particularly fromThe Last Days of Pompeii,Vril, the Power of the Coming RaceandZanoniin her own books.[45][46]

Contest

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Further information:Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest

Bulwer-Lytton's name lives on in the annualBulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest,in which contestants think up terrible openings for imaginary novels, inspired by the first line of his 1830 novelPaul Clifford:[47]

It was a dark and stormy night;the rain fell in torrents – except at occasional intervals, when it was checked by a violent gust of wind which swept up the streets (for it is in London that our scene lies), rattling along the housetops, and fiercely agitating the scanty flame of the lamps that struggled against the darkness.

Entrants in the contest seek to capture the rapid changes in point of view, the florid language, and the atmosphere of the full sentence.[48]The opening was popularized by thePeanutscomic strip, in whichSnoopy's sessions on the typewriter usually began with "It was a dark and stormy night".[49]The same words also form the first sentence of Madeleine L'Engle'sNewbery Medal–winning novelA Wrinkle in Time.Similar wording appears in Edgar Allan Poe's 1831 short story "The Bargain Lost",although not at the very beginning. It reads:

It was a dark and stormy night. The rain fell in cataracts; and drowsy citizens started, from dreams of the deluge, to gaze upon the boisterous sea, which foamed and bellowed for admittance into the proud towers and marble palaces. Who would have thought of passions so fierce in that calm water that slumbers all day long? At a slight alabaster stand, trembling beneath the ponderous tomes which it supported, sat the hero of our story.

Operas

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Several of Bulwer-Lytton's novels were made into operas. One of them,Rienzi, der Letzte der Tribunen(1842) byRichard Wagner,[50]eventually became more famous than the novel.[citation needed]Leonora(1846) byWilliam Henry Fry,the first European-styled "grand" opera composed in the United States, is based on Bulwer-Lytton's playThe Lady of Lyons,[51]as isFrederic Cowen's first operaPauline(1876).[52]Verdi rivalErrico Petrella's most successful opera,Jone(1858), was based on Bulwer-Lytton'sThe Last Days of Pompeii,and was performed all over the world until the 1880s, and in Italy until 1910.[53]Harold, the Last of the Saxons(1848) provided character names (but little else) for Verdi's operaAroldo(1857).[54]

Theatrical adaptations

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Shortly after their first publication,The Last Days of Pompeii,Rienzi,andErnest Maltraversall received successful stage performances in New York. The plays were written by Louisa Medina, one of the most successful playwrights of the 19th century.The Last Days of Pompeiihad the longest continuous stage run in New York at the time with 29 straight performances.[55]

Magazines

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In addition to his political and literary work, Bulwer-Lytton became the editor of theNew Monthlyin 1831, but he resigned the following year. In 1841, he started theMonthly Chronicle,a semi-scientific magazine. During his career he wrote poetry, prose, and stage plays; his last novel wasKenelm Chillingly,which was in course of publication inBlackwood's Magazineat the time of his death in 1873.[13]

Translations

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Bulwer-Lytton's works of fiction and non-fiction were translated in his day and since then into many languages, including Serbian (byLaza Kostic), German, Russian, Norwegian, Swedish, French, Finnish, and Spanish. In 1879, hisErnest Maltraverswas the first complete novel from the West to be translated into Japanese.[56]

Place names

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InBrisbane,Queensland,Australia, the suburb ofLytton,the town ofBulweronMoreton Island(Moorgumpin) and the neighbourhood (former island) ofBulwer Islandare named after him.[57][58][59]The township of Lytton, Quebec (today part ofMontcerf-Lytton) was named after him[60]as wasLytton, British Columbia,andLytton, Iowa.Lytton Road inGisborne, New Zealand,was named after the novelist. Later a state secondary school,Lytton High School,was founded in the road.[61]Also in New Zealand, Bulwer is a small locality in Waihinau Bay in the outer Pelorus Sound, New Zealand. It can be reached by 77 km of winding, mostly unsealed, road from Rai Valley. A weekly mail boat service delivers mail and also offers passenger services. In London, Lytton Road in the suburb ofPinner,where the novelist lived, is named after him.[62]

Portrayal on television

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Bulwer-Lytton was portrayed by the actorBrett Usherin the 1978 television serialDisraeli.[63][64]

Works

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Novels

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Verse

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  • Ismael(1820)[10]
  • The Poems and Ballads of Schiller,translator (1844), published by Bernard Tauchnitz, Leipzig
  • The New Timon(1846), an attack onTennysonpublished anonymously[10]
  • King Arthur(1848–1849)[10]

Plays

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See also

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References

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  1. ^abBrown, Andrew (23 September 2004). "Lytton, Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer [formerly Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer], first Baron Lytton".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/17314.(Subscription orUK public library membershiprequired.)
  2. ^"No. 23137".The London Gazette.13 July 1866. p. 3984.
  3. ^McCrum, Robert (17 May 2012)."Dickens, Browning and Lear: what's in a reputation?".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on 29 March 2018.Retrieved28 March2018– via www.theguardian.com.
  4. ^Christopher John Murray (2013).Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760–1850.Routledge. pp. 139–.ISBN978-1135455798.
  5. ^Nevins, Jess (10 March 2011)."An Appreciation of Lord Bulwer-Lytton".io9.Archivedfrom the original on 13 February 2019.Retrieved13 March2019.
  6. ^https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/13/us/wonderfully-terrible-writers-discovered.html[dead link]
  7. ^abcdefWaugh 1911,p. 185.
  8. ^"Bulwer [post Bulwer-Lytton], Edward George [Earle] Lytton (BLWR821EG)".A Cambridge Alumni Database.University of Cambridge.
  9. ^[1]Archived30 September 2017 at theWayback MachineHistory of Parliament Online article.
  10. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstDrabble, Margaret (2000).The Oxford Companion to English Literature(sixth ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p.147.ISBN0198662440.
  11. ^Lady Lytton(1880).A Blighted Life.London: The London Publishing Office.Archivedfrom the original on 26 February 2010.Retrieved28 November2009.(Online text at wikisource.org)
  12. ^Devey, Louisa (1887).Life of Rosina, Lady Lytton, with Numerous Extracts from her Ms. Autobiography and Other Original Documents, published in vindication of her memory.London: Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey & Co.Archivedfrom the original on 28 June 2011.Retrieved28 November2009.Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
  13. ^abcdefghWaugh 1911,p. 186.
  14. ^abcLord Lytton (1875)."Confessions of a Water-Patient".in Pamphlets and Sketches(Knebworthed.). London: George Routledge and Sons. pp. 49–75.Archivedfrom the original on 24 March 2012.Retrieved28 November2009.Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
  15. ^abBulwer (April 1863)."Bulwer's Letter on Water-Cure".In R. T. Trall (ed.).The Herald of Health, and The Water-cure journal (see title page of January edition, p. 5).Vol. 35–36. New York: R. T. Trall & Co. pp. 149–154 (see p. 151).Archivedfrom the original on 19 November 2018.Retrieved26 November2009.
  16. ^"Mrs. Bulwer-Lytton's Room",Knebworth House Antique Photographs,archivedfrom the original on 13 July 2011,retrieved28 November2009
  17. ^R. A. Gilbert, "The Supposed Rosy Crucian Society", in Caron et al., eds.,Ésotérisme, Gnoses et Imaginaire Symbolique,Leuven: Peeters, 2001, p. 399.
  18. ^"The Stadium History of Fulham FC".23 July 2020.Retrieved19 April2024.
  19. ^abcMitchell, Leslie George (2003).Bulwer Lytton: The Rise and Fall of a Victorian Man of Letters.London; New York: Hambledon Continuum.ISBN1852854235.
  20. ^pixeltocode.uk, PixelToCode."Famous people / organisations".Westminster Abbey.Archivedfrom the original on 7 January 2008.Retrieved29 August2008.
  21. ^Lord Lytton (1875)."The Present Crisis. A Letter to a Late Cabinet Minister".Pamphlets and Sketches(Knebworthed.). London: George Routledge and Sons. pp. 9–48.Archivedfrom the original on 24 March 2012.Retrieved28 November2009.Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org).
  22. ^"No. 19631".The London Gazette.3 July 1838. p. 1488.
  23. ^corporateName=Queensland State Archives (5 April 2015)."Number 4 – Draft letter from Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton, Secretary of State for the Colonies to Governor Bowen".Number 4 – Draft letter from Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton, Secretary of State for the Colonies to Governor Bowen.Archivedfrom the original on 4 April 2015.Retrieved6 August2020– via National Library of Australia.
  24. ^Queensland State Archives (2014),Annual report,Queensland State Archives,retrieved6 August2020
  25. ^abJean Barman, The West Beyond the West: A History of British Columbia, (Toronto: University of Toronto), p. 71.
  26. ^abDrummond, Sir Henry (1908). "XXIII".Rambling Recollections, Vol. 1.Macmillan and Co., London. p. 272.
  27. ^"Entry for Richard Clement Moody in Dictionary of Canadian Biography".2002.Archivedfrom the original on 11 October 2012.Retrieved11 March2018.
  28. ^Donald J. Hauka, McGowan's War, Vancouver: 2003, New Star Books, p. 146.
  29. ^Scott, Laura Elaine (1983).The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862.Simon Fraser University. p. 13.
  30. ^Scott, Laura Elaine (1983).The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862.Simon Fraser University. p. 19.
  31. ^The Canadian Press(17 August 2008)."Toff and prof to duke it out in literary slugfest".CBC News.Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2009.Retrieved18 August2008.
  32. ^Richard Davenport-Hines, "Fauntleroy, Henry (1784–1824)",Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(Oxford, UK: OUP, 2004Retrieved 12 October 2017.
  33. ^"Lord Beaconsfield's correspondence with his sister, 1832-1852".Library of Congress.letter dated June 29, 1833.Archivedfrom the original on 19 August 2020.
  34. ^Harris, Judith (2007).Pompeii Awakened: A Story of Rediscovery.I.B. Tauris. p.166.ISBN978-1845112417.
  35. ^Bulwer-Lytton, Edward (2007).The Coming Race.Wesleyan University Press.ISBN978-0819567352– via Google Books.
  36. ^Nevins, Jess (29 April 2011)."May Day, 1871: The Day" Science Fiction "Was Invented".io9.Archived fromthe originalon 13 March 2019.Retrieved13 March2019.
  37. ^Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (2004) [1985].The Occult Roots Of Nazism.I.B. Tauris.ISBN1860649734.
  38. ^"Bovril".Unilever.co.uk.Archived fromthe originalon 11 April 2012.Retrieved10 April2012.
  39. ^"'The Coming Race' and 'Vril-Ya' Bazaar and Fete, in joint aid of The West End Hospital, and the School of Massage and Electricity ".Royal Albert Hall Memories.27 August 2019. Archived fromthe originalon 12 April 2021.Retrieved29 March2021.
  40. ^Julian Strube.Vril. Eine okkulte Urkraft in Theosophie und esoterischem Neonazismus.München/Paderborn: Wilhelm Fink 2013.
  41. ^Don B. Wilmeth 2007)The Cambridge Guide to American Theatre.
  42. ^John Forster's biography of Dickens
  43. ^ Edward Bulwer Lytton Baron Lytton,The Coming Race(London, England: William Blackwood and Sons, 1871), page 2Archived27 May 2013 at theWayback Machine
  44. ^Edward Bulwer Lytton Baron Lytton; Eric Robinson (1838).Paul Clifford.Baudry's European Library. p. x, footnote.Archivedfrom the original on 8 May 2017.Retrieved7 June2016.
  45. ^Edward Bulwer-Lytton,The Coming Race,Introduction by David Seed, Wesleyan University Press, 2007,p. xliiArchived8 May 2017 at theWayback Machine
  46. ^Brian Stableford,The A to Z of Fantasy Literature,Scarecrow Press, 2009,"Blavatsky, Madame (1831–1991)".
  47. ^Edward Bulwer Lytton,Paul Clifford(Paris, France: Baudry's European Library, 1838),page 1Archived27 November 2013 at theWayback Machine
  48. ^Infopédia."Edward Bulwer-Lytton - Infopédia".Infopédia - Dicionários Porto Editora(in Portuguese).Retrieved15 August2021.
  49. ^Mumford, Tracy (27 October 2015)."Who really wrote 'it was a dark and stormy night'?".MPR.
  50. ^Millington, Barry (2001).The Wagner Compendium.London: Thames and Hudson. p. 275.ISBN9780500282748.
  51. ^Howard, John Tasker; Bellows, George Kent (1967).A Short History of Music in America.New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. p. 128.
  52. ^White, Eric Walter (1951).The Rise of English Opera.London: J. Lehmann. p. 118.
  53. ^Loewenberg, Alfred (1978).Annals of Opera, 1597–1940.Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Littlefield. col. 930–931.ISBN9780874718515.
  54. ^Budden, Jullian (1978).The Operas of Verdi.Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. p. 337.
  55. ^Plays by Early American Women, 1775-1850,Amelia Howe Kritzer, Ed. (1998) Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
  56. ^Keene, Donald (1984).Dawn to the West: Japanese Literature of the Modern Era.New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 62.ISBN0030628148.
  57. ^"Lytton (entry 43599)".Queensland Place Names.Queensland Government.Retrieved2 September2015.
  58. ^"Bulwer – town in City of Brisbane (entry 5168)".Queensland Place Names.Queensland Government.Retrieved28 December2017.
  59. ^"Bulwer Island – neighbourhood in the City of Brisbane (entry 5169)".Queensland Place Names.Queensland Government.Retrieved27 October2020.
  60. ^"Lytton".Banque de noms de lieux du Québec(in French).Commission de toponymie du Québec.Archivedfrom the original on 3 March 2016.Retrieved16 May2012.
  61. ^Meade, Geoffrey Thomas (1986).History of the school, 1961–1985: Lytton High School.Thomas Adams Printing. p. 3.
  62. ^Weinreb, Ben;Hibbert, Christopher(1992).The London Encyclopaedia(reprint ed.).Macmillan.p. 617.
  63. ^Disraeli: Portrait of a Romantic (TV Mini-Series 1978) - IMDb,retrieved8 February2021
  64. ^Telotte, Leigh Ehlers, 1949- (2020).QUEEN VICTORIA ON SCREEN film and television depictions from the silent era to today.[S.l.]: MCFARLAND. p. 178.ISBN978-1-4766-3878-2.OCLC1162842105.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  65. ^Lytton, Edward Bulwer Lytton (1 January 2001).The Lady of Lyons; Or, Love and Pride.Archivedfrom the original on 6 October 2014.Retrieved2 October2014– via Project Gutenberg.

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Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Member of ParliamentforSt Ives
1831–1832
With:James Halse 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Member of ParliamentforLincoln
1832–1841
With:George Heneageto 1835
Charles Sibthorpfrom 1835 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Member of ParliamentforHertfordshire
1852–1866
With:Thomas Plumer Halseyto 1854
Sir Henry Meux, Btto 1859
Abel Smith1854–1857
Christopher William Puller1857–1864
Abel Smith1859–1865
Henry Surteesfrom 1864
Henry Cowperfrom 1865 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Secretary of State for the Colonies
1858–1859 		Succeeded by
Academic offices
Preceded by Rector of the University of Glasgow
1856–1859 		Succeeded by
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation Baron Lytton
1866–1873 		Succeeded by
Baronetage of the United Kingdom
New creation Baronet
of Knebworth
1838–1873 		Succeeded by
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