Edward Moore Kennedy(February 22, 1932 – August 25, 2009) was an American lawyer and politician fromMassachusettswho served as a member of theUnited States Senatefrom 1962 to his death in 2009. A member of theDemocratic Partyand the prominentKennedy family,he was thesecond-most seniormember of the Senate when he died. He isranked fifth in U.S. history for length of continuous service as a senator.Kennedy was the younger brother of PresidentJohn F. Kennedyand U.S. attorney general and U.S. senatorRobert F. Kennedy,and the father of U.S. representativePatrick J. Kennedy.
Ted Kennedy | |
|---|---|
 Official portrait, 1990s | |
| United States Senator fromMassachusetts | |
| In office November 7, 1962 – August 25, 2009 | |
| Preceded by | Benjamin A. Smith II |
| Succeeded by | Paul G. Kirk |
| Chair of theSenate Health Committee | |
| In office January 3, 2007 – August 25, 2009 On leave: June 9 – August 25, 2009* | |
| Preceded by | Mike Enzi |
| Succeeded by | Chris Dodd(acting) |
| In office June 6, 2001 – January 3, 2003 | |
| Preceded by | Jim Jeffords |
| Succeeded by | Judd Gregg |
| In office January 3, 2001 – January 20, 2001 | |
| Preceded by | Jim Jeffords |
| Succeeded by | Jim Jeffords |
| In office January 3, 1987 – January 3, 1995 | |
| Preceded by | Orrin Hatch |
| Succeeded by | Nancy Kassebaum |
| Chair of theSenate Judiciary Committee | |
| In office January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1981 | |
| Preceded by | James Eastland |
| Succeeded by | Strom Thurmond |
| Senate Majority Whip | |
| In office January 3, 1969 – January 3, 1971 | |
| Leader | Mike Mansfield |
| Preceded by | Russell B. Long |
| Succeeded by | Robert Byrd |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Edward Moore Kennedy February 22, 1932 Boston,Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Died | August 25, 2009(aged 77) Hyannis Port, Massachusetts,U.S. |
| Resting place | Arlington National Cemetery |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouses | |
| Children | |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | Kennedy family |
| Education | |
| Signature |  |
| Website | Official website |
| Military service | |
| Branch/service | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1951–1953 |
| Rank | Private First Class |
| Unit | Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe |
| * Dodd served as acting chair during Kennedy's medical leave. | |
After attendingHarvard Universityand earning his law degree from theUniversity of Virginia,Kennedy began his career as an assistant district attorney inSuffolk County, Massachusetts.He won aNovember 1962 special election in Massachusettsto fill the vacant seat previously held by his brother John, who had taken office as the U.S. president. He waselected to a full six-year term in 1964and was re-elected seven more times. TheChappaquiddick incidentin 1969 resulted in the death of his automobile passenger,Mary Jo Kopechne.He pleaded guilty to a charge of leaving the scene of an accident and received a two-monthsuspended sentence.The incident and its aftermath hindered his chances of becoming president. He ran in 1980 in theDemocratic primary campaignfor the party's nomination, but lost to the incumbent president,Jimmy Carter.
Kennedy was known for hisoratorical skills.His 1968 eulogy for his brother Robert and his1980 rallying cryformodern American liberalismwere among his best-known speeches. He became recognized as "The Lion of the Senate" through his long tenure and influence. Kennedy and his staff wrote more than 300 bills that were enacted into law. Unabashedly liberal, Kennedy championed an interventionist government that emphasizedeconomicandsocial justice,but he was also known for working with Republicans to find compromises. Kennedy played a major role in passing many laws, including theImmigration and Nationality Act of 1965,theNational Cancer Act of 1971,theCOBRA health insurance provision,theComprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986,theAmericans with Disabilities Act of 1990,theRyan White AIDS Care Act,theCivil Rights Act of 1991,theMental Health Parity Act,theS-CHIP children's health program,theNo Child Left Behind Act,and theEdward M. Kennedy Serve America Act.During the 2000s, he led several unsuccessfulimmigration reformefforts. Over the course of his Senate career, Kennedy made efforts to enactuniversal health care,which he called the "cause of my life". By his later years, Kennedy had come to be viewed as a major figure and spokesman forAmerican progressivism.
On August 25, 2009, Kennedy died of abrain tumor(glioblastoma) at his home inHyannis Port, Massachusetts,at the age of 77. He was buried atArlington National Cemetery.
Early life
Kennedy was born on February 22, 1932, at St. Margaret's Hospital in theDorchestersection ofBoston, Massachusetts.He was the youngest of the nine children ofJoseph Patrick KennedyandRose Fitzgerald,members of prominentIrish Americanfamilies in Boston.[1]They constituted one of the wealthiest families in the nation after their marriage.[2]His eight siblings wereJoseph Jr.,John,Rosemary,Kathleen,Eunice,Patricia,Robert,andJean.His older brother John asked to be the newborn's godfather, a request his parents honored, though they did not agree to his request to name the baby George Washington Kennedy (Ted was born on PresidentGeorge Washington's 200th birthday). They named the boy after their father's assistant.[3]
As a child, Ted was frequently uprooted by his family's moves amongBronxville, New York;Hyannis Port, Massachusetts;Palm Beach, Florida;and theCourt of St. James's,inLondon,England.[4][5]His formal education started at Gibbs School in Kensington, London.[6]He had attended 10 schools by the age of eleven; these disruptions interfered with his academic success.[7]He was analtar boyat theSt. Joseph's Churchand was seven when he received hisFirst CommunionfromPope Pius XIIin theVatican.[8]He spent sixth and seventh grades at theFessenden School,where he was a mediocre student,[1]and eighth grade at Cranwell Preparatory School, both inMassachusetts.[4]He was the youngest child and his parents were affectionate toward him, but they also compared him unfavorably with his older brothers.[1]
Between the ages of eight and sixteen, Ted suffered the traumas of his sister Rosemary's failedlobotomyand the deaths of two siblings: Joseph Jr. in an airplane explosion and Kathleen in an airplane crash.[1]Ted's affable maternal grandfather,John F. Fitzgerald,was theMayor of Boston,a U.S. Congressman, and an early political and personal influence.[1]Ted spent his four high-school years atMilton Academy,a preparatory school inMilton, Massachusetts,where he received B and C grades. In 1950, he finished 36th in a graduating class of 56.[9]He did well atfootballthere, playing on the varsity in his last two years; the school's headmaster later described his play as "absolutely fearless... he would have tackled an express train to New York if you asked... he loved contact sports".[9]Kennedy also played on the tennis team and was in the drama, debate, and glee clubs.[9]
College, military service, and law school
Like his father and brothers before him, Ted graduated fromHarvard College.[10]In his spring semester, he was assigned to the athlete-orientedWinthrop House,where his brothers had also lived.[10]He was anoffensive and defensive endon the freshman football team; his play was characterized by his large size and fearless style.[1]In his first semester, Kennedy and his classmates arranged to copy answers from another student during the final examination for a science class.[11]At the end of his second semester in May 1951, Kennedy was anxious about maintaining his eligibility for athletics for the next year,[1]and he had a classmate take his place at aSpanishexam.[12][13]The ruse was discovered and both were expelled for cheating.[12][14]As was standard for serious disciplinary cases, they were told they could apply for readmission within a year or two if they demonstrated good behavior during that time.[12][15]
In June 1951, Kennedy enlisted in theUnited States Armyand signed up for an optional four-year term that was shortened to the minimum of two years after his father intervened.[12]Followingbasic trainingatFort DixinNew Jersey,he requested assignment toFort HolabirdinMarylandforArmy Intelligencetraining, but was dropped without explanation after a few weeks.[12]He went toCamp GordoninGeorgiafor training in theMilitary Police Corps.[12]In June 1952, Kennedy was assigned to thehonor guardatSHAPEheadquarters in Paris, France.[1][12]His father's political connections ensured that he was not deployed to the ongoingKorean War.[1][16]While stationed in Europe, Kennedy traveled extensively on weekends and climbed theMatterhornin thePennine Alps.[17]After 21 months, he was discharged in March 1953 as aprivate first class.[12][17]
Kennedy re-entered Harvard in the summer of 1953 and improved his study habits.[1]His brother John was a U.S. Senator and the family was attracting more public attention.[18]Ted joinedThe Owlfinal clubin 1954[19]and was also chosen for theHasty Pudding Cluband the Pi Eta fraternity.[20]Kennedy was on athletic probation during his sophomore year, and he returned as a second-string two-way end for theCrimson football teamduring his junior year. He barely missed earning hisvarsity letter.[21]Green Bay Packershead coachLisle Blackbournasked him about his interest in playing professional football.[22]Kennedy demurred, saying he had plans to attend law school and "go into another contact sport, politics."[23]In his senior season of 1955, Kennedy started at end for the Harvard football team and worked hard to improve his blocking and tackling to complement his 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m), 200 lb (91 kg) size.[17]In the season-endingHarvard-Yale gamein the snow at theYale Bowlon November 19 (which Yale won 21–7), Kennedy caught a pass to score Harvard's only touchdown;[24]the team finished the season with a 3–4–1 record.[25]Academically, Kennedy received mediocre grades for his first three years, improved to a B average for his senior year, and finished barely in the top half of his class.[26]Kennedy graduated from Harvard at age 24 in 1956 with anABin history and government.[26]
Due to his low grades, Kennedy was not accepted byHarvard Law School.[15]He instead followed his brother Bobby and enrolled in theUniversity of Virginia School of Lawin 1956.[1]That acceptance was controversial among faculty and alumni, who judged Kennedy's past cheating episodes to be incompatible with the University of Virginia's honor code; it took a full faculty vote to admit him.[27]Kennedy also attendedThe Hague Academy of International Lawduring one summer.[28]At Virginia, Kennedy felt that he had to study "four times as hard and four times as long" as other students to keep up.[29]He received mostly C grades[29]and was in the middle of the class ranking, but won the prestigious William Minor Lile Moot Court Competition.[1][30]He was elected head of the Student Legal Forum and brought many prominent speakers to the campus via his family connections.[31]While there, his questionable automotive practices were curtailed when he was charged withreckless drivinganddriving without a license.[1]He was officially named as manager of his brother John's1958 Senate re-election campaign;Ted's ability to connect with ordinary voters on the street helped bring a record-setting victory margin that gave credibility to John's presidential aspirations.[32]Ted graduated from law school in 1959.[31]
Family and early career
In October 1957 (early in his second year of law school), Kennedy metJoan BennettatManhattanville College;they were introduced after a dedication speech for a gymnasium that his family had donated at the campus.[33][34]Bennett was a senior at Manhattanville and had worked as a model and won beauty contests, but she was unfamiliar with politics.[33]After the couple became engaged, she grew nervous about marrying someone she did not know that well, but Joe Kennedy insisted that the wedding should proceed.[33]The couple was married byCardinalFrancis Spellmanon November 29, 1958, atSt. Joseph's ChurchinBronxville, New York,[1][17]with the reception being held at the nearbySiwanoy Country Club.[35]Ted and Joan had three children:Kara(1960–2011),Ted Jr.(b. 1961) andPatrick(b. 1967). By the 1970s, the marriage was in trouble due to Ted'sinfidelityand Joan's growingalcoholism.[36]
Ted and Joan establishedMassachusettsresidency after buying a townhouse on Charles River Square inBoston,and a home on Squaw Island,Cape Cod.[37]During Ted's tenure in the U.S. Senate, the Kennedys lived in a townhouse inGeorgetown,Washington, D.C., and later, a 12,500-square-foot house inMcLean, Virginia.[38][39]From 1982 until his death in 2009, theKennedy CompoundinHyannis Port, Massachusettsbecame Ted's principal residence.[40]
In 1959, Kennedy was admitted to theMassachusetts Bar.[41]In 1960, his brother John announced his candidacy forPresident of the United Statesand Ted managed his campaign in the Western states.[1]Ted learned to fly and during theDemocratic primary campaignhe barnstormed around the western states, meeting with delegates and bonding with them by trying his hand atski jumpingandbronc riding.[17]The seven weeks he spent inWisconsinhelped his brother win the first contested primary of the season there and a similar time spent inWyomingwas rewarded when a unanimous vote from that state's delegates put his brother over the top at the1960 Democratic National Convention.[42]
Following his victory in the presidential election, John resigned from his seat as U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, but Ted was not eligible to fill the vacancy until his thirtieth birthday on February 22, 1962.[43]Ted initially wanted to stay out west rather than run for office right away; he said, "The disadvantage of my position is being constantly compared with two brothers of such superior ability."[44]Ted's brothers were not in favor of his running immediately, but Ted ultimately coveted the Senate seat as an accomplishment to match his brothers, and their father overruled them.[17]John asked Massachusetts GovernorFoster Furcoloto name Kennedy family friendBen Smithas interim senator for John's unexpired term, which he did in December 1960.[45]This kept the seat available for Ted.[17]
Meanwhile, Ted started work in February 1961 as anassistant district attorneyat theSuffolk County, MassachusettsDistrict Attorney's Office (for which he took a nominal$1 salary), where he developed a hard-nosed attitude towards crime.[46]He took many overseas trips, billed as fact-finding tours with the goal of improving his foreign policy credentials.[46][47][48]On a nine-nationLatin Americantrip in 1961, FBI reports from the time showed Kennedy meeting withLauchlin Currie,an alleged former Soviet spy, together with locals in each country whom the reports deemed left-wingers and Communist sympathizers.[48][49]Reports from the FBI and other sources had Kennedy renting a brothel and opening up bordellos after hours during the tour.[48][49][50]The Latin American trip helped to formulate Kennedy's foreign policy views, and in subsequentBoston Globecolumns he warned that the region might turn to Communism if the U.S. did not reach out to it in a more effective way.[48][50]Kennedy also began speaking to local political organizations.[44]
In the1962 U.S. Senate special election in Massachusetts,Kennedy initially faced a Democratic Party primary challenge fromEdward J. McCormack Jr.,thestate Attorney General.Kennedy's slogan was "He can do more for Massachusetts", the same one John had used in his first campaign for the seat ten years earlier.[51]McCormack had the support of many liberals and intellectuals, who thought Kennedy inexperienced and knew of his suspension from Harvard, a fact which became public during the race.[44]Kennedy also faced the notion that with one brother President and anotherU.S. Attorney General,"Don't you think that Teddy is one Kennedy too many?" But Kennedy proved to be an effective street-level campaigner.[17]His charm was such that one delegate at the party convention said "He's completely unqualified and inexperienced. And I'm going to be with him".[15]In a televised debate, McCormack said "The office of United States Senator should be merited, and not inherited", and said that if his opponent's name was Edward Moore, not Edward Moore Kennedy, his candidacy "would be a joke".[44]Voters thought McCormack was overbearing—a Kennedy supporter said "McCormack was able to make a millionaire an underdog"[15]—and with the family political machine's finally getting fully behind him, Kennedy won the September 1962 primary by a two-to-one margin. In the November special election, Kennedy defeated RepublicanGeorge Cabot Lodge II,product of another noted Massachusetts political family, gaining 55 percent of the vote.[17][52]
United States Senator
First years, brothers' assassinations
Kennedy was sworn into the Senate on November 7, 1962.[53]He maintained a deferential attitude towards the senior Southern members when he first entered the Senate, avoiding publicity and focusing on committee work and local issues.[54][55]He lacked his brother John's sophistication and Robert's intense, sometimes grating drive, but was more affable than either.[54]He was favored by SenatorJames Eastland,chair of the powerful Judiciary Committee. Vice PresidentLyndon B. Johnson,despite his feuds with John and Robert, liked Ted and told close aides that he "had the potential to be the best politician in the whole family."[56]
On November 22, 1963, Kennedy waspresiding over the Senate—a task given to junior members—when an aide rushed in to tell him that his brother, President Kennedy,had been shot.His brother Robert soon told him that the President was dead.[44]Ted and his sisterEuniceimmediately flew to the family home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, to give the news to their invalid father, who had had a stroke two years earlier.[44]
On June 19, 1964, Kennedy was a passenger in a privateAero Commander 680airplane that was flying in bad weather from Washington, D.C. to Massachusetts. The plane crashed into anapple orchardinSouthampton, Massachusetts,onfinal approachto theBarnes Municipal AirportinWestfield.[57][58]The pilot and Edward Moss (one of Kennedy's aides) were killed.[59]Kennedy was pulled from the wreckage by fellow SenatorBirch Bayh,[57]and spent months in hospital recovering from a severe back injury, apunctured lung,broken ribs and internal bleeding.[44]He suffered chronic back pain for the rest of his life.[60][61]Kennedy took advantage of his long convalescence to meet with academics and study issues more closely, and the hospital experience triggered his lifelong interest in the provision ofhealth care.[44]His wife Joan did the campaigning for him in theregular 1964 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts,[44]and he defeated his Republican opponent by a three-to-one margin.[52]
Kennedy was walking with a cane when he returned to the Senate in January 1965.[44]He employed a stronger and more effective legislative staff.[44]He took on President Lyndon B. Johnson and almost succeeded in amending theVoting Rights Act of 1965to explicitly ban thepoll taxat the state and local level (rather than just directing the Attorney General to challenge its constitutionality there),[44][62]gaining a reputation for legislative skill.[63]He was a leader in pushing through theImmigration and Nationality Act of 1965,which ended a quota system based upon national origin. He also played a role in the creation of theNational Teachers Corps.[44][64]
Kennedy initially said he had "no reservations" about the expanding U.S. role in theVietnam Warand acknowledged that it would be a "long and enduring struggle".[63]Kennedy held hearings on the plight of refugees in the conflict, which revealed that the U.S. government had no coherent policy for refugees.[65]Kennedy also tried to reform "unfair" and "inequitable" aspects ofconscription.[63]By the time of a January 1968 trip to Vietnam, Kennedy was disillusioned by the lack of U.S. progress, and suggested publicly that the U.S. should tellSouth Vietnam,"Shape up or we're going to ship out."[66]
Ted initially advised his brother Robert against challenging the incumbent President Johnson for the Democratic nomination in the1968 presidential election.[44]Once SenatorEugene McCarthy's strong showing in theNew Hampshire primaryled toRobert's presidential campaignstarting in March 1968, Ted recruited political leaders for endorsements to his brother in the western states.[44][67]Ted was in San Francisco when his brother Robert won the crucial California primary on June 4, 1968, and then after midnight,Robert was shot in Los Angelesand died a day later.[44]Ted Kennedy was devastated by his brother's death, as he was closest to Robert among those in the Kennedy family.[68][page needed]Kennedy aideFrank Mankiewiczsaid of seeing Ted at the hospital where Robert lay mortally wounded: "I have never, ever, nor do I expect ever, to see a face more in grief."[44]At Robert's funeral atSt. Patrick's Cathedral,Kennedy eulogized his older brother:
My brother need not be idealized, or enlarged in death beyond what he was in life; to be remembered simply as a good and decent man, who saw wrong and tried to right it, saw suffering and tried to heal it, saw war and tried to stop it. Those of us who loved him and who take him to his rest today, pray that what he was to us and what he wished for others will some day come to pass for all the world. As he said many times, in many parts of this nation, to those he touched and who sought to touch him: "Some men see things as they are and say why. I dream things that never were and say why not."[69]
At the chaotic August1968 Democratic National Convention,Mayor of ChicagoRichard J. Daleyand some other party factions feared thatHubert Humphreycould not unite the party, and so encouraged Ted Kennedy to make himself available for adraft.[44][70]The 36-year-old Kennedy was seen as the natural heir to his brothers,[51]and "Draft Ted" movements sprang up from various quarters and among delegates.[70][71]Thinking that he was only being seen as a stand-in for his brother and that he was not ready for the job himself, and getting an uncertain reaction from McCarthy and a negative one from Southern delegates, Kennedy rejected any move to place his name before the convention as a candidate.[70][71]He also declined consideration for the vice-presidential spot.[54]SenatorGeorge McGovernremained the symbolic standard-bearer for Robert's delegates instead.[72]
After the deaths of his brothers, Kennedy took on the role of a surrogate father for their children.[73][74]By some reports, he also negotiated the October 1968 marital contract betweenJacqueline KennedyandAristotle Onassis.[75]
Following RepublicanRichard Nixon's victory in November, Kennedy was widely assumed to be the front-runner for the 1972 Democratic nomination.[76] In January 1969, Kennedy defeatedLouisianaSenatorRussell B. Longby a 31–26 margin to becomeSenate Majority Whip,the youngest person to attain that position.[54][77]While this further boosted his presidential image, he appeared conflicted by the inevitability of having to run for the position;[74][76]"Few who knew him doubted that in one sense he very much wanted to take that path",Timemagazine reported, but "he had a fatalistic, almost doomed feeling about the prospect". The reluctance was in part due to the danger; Kennedy reportedly observed, "I know that I'm going to get my ass shot off one day, and I don't want to."[78][79]Indeed, there were regular death threats made against Kennedy for much of the rest of his career.[80]
Chappaquiddick incident
On the night of July 18, 1969, Kennedy was atChappaquiddick Islandhosting a party for theBoiler Room Girls,a group of young women who had worked on his brother Robert's presidential campaign.[76]Kennedy left the party with one of the women, 28-year-oldMary Jo Kopechne.
Driving a1967 Oldsmobile Delmont 88,he attempted to cross the Dike Bridge, which did not have a guardrail at that time. Kennedy lost control and crashed in thePoucha Pondinlet, a tidal channel. Kennedy escaped from the overturned vehicle, and, by his description, dove below the surface seven or eight times, vainly attempting to rescue Kopechne. Ultimately, he swam to shore and left the scene, with Kopechne still trapped inside the vehicle. Kennedy did not report the accident to authorities until the next morning, by which time Kopechne's body had already been discovered.[76]Kennedy's cousinJoe Garganlater said that he and Kennedy's friendPaul Markham,both of whom were at the party and came to the scene, had urged Kennedy to report it at the time.[81]
A week after the incident, Kennedy pleaded guilty to leaving the scene of an accident and was given asuspendedsentence of two months in jail.[76]That night, he gave a national broadcast in which he said, "I regard as indefensible the fact that I did not report the accident to the police immediately," but he denied driving under the influence of alcohol and also denied any immoral conduct between him and Kopechne.[76]Kennedy asked the Massachusetts electorate whether he should stay in office or resign; after getting a favorable response in messages sent to him, Kennedy announced on July 30 that he would remain in the Senate and run for re-election the next year.[82]
In January 1970, an inquest into Kopechne's death was held inEdgartown, Massachusetts.[76]At the request of Kennedy's lawyers, theMassachusetts Supreme Judicial Courtordered the inquest to be conducted in secret.[76][83][84]The presiding judge, James A. Boyle, concluded that some aspects of Kennedy's story of that night were not true, and that negligent driving "appears to have contributed" to the death of Kopechne.[84]Agrand juryconducted a two-day investigation in April 1970 but issued no indictment, after which Boyle made his inquest report public.[76]Kennedy deemed its conclusions "not justified."[76]Questions about the incident generated many articles and books during the following years.[85]
1970s
At the end of 1968, Kennedy had joined the new Committee for National Health Insurance at the invitation of its founder,United Auto WorkerspresidentWalter Reuther.[86][87]In May 1970, Reuther died and SenatorRalph Yarborough,chairman of the fullSenate Labor and Public Welfare Committeeand its Health subcommittee, lost his primary election, propelling Kennedy into a leadership role on the issue ofnational health insurance.[88]Kennedy introduced a bipartisan bill in August 1970 forsingle-payeruniversalnational health insurance with nocost sharing,paid for by payroll taxes and general federal revenue.[89]
Despite the Chappaquiddick controversy of the previous year,Kennedy easily won re-electionto the Senate in November 1970 with 62 percent of the vote against underfunded Republican candidateJosiah Spaulding,although he received about 500,000 fewer votes than in 1964.[85]
In January 1971, Kennedy lost his position asSenate Majority Whipto SenatorRobert Byrdof West Virginia, 31–24,[90]probably because of Chappaquiddick. He later told Byrd that the defeat had allowed Kennedy to focus more on issues and committee work,[91][3]where he could exert influence independently from the Democratic party apparatus.[92]Kennedy began a decade as chairman of the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of theSenate Labor and Public Welfare Committee.
In February 1971, Nixon proposed health insurance reform—an employer mandate to offer private health insurance if employees volunteered to pay 25 percent of premiums, federalization ofMedicaidfor the poor with dependent minor children, and support forhealth maintenance organizations.[93][94]Hearings on national health insurance were held in 1971, but no bill had the support of House Ways and Means and Senate Finance Committee chairmen RepresentativeWilbur Millsand SenatorRussell Long.[93][95]Kennedy sponsored and helped pass the limitedHealth Maintenance Organization Act of 1973.[94][96]He also played a leading role, with SenatorJacob Javits,in the creation and passage of theNational Cancer Act of 1971.[97]
In October 1971, Kennedy made his first speech aboutThe TroublesinNorthern Ireland:he said that "Ulster is becoming Britain's Vietnam", advocating for the withdrawal of British troops from the six northern counties, called for aunited Ireland,[98]and declared thatUlster Unionistswho could not accept this "should be given a decent opportunity to go back to Britain" (a position he backed away from within a couple of years).[99]Kennedy was sharply criticised by the British and Ulster unionists, and he formed a long political relationship withSocial Democratic and Labour PartyfounderJohn Hume.[98]In scores of anti-war speeches, Kennedy opposed Nixon's policy ofVietnamization,calling it "a policy of violence [that] means more and more war".[85]In December 1971, Kennedy strongly criticized the Nixon administration's support for Pakistan and its ignoring of "the brutal and systematic repression of East Bengal by the Pakistani army".[100]He traveled to India and wrote a report on the plight of the10 million Bengali refugees.[101]In February 1972, Kennedy flew to Bangladesh and delivered a speech at theUniversity of Dhaka,wherea killing rampagehad begun a year earlier.[101]
The Chappaquiddick incident had greatly hindered Kennedy's future presidential prospects,[78]and shortly after the incident he declared that he would not be a candidate in the1972 U.S. presidential election.[76]Nevertheless, polls in 1971 suggested he could win the nomination if he tried, and Kennedy gave some thought to running. In May of that year he decided not to, saying he needed "breathing time" to gain more experience and to take care of the children of his brothers, and that "it feels wrong in my gut."[102]Nevertheless, in November 1971, aGallup Pollstill had him in first place in the Democratic nomination race with 28 percent.[103]George McGovernwas close to clinching the Democratic nomination in June 1972, when various anti-McGovern forces tried to get Kennedy to enter the contest at the last minute, but he declined.[104]At the1972 Democratic National Convention,McGovern repeatedly tried to recruit Kennedy as his vice presidential running mate, but Kennedy turned him down.[104]When McGovern's choice ofThomas Eagletonstepped down soon after the convention, McGovern again tried to get Kennedy to take the nod, again without success.[104]McGovern instead chose Kennedy's brother-in-lawSargent Shriver.
In 1973, Kennedy's 12-year-old sonEdward Kennedy Jr.,was diagnosed withbone cancer;his leg was amputated and he underwent a long, difficult, experimental two-year drug treatment.[76][105]The case brought international attention among doctors and in the media,[105]as did the young Kennedy's return to skiing half a year later.[106]SonPatrickwas suffering from severeasthma attacks.[76]The pressure of the situation mounted on Joan Kennedy. On several occasions, she entered facilities for treatment of alcoholism and emotional strain, and she was arrested fordrunk drivingafter a traffic accident.[76][107]
In February 1974, Nixon proposed more comprehensive health insurance reform—an employer mandate to offer private health insurance if employees volunteered to pay 25 percent of premiums, replacement of Medicaid by state-run health insurance plans available to all with income-based premiums and cost sharing, and replacement of Medicare with a new federal program that eliminated the limit on hospital days, added income-based out-of-pocket limits, and added outpatient prescription drug coverage.[108][109]In April 1974, Kennedy and Mills introduced a bill for near-universal national health insurance with benefits identical to the expanded Nixon plan—but with mandatory participation by employers and employees through payroll taxes—both plans were criticized by labor, consumer, and senior citizen organizations because of their substantial cost sharing.[108][110]In August 1974, after Nixon's resignation and President Ford's call for health insurance reform, Mills tried to advance a compromise based on Nixon's plan—but with mandatory participation by employers and employees through premiums to private health insurance companies—but gave up when unable to get more than a 13–12 majority of his committee to support his compromise plan.[108][111]
In the wake of theWatergate scandal,Kennedy pushedcampaign finance reform;he was a leading force behind passage of theFederal Election Campaign Act Amendments of 1974,which set contribution limits and established public financing for presidential elections.[112][113]In April 1974, Kennedy travelled to theSoviet Union,where he met with leaderLeonid Brezhnevand advocated a full nuclear test ban as well as relaxed emigration, gave a speech atMoscow State University,met withSoviet dissidents,and secured an exit visa for cellistMstislav Rostropovich.[114]Kennedy's Subcommittee on Refugees and Escapees continued to focus on Vietnam, especially after theFall of Saigonin 1975.[85]
Kennedy had initially opposedbusing schoolchildren across racial lines,but grew to support the practice as it became a focal point of civil rights efforts.[115]After federal judgeW. Arthur Garrityordered theBoston School Committeein 1974 to racially integrate Boston's public schools via busing, Kennedy made a surprise appearance at a September 1974 anti-busing rally inCity Hall Plazato express the need for peaceful dialogue and was met with extreme hostility.[115][116][117]The predominantly white crowd yelled insults about his children and hurled tomatoes and eggs at him as he retreated into theJohn F. Kennedy Federal Buildingand went so far as to break one of its glass walls.[115][116][117]
Kennedy was again much talked about as a contender in the1976 U.S. presidential election,with no strong front-runners among the other possible Democratic candidates.[118]Kennedy's concerns about his family were strong, and Chappaquiddick was still in the news, withThe Boston Globe,The New York Times Magazine,andTimemagazine all reassessing the incident and raising doubts about Kennedy's version of events.[76][119][120](TheTimeswould in 1977 describe Chappaquiddick as Kennedy's Watergate.[121]) In September 1974, Kennedy announced that for family reasons he would not run in the 1976 election, declaring that his decision was "firm, final, and unconditional."[118]Kennedy wasup for Senate re-election in 1976.He defeated a primary challenger who was angry at his support forschool busing in Boston.Kennedy won the general election with 69 percent of the vote.[122]
TheCarter administrationyears were difficult for Kennedy; he had been the most important Democrat in Washington ever since his brother Robert's death, but now Carter was, and Kennedy at first did not have a full committee chairmanship with which to wield influence.[123]Carter in turn sometimes resented Kennedy's status as a political celebrity.[3]Despite generally similar ideologies, their priorities were different.[123][124]Kennedy told reporters that he was content with his congressional role and denied presidential ambitions,[121]but by late 1977 Carter reportedly saw Kennedy as a future challenger to his presidency.[125]
Kennedy and his wife Joan separated in 1977, although they still staged some joint appearances.[126]He held Health and Scientific Research Subcommittee hearings in March 1977 that led to public revelations of extensivescientific misconductby contract research organizations, includingIndustrial Bio-Test Laboratories.[127][128][129]Kennedy visited China on a goodwill mission in late December 1977, meeting with leaderDeng Xiaopingand eventually gaining permission for a number of Mainland Chinese nationals to leave the country; in 1978, he also visited the Soviet Union and Brezhnev and dissidents there again.[130]During the 1970s, Kennedy also showed interest innuclear disarmament,and as part of his efforts in this field even visitedHiroshimain January 1978 and gave a public speech to that effect atHiroshima University.[131]He became chairman of theSenate Judiciary Committeein 1978, by which time he had amassed a wide-ranging Senate staff of a hundred.[132]
As a candidate, Carter had proposed health care reform that included key features of Kennedy's national health insurance bill, but in December 1977, President Carter told Kennedy his bill must preserve a large role for private insurance companies, minimize federal spending (precluding payroll tax financing), and be phased-in to not interfere with Carter's paramount domestic policy objective—balancing the federal budget.[133][134][135]Kennedy and labor compromised and made the requested changes, but broke with Carter in July 1978 when he would not commit to pursuing a single bill with a fixed schedule for phasing-in comprehensive coverage.[133][134][136]Frustrated by Carter's budgetary concerns and political caution,[2]in a December 1978 speech on national health insurance at the Democratic midterm convention, Kennedy said regarding liberal goals that "sometimes a party must sail against the wind" and in particular should provide health care as "a basic right for all, not just an expensive privilege for the few."[137][138][139]
In May 1979, Kennedy proposed a new bipartisan universal national health insurance bill—choice of competing federally regulated private health insurance plans with no cost sharing financed by income-based premiums via an employer mandate and individual mandate, replacement of Medicaid by government payment of premiums to private insurers, and enhancement ofMedicareby adding prescription drug coverage and eliminating premiums and cost sharing.[140][141]In June 1979, Carter proposed more limited health insurance reform—an employer mandate to provide catastrophic private health insurance plus coverage without cost sharing for pregnant women and infants, federalization of Medicaid with extension to all of the very poor, and adding catastrophic coverage to Medicare.[140]Neither plan gained any traction in Congress,[142][143]and the failure to come to agreement represented the final political breach between the two.[144](Carter wrote in 1982 that Kennedy "ironically" thwarted Carter's efforts to provide a comprehensive health-care system for the country.[145]In turn, Kennedy wrote in 2009 that his relationship with Carter was "unhealthy" and that "President Carter was a difficult man to convince – of anything."[146])
1980 presidential campaign
Kennedy decided to seek the Democratic nomination in the1980 presidential electionby launching an unusual, insurgent campaign against the incumbent Carter. A midsummer 1978 poll showed that Democrats preferred Kennedy over Carter by a 5-to-3 margin.[85]Through summer 1979, as Kennedy deliberated whether to run, Carter was not intimidated despite his 28 percent approval rating, saying publicly: "If Kennedy runs, I'll whip his ass."[142][144]Carter later asserted that Kennedy's constant criticism of his policies was a strong indicator that Kennedy was planning to run for the presidency.[147]Labor unions urged Kennedy to run, as did some Democratic party officials who feared that Carter's unpopularity could result in heavy losses in the 1980 congressional elections.[148]Kennedy decided to run in August 1979, when polls showed him with a 2-to-1 advantage over Carter;[149]Carter's approval rating slipped to 19 percent.[148]Kennedy formally announced his campaign on November 7, 1979, at Boston'sFaneuil Hall.[144]He had already received substantial negative press from a rambling response to the question "Why do you want to be President?" during aninterview with Roger MuddofCBS Newsbroadcast a few days earlier.[144][150]TheIranian hostage crisis,which began on November 4, and theSoviet invasion of Afghanistan,which began on December 27, prompted the electorate to rally around the president and allowed Carter to pursue aRose Garden strategyof staying at the White House, which kept Kennedy's campaign out of the headlines.[144][151]
Kennedy's campaign staff was disorganized and he was initially an ineffective campaigner.[151][152]There is little evidence that Kennedy truly wanted to be president;[144]the incoherent answer to Mudd was an example of whatWalter Mondale,who knew Kennedy well from the Senate, described as his way of avoiding a topic by "using words, but they didn't come together somehow".[153]Chris Whipple ofLife,who was present for the Mudd interview, wondered if Kennedy's answer was "consciously or otherwise, an act of political self-destruction... The campaign was over. His heart just wasn't in it".[154]The Chappaquiddick incident emerged as a more significant issue than the staff had expected, with several newspaper columnists and editorials criticizing Kennedy's answers on the matter.[151]In the January 1980Iowa caucusesthat initiated the primaries season, Carter demolished Kennedy by a 59–31 percent margin.[144]Kennedy's fundraising immediately declined and his campaign had to downsize, but he remained defiant, saying "[Now] we'll see who is going to whip whose what."[155]Nevertheless, Kennedy lost three New England contests.[144]Kennedy did form a more coherent message about why he was running, saying atGeorgetown University:"I believe we must not permit the dream of social progress to be shattered by those whose premises have failed."[156]However, concerns over Chappaquiddick and issues related to personal character prevented Kennedy from gaining the support of many people who were disillusioned with Carter.[157]During aSt. Patrick's Day Paradein Chicago, Kennedy had to wear a bullet-proof vest due to assassination threats, and hecklers yelled "Where's Mary Jo?" at him.[158]In the key March 18 primary in Illinois, Kennedy failed to gain the support of Catholic voters, and Carter won 155 of 169 delegates.[64][144]
With little mathematical hope of winning the nomination and polls showing another likely defeat in the New York primary, Kennedy prepared to withdraw from the race.[144]However, partially due to Jewish voter unhappiness with a U.S. vote at the United Nations againstIsraeli settlementsin theWest Bank,Kennedy staged an upset and won the March 25 vote by a 59–41 percent margin.[144]Carter responded with an advertising campaign that attacked Kennedy's character in general without explicitly mentioning Chappaquiddick, but Kennedy still managed a narrow win in the April 22 Pennsylvania primary.[144]Carter won 11 of 12 primaries held in May, while on the June 3Super Tuesdayprimaries, Kennedy won California, New Jersey, and three smaller states out of eight contests.[159]Overall, Kennedy had won 10 presidential primaries against Carter, who won 24.[160]
Although Carter now had enough delegates to clinch the nomination,[159]Kennedy carried his campaign on to the1980 Democratic National Conventionin August in New York, hoping to pass a rule there that would free delegates from being bound by primary results and open the convention.[144]This move failed on the first night of the convention, and Kennedy withdrew.[144]On the second night, August 12, Kennedy delivered themost famous speechof his career.[161]Drawing on allusions to and quotes ofMartin Luther King Jr.,Franklin Delano Roosevelt,andAlfred Lord Tennysonto say thatAmerican liberalismwas not passé,[162]he concluded with the words:
For me, a few hours ago, this campaign came to an end. For all those whose cares have been our concern, the work goes on, the cause endures, the hope still lives, and the dream shall never die.[163]
TheMadison Square Gardenaudience reacted with wild applause and demonstrations for half an hour.[144]On the final night, Kennedy arrived late after Carter's acceptance speech and while he shook Carter's hand, he failed to raise Carter's arm in the traditional show of party unity.[64][162]Carter's difficulty in securing the assistance of Kennedy supporters during the election campaign contributed to his November defeat byRonald Reagan.[162][better source needed][dubious–discuss]
1980s
The 1980 election saw the Republicans capture not just the presidency but control of the Senate as well, and Kennedy was in the minority party for the first time in his career. Kennedy did not dwell upon his presidential loss,[144]but instead reaffirmed his public commitment to American liberalism.[164]He chose to become the ranking member of theLabor and Public Welfare Committeerather than of the Judiciary Committee, which he would later say was one of the most important decisions of his career.[164]Kennedy became a committed champion of women's issues,[164]and established relationships with select Republican senators to blockReagan's actionsand preserve and improve theVoting Rights Act,funding forAIDStreatment, and equal funding for women's sports underTitle IX.[144]To combat being in the minority, he worked long hours and devised a series of hearings-like public forums to which he could invite experts and discuss topics important to him.[144]Kennedy could not hope to stop all of Reagan's reshapings of government, but was often nearly the sole effective Democrat battling him.[165]
In January 1981, Ted and Joan Kennedy announced they were getting a divorce.[166]The proceedings were generally amicable,[166]and she received a reported $4 million settlement when the divorce was granted in 1982.[167]Later that year, Kennedy created theFriends of Irelandorganization with SenatorDaniel MoynihanandHouse SpeakerTip O'Neillto support initiatives for peace and reconciliation inNorthern Ireland.[168]
Kennedy easily defeated Republican businessmanRay Shamietowin re-election in 1982.[169]Senate leaders granted him a seat on theArmed Services Committee,while allowing him to keep his other major seats despite the traditional limit of two such seats.[170]Kennedy became very visible in opposing aspects of theforeign policy of the Reagan administration,including U.S. intervention in theSalvadoran Civil Warand U.S. support for theContrasinNicaragua,and in opposing Reagan-supported weapons systems, including theB-1 bomber,theMX missile,and theStrategic Defense Initiative.[170]Kennedy became the Senate's leading advocate for anuclear freeze[170]and was a critic of Reagan's confrontational policies toward the Soviet Union.[171][172][173]
A 1983 KGB memo indicates that Kennedy engaged in back-channel communication with the Soviet Union.[174][175][176]According to a May 14, 1983, memorandum fromChairman of the KGBViktor Chebrikovto general secretaryYuri Andropov,former U.S. SenatorJohn V. Tunney—a friend of Kennedy's—visited Moscow that month and conveyed a message from Kennedy to Andropov.[176][177][178][179]The memo indicates that the stated purpose of the communication was to "'root out the threat of nuclear war', 'improve Soviet-American relations' and 'define the safety of the world'".[179]Kennedy reportedly offered to visit Moscow "'to arm Soviet officials with explanations regarding problems of nuclear disarmament so they may be better prepared and more convincing during appearances in the USA'" and to set up U.S. television appearances for Andropov.[179][176]
Chebrikov also noted "a little-hidden secret that [Kennedy] intended to run for president in 1988 and that the Democratic Party 'may officially turn to him to lead the fight against the Republicans' in 1984 — turning the proposal from one purely about international cooperation to one tinged with personal political aspiration."[179]Andropov was unimpressed by Kennedy's overtures.[177]After the Chebrikov memo was unearthed, both Tunney and a Kennedy spokesperson denied that it was true.[179]Former Reagan administration negotiatorMax Kampelmanhas asserted that Kennedy did engage in back-channel communications, but added that "'the senator never acted or received information without informing the appropriate United States agency or official'".Kenneth Adelman,a deputy ambassador to the United Nations under Reagan, has asserted that the Reagan administration knew of back-channel communications between various senators and the Soviet Union and were unconcerned about the practice.[179]
Kennedy's staff drew up detailed plans for a candidacy in the1984 presidential electionthat he considered, but with his family opposed and his realization that the Senate was a fully satisfying career, in late 1982 he decided not to run.[79][144][180]Kennedy campaigned hard for Democratic presidential nominee Mondale and defended vice presidential nomineeGeraldine Ferrarofrom criticism over being a pro-choice Catholic, but Reagan was re-elected in a landslide.[181]
Kennedy staged a tiring, dangerous, and high-profile trip to South Africa in January 1985.[182]He defied both theapartheid government's wishes and militant leftistAZAPOdemonstrators by spending a night in theSowetohome ofBishop Desmond Tutuand also visitedWinnie Mandela,wife of imprisoned black leaderNelson Mandela.[144][182]Upon returning, Kennedy became a leader in the push for economic sanctions against South Africa; collaborating with SenatorLowell Weicker,he secured Senate passage, and the overriding of Reagan's veto, of theComprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986.[182]Despite their many political differences, Kennedy and Reagan had a good personal relationship,[183]and with the administration's approval Kennedy traveled to the Soviet Union in 1986 to act as a go-between in arms control negotiations with reformist Soviet leaderMikhail Gorbachev.[144]The discussions were productive, and Kennedy also helped gain the release of a number ofSoviet Jewish refuseniks,includingAnatoly Shcharansky.[144][184]
Although Kennedy was an accomplished legislator, his personal life was troubled during this time.[185]His weight fluctuated wildly and he drank heavily at times – although not when it would interfere with his Senate duties.[185][186]Kennedy later acknowledged, "I went through a lot of difficult times over a period in my life where [drinking] may have been somewhat of a factor or force."[185]He chased women frequently,[187]and also was in a series of more serious romantic relationships but did not want to commit to anything long-term.[188]He often caroused with fellow SenatorChris Dodd;[188]twice in 1985 they were in drunken incidents in Washington restaurants, with one involving a waitress claiming the pair sexually assaulted her.[187][189]In 1987, Kennedy and a young female lobbyist were surprised in the back room of a restaurant in a state of partial undress.[79]Female Senate staffers from the late 1980s and early 1990s recalled that Kennedy was on an informal list of male Senators who were known for harassing women regularly.[190]
After again considering a candidacy for the1988 presidential election,[79]in December 1985 Kennedy publicly declined to run. This decision was influenced by his personal difficulties, family concerns, and contentment with remaining in the Senate.[144][187]He added: "I know this decision means I may never be president. But the pursuit of the presidency is not my life. Public service is."[144]Kennedy used his legislative skills to achieve passage of theCOBRA Act,which extended employer-based health benefits after leaving a job.[191][192]Following the1986 congressional elections,the Democrats regained control of the Senate, and Kennedy became chair of the Labor and Public Welfare Committee. By this time, Kennedy had become what colleague and future PresidentJoe Bidentermed "the best strategist in the Senate".[144]Kennedy continued his close working relationship with ranking Republican SenatorOrrin Hatch,[191]and they were close allies on many health-related measures.[193]
One of Kennedy's biggest battles in the Senate came withReagan's July 1987 nominationof JudgeRobert Borkto theU.S. Supreme Court.[144]Kennedy saw a possible Bork appointment as leading to a dismantling of civil rights law that he had helped put into place, and feared Bork'soriginalistjudicial philosophy.[144]Kennedy's staff had researched Bork's writings and record, and within an hour of the nomination – which was initially expected to succeed – Kennedy went on the Senate floor to announce his opposition:
Robert Bork's America is a land in which women would be forced into back-alley abortions, blacks would sit at segregated lunch counters, rogue police could break down citizens' doors in midnight raids, schoolchildren could not be taught about evolution, writers and artists could be censored at the whim of the Government, and the doors of the Federal courts would be shut on the fingers of millions of citizens...[194]
The incendiary rhetoric of what became known as the "Robert Bork's America" speech enraged Bork supporters, who considered itslanderous,and worried some Democrats as well.[79][194][195][196]Bork responded, "There was not a line in that speech that was accurate."[197]In 1988, an analysis published in theWestern Political Quarterlyofamicus curiaebriefs filed byU.S. Solicitors Generalduring theWarrenandBurger Courtsfound that during Bork's tenure in the position during theNixonandFord Administrations(1973–1977), Bork took liberal positions in the aggregate as often asThurgood Marshalldid during theJohnson Administration(1965–1967) and more often thanWade H. McCreedid during theCarter Administration(1977–1981), in part because Bork filed briefs in favor of the litigates in civil rights cases 75 percent of the time (contradicting a previous review of his civil rights record published in 1983).[198][199]
However, the Reagan administration was unprepared for the assault, and the speech froze some Democrats from supporting the nomination and gave Kennedy and other Bork opponents time to prepare the case against him.[194][200]When the September 1987 Judiciary Committee hearings began, Kennedy challenged Bork forcefully on civil rights, privacy, women's rights, and other issues.[144]Bork's own demeanor hurt him,[194]and the nomination was defeated both in committee and the full Senate.[144]The tone of the Bork battle changed the way Washington worked – with controversial nominees or candidates now experiencing all-out war waged against them – and the ramifications of it are still being felt today.[195][200][201]
During the 1988 presidential election, Kennedy supported the eventual Democratic nominee, Massachusetts GovernorMichael Dukakis.[202]In the fall, Dukakis lost toGeorge H. W. Bush,but Kennedywon re-election to the Senateover RepublicanJoseph D. Malonein the easiest race of his career.[203]Kennedy remained a powerful force in the Senate. In 1988, Kennedy co-sponsored an amendment to theFair Housing Actof 1968, which prohibits discrimination in the rental, sale, marketing, and financing of the nation's housing; the amendment strengthened the ability of theOffice of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunityto enforce the Act and expanded the protected classes to include disabled persons and families with children.[204]After prolonged negotiations during 1989 with Bush chief of staffJohn H. Sununuand Attorney GeneralRichard Thornburghto secure Bush's approval, he directed passage of the landmarkAmericans with Disabilities Act of 1990.[191][205]Kennedy had personal interest in the bill due to his sister Rosemary's condition and his son's lost leg, and he considered its enactment one of the most important successes of his career.[191]In the late 1980s Kennedy and Hatch staged a prolonged battle against SenatorJesse Helmsto provide funding to combat theAIDS epidemicand provide treatment for low-income people affected; this would culminate in passage of theRyan White Care Act.[206]In late November 1989, Kennedy traveled to see first-handthe newly fallen Berlin Wall;he spoke atJohn-F.-Kennedy-Platz,site of the famous "Ich bin ein Berliner"speech in 1963, and said" Emotionally, I just wish my brother could have seen it. "[207]
Early 1990s
Kennedy's personal life came to dominate his image. In 1989,paparazzistalked him on a vacation in Europe and photographed him having sex on a motorboat.[185]In February 1990,Michael Kellypublished his lengthy profile "Ted Kennedy on the Rocks" inGQmagazine.[79]It captured Kennedy as "an aging Irish boyo clutching a bottle and diddling a blonde," portrayed him as an out-of-controlRegencyrake,and brought his behavior to the forefront of public attention.[79][185][188]Kennedy's brother-in-law,Stephen Edward Smith,died from cancer in August 1990; Smith was a close family member and troubleshooter, and his death left Kennedy emotionally bereft.[185][208]Kennedy pushed on, but even his legislative successes, such as theCivil Rights Act of 1991,which expanded employee rights in discrimination cases, came at the cost of being criticized for compromising with Republicans and Southern Democrats.[209]
OnEaster weekend1991, Kennedy was at a get-together at the family'sPalm Beach, Florida,estate. After reminiscing about his brother-in-law, Kennedy was restless and maudlin when he left for a late-night visit to a local bar. He got his sonPatrickand nephewWilliam Kennedy Smithto accompany him.[185][210]Patrick and Smith returned with women they met there, Michelle Cassone and Patricia Bowman. Cassone said that Ted Kennedy subsequently walked in on her and Patrick; Ted was dressed only in a nightshirt and had a weird look on his face.[185][210]Smith and Bowman went out on the beach, where they had sex that he said was consensual but she said was rape.[185]The local police made a delayed investigation; Kennedy sources were soon feeding the press with negative information about Bowman's background, and several mainstream newspapers broke an unwritten rule by publishing her name.[210]The case quickly became amedia frenzy.[185][210]While not directly implicated in the case, Kennedy became the frequent butt of jokes onThe Tonight Showand other late-night television programs.[185][211]Timemagazine said Kennedy was being perceived as a "Palm Beach boozer, lout and tabloid grotesque" whileNewsweeksaid Kennedy was "the living symbol of the family flaws".[212]
Bork andClarence Thomaswere the two most contentious Supreme Court nominations in United States history to that point.[213]When theThomas hearingsbegan in September 1991, Kennedy pressed Thomas on his unwillingness to express an opinion aboutRoe v. Wade,but the nomination appeared headed for success.[214]WhenAnita Hillbrought the sexual harassment charges against Thomas the following month, the nomination battle dominated public discourse. Kennedy was hamstrung by his past reputation and the ongoing developments in the William Kennedy Smith case.[185][215]He said almost nothing until the third day of the Thomas–Hill hearings, and when he did it was criticized by Hill supporters for being too little, too late.[185]
BiographerAdam Clymerrated Kennedy's silence during the Thomas hearings as the worst moment of his Senate career.[215]WriterAnna Quindlensaid "[Kennedy] let us down because he had to; he was muzzled by the facts of his life".[215]On the day before the full Senate vote, Kennedy gave an impassioned speech against Thomas, declaring that the treatment of Hill had been "shameful" and that "[t]o give the benefit of the doubt to Judge Thomas is to say that Judge Thomas is more important than the Supreme Court."[216]He then voted against the nomination.[215]Thomas was confirmed by a 52–48 vote, one of the narrowest margins ever for a successful nomination.[215]
Due to the Palm Beach media attention and the Thomas hearings, Kennedy's public image suffered. AGallup Pollgave Kennedy a 22 percent national approval rating.[185]ABoston Herald/WCVB-TVpoll found that 62 percent of Massachusetts citizens thought Kennedy should not run for re-election, by a 2-to-1 margin thought Kennedy had misled authorities in the Palm Beach investigation, and had Kennedy losing a hypothetical Senate race to GovernorWilliam Weldby 25 points.[217]Meanwhile, at a June 17, 1991, dinner party, Kennedy sawVictoria Anne Reggie,a Washington lawyer, a divorced mother of two, and the daughter of an old Kennedy family ally,Louisianajudge Edmund Reggie.[218]They began dating and by September were in a serious relationship.[218]In a late October speech at theJohn F. Kennedy School of Government,Kennedy sought to begin a political recovery, saying:
I am painfully aware that the criticism directed at me in recent months involves far more than disagreements with my positions... [It] involves the disappointment of friends and many others who rely on me to fight the good fight. To them I say, I recognize my own shortcomings – the faults in the conduct of my private life. I realize that I alone am responsible for them, and I am the one who must confront them.[185]
In December 1991, theWilliam Kennedy Smith rape trialwas held; it was nationally televised and the most watched until theO. J. Simpson murder casethree years later.[185]Kennedy's testimony at the trial seemed relaxed, confident, and forthcoming, and helped convince the public that his involvement had been peripheral and unintended.[219]Smith was acquitted.
Kennedy and Reggie continued their relationship, and he was devoted to her two children, Curran and Caroline.[185][220]They became engaged in March 1992,[221]and were married in a civil ceremony by JudgeA. David Mazzoneon July 3, 1992, at Kennedy's home inMcLean, Virginia.[222]She would gain credit for stabilizing his personal life and helping him resume a productive Senate career.[185][220]
Kennedy had no further presidential ambitions. Despite having initially backed former fellow Massachusetts SenatorPaul Tsongasin the1992 Democratic presidential primaries,Kennedy formed a good relationship with Democratic PresidentBill Clintonupon the latter taking office in 1993.[223]Kennedy floor-managed passage of Clinton's National and Community Service Trust Act of 1993 that created theAmeriCorpsprogram, and despite reservations supported the president on theNorth American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA).[224]On the issue Kennedy cared most about, national health insurance, he supported but was not much involved in formation of theClinton health care plan,which was run by First LadyHillary Clintonand others.[191]It failed badly and damaged the prospects for such legislation for years to come.[191]In 1994, Kennedy's strong recommendation of his former Judiciary Committee stafferStephen Breyerplayed a role in Clinton appointing Breyer to theU.S. Supreme Court.[225]</ref> During 1994 Kennedy became the first senator with a home page on theWorld Wide Web;the product of an effort with theMIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory,it helped counter the image of Kennedy as old and out of touch.[226][227]
In the1994 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts,Kennedy faced his first serious challenger, the young, telegenic, and very well-fundedMitt Romney.[185]Romney ran as a successful entrepreneur and Washington outsider with a strong family image and moderate stands on social issues, while Kennedy was saddled not only with his recent past but the 25th anniversary of Chappaquiddick and his first wife Joan seeking a renegotiated divorce settlement.[185]By mid-September 1994, polls showed the race to be even.[185][228]Kennedy's campaign ran short on money, and belying his image as endlessly wealthy, he was forced to take out asecond mortgageon his Virginia home.[229]Kennedy responded with a series ofattack ads,which focused both on Romney's shifting political views and on the treatment of workers at a paper products plant owned by Romney'sBain Capital.[185][230]Kennedy's new wife Vicki proved to be a strong asset in campaigning.[228]Kennedy and Romney held a widely watched late October debate without a clear winner, but by then Kennedy had pulled ahead in polls and stayed ahead afterward.[231]In the November election, despite avery bad outcome for the Democratic Party nationally,Kennedy won re-election by a 58 percent to 41 percent margin,[232]the closest re-election race of his career.
Kennedy's motherRosedied in January 1995. From then on, Kennedy intensified the practice of his Catholic faith, often attendingMassseveral times a week.[233]
Late 1990s
Kennedy's role as a liberal lion in the Senate came to the fore in 1995, when theRepublican Revolutiontook control and legislation intending to fulfill theContract with Americawas coming fromNewt Gingrich's House of Representatives.[234]Many Democrats in the Senate and the country overall felt depressed but Kennedy rallied forces to combat the Republicans.[234]By the beginning of 1996, the Republicans had overreached; most of the Contract had failed to pass the Senate and the Democrats could once again move forward with legislation, almost all of it coming out of Kennedy's staff.[235]
In 1996, Kennedy secured an increase in theminimum wage,which was one of his favorite issues;[236]there would not be another increase for ten years. Following the failure of the Clinton health care plan, Kennedy went against his past strategy and sought incremental measures instead.[237]Kennedy worked with Republican SenatorNancy Kassebaumto create and pass theHealth Insurance Portability and Accountability Actin 1996, which set new marks for portability of insurance and confidentiality of records.[191]The same year, Kennedy'sMental Health Parity Actforced insurance companies to treat mental health payments the same as others with respect to limits reached.[191]In 1997, Kennedy was the prime mover behind theState Children's Health Insurance Program,[238]which used increased tobacco taxes to fund the largest expansion of taxpayer-funded health insurance coverage for children in the U.S. sinceMedicaidbegan in the 1960s. Senator Hatch and Hillary Clinton also played major roles in SCHIP passing.[239]
Kennedy was a stalwart backer of President Clinton during the 1998Lewinsky scandal,often trying to cheer up the president and getting him to add past Kennedy stafferGreg Craigto his defense team, which helped improve the president's fortunes.[240]In the trial after the 1999impeachment of Bill Clinton,Kennedy voted to acquit Clinton on both charges, saying "Republicans in the House of Representatives, in their partisan vendetta against the President, have wielded the impeachment power in precisely the way the framers rejected, recklessly and without regard for the Constitution or the will of the American people."[241]
On July 16, 1999, Kennedy's nephewJohn F. Kennedy Jr.was killed when hisPiper Saratogaaircraftcrashedinto the Atlantic Ocean off the coast ofMartha's Vineyard.John Jr.'s wife,Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy,and his sister-in-law, Lauren Bessette, were also killed.[242]Ted was the family patriarch, and he and President Clinton consoled his extended family at the public memorial service.[242]He paraphrasedWilliam Butler Yeatsby saying of his nephew: "We dared to think, in that other Irish phrase, that this John Kennedy would live to comb gray hair, with his beloved Carolyn by his side. But like his father, he had every gift but length of years."[242]The Boston Globewrote of the changed role: "It underscored the evolution that surprised so many people who knew the Kennedys: Teddy, the baby of the family, who had grown into a man who could sometimes be dissolute and reckless, had become the steady, indispensable patriarch, the one the family turned to in good times and bad."[242]
2000s
Kennedy had an easy time withhis re-election to the Senate in 2000,as Republican lawyer and entrepreneur Jack E. Robinson III was sufficiently damaged by his past personal record that Republican state party officials refused to endorse him.[243]Kennedy got 73 percent of the general election vote, with Robinson splitting the rest withLibertarianCarla Howell.During thelong, disputed post-presidential election battle in Florida in 2000,Kennedy supported Vice PresidentAl Gore's legal actions.[244]After the bitter contest, many Democrats in Congress did not want to work with incoming PresidentGeorge W. Bush.[191]Kennedy, however, saw Bush as genuinely interested in a major overhaul of education, Bush saw Kennedy as a potential major ally in the Senate, and the two partnered together on the legislation.[191][245]Kennedy accepted provisions governing mandatory student testing and teacher accountability that other Democrats and theNational Education Associationdid not like, in return for increased funding levels for education.[191]TheNo Child Left Behind Actwas passed by Congress in May and June 2001 and signed into law by Bush in January 2002. Kennedy soon became disenchanted with the implementation of the act, however, saying for 2003 that it was $9 billion short of the $29 billion authorized.[191]Kennedy said, "The tragedy is that these long overdue reforms are finally in place, but the funds are not,"[245]and accused Bush of not living up to his personal word on the matter.[191][209]Other Democrats concluded that Kennedy's penchant for cross-party deals had gotten the better of him.[191]The White House defended its spending levels given the context of two wars going on.[191]
Kennedy was in his Senate offices meeting with First LadyLaura Bushwhen theSeptember 11, 2001, attackstook place.[242]Two of the airplanes involved had taken off from Boston, and Kennedy telephoned each of the 177 Massachusetts families who had lost members in the attacks.[242]He pushed through legislation that provided healthcare and grief counseling benefits for the families, and recommended the appointment of his former chief of staffKenneth Feinbergas Special Master of the government'sSeptember 11th Victim Compensation Fund.[242]Kennedy maintained an ongoing bond with the Massachusetts 9/11 families in subsequent years.[242][246]
Kennedy was a supporter of theAmerican-led 2001 overthrowof theTaliban governmentinAfghanistan.However, Kennedy strongly opposed theIraq Warfrom the start, and was one of 23 senators voting against theIraq War Resolutionin October 2002.[242]As theIraqi insurgencygrew in subsequent years, Kennedy pronounced that the conflict was "Bush's Vietnam."[242]In response to losses of Massachusetts service personnel to roadside bombs, Kennedy became vocal on the issue ofHumveevulnerability, and co-sponsored enacted 2005 legislation that sped up production and Army procurement of up-armored Humvees.[242]
Despite the strained relationship between Kennedy and Bush over No Child Left Behind spending, the two attempted to work together again on extendingMedicareto cover prescription drug benefits.[191]Kennedy's strategy was again doubted by other Democrats, but he saw the proposed $400 billion program as an opportunity that should not be missed.[191]However, when the final formulation of theMedicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Actcontained provisions to steer seniors towards private plans, Kennedy switched to opposing it.[191]It passed in late 2003, and led Kennedy to again say he had been betrayed by the Bush administration.[191]
In the2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries,Kennedy campaigned heavily for fellow Massachusetts SenatorJohn Kerry[242]and lent his chief of staff,Mary Beth Cahill,to the Kerry campaign. Kennedy's appeal was effective among blue collar and minority voters, and helped Kerry stage a come-from-behind win in theIowa caucusesthat propelled him on to the Democratic nomination.[242]
After Bush won a second term in the2004 general election,Kennedy continued to oppose him on Iraq and many other issues.[113][191]However, Kennedy sought to partner with Republicans again on the matter ofimmigration reformin the context of the ongoingUnited States immigration debate.[191]Kennedy was chair of theUnited States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Refugees,and in 2005, Kennedy teamed with Republican SenatorJohn McCainon theSecure America and Orderly Immigration Act.The "McCain-Kennedy bill" did not reach a Senate vote, but provided a template for further attempts at dealing comprehensively with legalization,guest worker programs,andborder enforcementcomponents. Kennedy returned again with theComprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007,which was sponsored by an ideologically diverse, bipartisan group of senators[247]and had strong support from the Bush administration.[191]The bill aroused furious grassroots opposition amongtalk radiolisteners and others as an "amnesty" program,[248]and despite Kennedy's last-minute attempts to salvage it, failed a cloture vote in the Senate.[249]Kennedy was philosophical about the defeat, saying that it often took several attempts across multiple Congresses for this type of legislation to build enough momentum for passage.[191]
In 2006, Kennedy released a children's book from the view of his dogSplash,My Senator and Me: A Dog's-Eye View of Washington, D.C.[250]Also in 2006, Kennedy released a political history entitledAmerica Back on Track.[251]
In 2006, aCessna Citation 550in which Kennedy was flying lost electrical power after being struck by lightning and had to be diverted.[252]
Kennedy again easilywon re-election to the Senate in 2006,winning 69 percent of the vote against Republican language school ownerKenneth Chase,who suffered from very poor name recognition.[253]
Obama, illness
Kennedy initially stated that he would support John Kerry again if he were to make another bid for president in 2008, but in January 2007, Kerry said he would not make a second attempt for the White House.[254]Kennedy then remained neutral as the2008 Democratic nomination battlebetween Senators Hillary Clinton andBarack Obamaintensified, because his friendChris Doddwas also running for the nomination.[255]The initial caucuses and primaries were split between Clinton and Obama. When Dodd withdrew from the race, Kennedy became dissatisfied with the tone of the Clinton campaign and what he saw as racially tinged remarks by Bill Clinton.[255][256]Kennedy gave an endorsement to Obama on January 28, 2008, despite appeals by both Clintons not to do so.[257]In a move that was seen as a symbolic passing of the torch,[242]Kennedy said that it was "time again for a new generation of leadership," and compared Obama's ability to inspire with that of his fallen brothers.[256]In return, Kennedy gained a commitment from Obama to make universal health care a top priority of his administration if he were elected.[255]Kennedy's endorsement was considered among the most influential that any Democrat could get,[258]and raised the possibility of improving Obama's vote-getting among unions, Hispanics, and traditional base Democrats.[257]It dominated the political news, and gave national exposure to a candidate who was still not well known in much of the country, as theSuper Tuesday primariesacross the nation approached.[255][259]
On May 17, 2008, Kennedy suffered aseizure,which was followed by a second seizure as he was being rushed from theKennedy CompoundtoCape Cod Hospitaland then by helicopter toMassachusetts General Hospitalin Boston.[260]Within days, doctors announced that Kennedy had amalignant glioma,a type ofbrain tumor.[261]The grim diagnosis[261][262][263]brought shocked reactions from many senators of both parties and from President Bush.[261]
Doctors initially informed Kennedy that the tumor was inoperable, but Kennedy followed standard procedure and sought other opinions. He decided to follow the most aggressive course of treatment possible.[262]On June 2, 2008, Kennedy underwentbrain surgeryatDuke University Medical Centerin an attempt to remove as much of the tumor as possible.[264][265]The 3½-hour operation—conducted by Dr.Allan Friedmanwhile Kennedy was conscious to minimize any permanent neurological effects—was deemed successful.[264][265]Kennedy left the hospital a week later to begin a course ofchemotherapyandradiation treatment.[266]Opinions varied regarding Kennedy's prognosis: the surgery typically extends survival time for only a few months, but people can sometimes live for years.[265][267]
The operation and follow-up treatments left Kennedy thinner, prone to additional seizures, weak and short on energy, and hurt his balance.[262] Kennedy made his first post-illness public appearance on July 9, when he surprised the Senate by showing up to supply the added vote to break a Republican filibuster against a bill to preserveMedicarefees for doctors.[268]In addition, Kennedy was ill from an attack ofkidney stones.Against the advice of some associates,[269][270]he insisted on appearing during the first night of the2008 Democratic National Conventionon August 25, 2008, where a video tribute to him was played. Introduced by his nieceCaroline Kennedy,the senator said, "It is so wonderful to be here. Nothing – nothing – is going to keep me away from this special gathering tonight."[242]He then delivered a speech to the delegates (which he had to memorize, as his impaired vision left him unable to read a teleprompter)[233]in which, reminiscent of his speech at the1980 Democratic National Convention,he said, "this November, the torch will be passed again to a new generation of Americans. So, with Barack Obama and for you and for me, our country will be committed to his cause. The work begins anew. The hope rises again. And the dream lives on."[271]The dramatic appearance and speech electrified the convention audience,[242][270][272]as Kennedy vowed that he would be present to see Obama inaugurated.[273]
On September 26, 2008, Kennedy suffered a mild seizure while at home in Hyannis Port; he immediately went to the hospital, was examined and released later that same day. Doctors believed that a change in his medication triggered the seizure.[272]Kennedy relocated to Florida for the winter; he continued his treatments, did a lot of sailing, and stayed in touch with legislative matters via telephone.[262]In his absence, many senators wore blue "Tedstrong"bracelets.[262]
On January 20, 2009, Kennedy attendedBarack Obama's presidential inauguration,but then suffered a seizure at the luncheon immediately afterwards. He was taken by ambulance toMedStar Washington Hospital Center.[274]Doctors attributed the episode to "simple fatigue". He was released from the hospital the following morning, and he returned to his home in Washington, D.C.[275]
When the111th Congressbegan, Kennedy dropped his spot on the Senate Judiciary Committee to focus all his attentions on national health care issues, which he regarded as "the cause of my life".[262][276][277]He saw the characteristics of the Obama administration and the Democratic majorities in Congress as representing the third and best great chance for universal health care, following the lost 1971 Nixon and1993 Clinton opportunities,[278]and as his last big legislative battle.[262]Kennedy made another surprise appearance in the Senate to break a Republican filibuster against theObama stimulus package.[279]When spring arrived, Kennedy appeared on Capitol Hill more frequently, although staffers often did not announce his attendance at committee meetings until they were sure Kennedy was well enough to appear.[262]On March 4, 2009,Prime Minister of the United KingdomGordon Brownannounced that Kennedy had been granted an honoraryknighthoodbyQueen Elizabeth IIfor his work in theNorthern Ireland peace process,and for his contribution toUK–US relations,[280][281]although the move caused some controversy in the UK due to his connections withGerry Adamsof theIrish republicanpolitical partySinn Féin.[282]Later in March, a bill reauthorizing and expanding theAmeriCorpsprogram was renamed theEdward M. Kennedy Serve America Actby Senator Hatch in Kennedy's honor.[283]Kennedy threw theceremonial first pitchatFenway Parkbefore theBoston Red Soxseason opener in April, echoing what his grandfather "Honey Fitz" – a member of theRoyal Rooters– had done to open the park in 1912.[284]Even when his illness prevented him from being a major factor in health plan deliberations, his symbolic presence still made him one of the key senators involved.[285]
However, Kennedy's tumor had spread by spring 2009 and treatments for it were no longer effective; this information was not disclosed to the public.[233]By June 2009 Kennedy had not cast a Senate vote in three months,[286]and his deteriorating physical health had forced him to retreat to Massachusetts, where he underwent another round of chemotherapy.[279]In his absence, premature release of his health committee's expansive plan resulted in a poor public reception.[287]Kennedy's friendChris Doddhad taken over his role on theHealth, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee,[288]but Republican senators and other observers said that the lack of Kennedy's physical presence had resulted in less consultation with them and was making successful negotiation more difficult.[279][289]Democrats also missed Kennedy's ability to smooth divisions on the health proposals.[290]Kennedy did cut a television commercial for Dodd, who was struggling early on in his2010 re-election bid.[288]In July,HBObegan showing a documentary tribute to Kennedy's life,Teddy: In His Own Words.[291]A health care reform bill was voted out of the committee with content Kennedy favored, but still faced a long, difficult process before having a chance at becoming law.[292]At the end of July 2009, Kennedy was awarded thePresidential Medal of Freedom.[293]He could not attend the ceremony to receive this medal, and attended a private service but not the public funeral when his sisterEunice Kennedy Shriverdied at age 88 on August 11, 2009.[290]In his final days, Kennedy was in a wheelchair and had difficulty speaking, but consistently stated that "I've had a wonderful life".[233]
Death
Kennedy died of a brain tumor on August 25, 2009, at age 77 at his home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, two weeks after the death of his sisterEunice Kennedy Shriver.[294]In a statement, Kennedy's family thanked "everyone who gave him care and support over this last year, and everyone who stood with him for so many years in his tireless march for progress toward justice".[295]
Reaction
President Obama said that Kennedy's death marked the "passing of an extraordinary leader"[296]and that he and First LadyMichelle Obamawere "heartbroken",[297]while Vice President Biden said "today we lost a truly remarkable man,"[298]and that Kennedy "changed the circumstances of tens of millions of Americans".[299]Mitt Romney,former Massachusetts Governor and Kennedy's opponent in the 1994 Senate race, called Kennedy "the kind of man you could like even if he was your adversary"[300]and former First LadyNancy Reagansaid she was "terribly saddened". She went on, "Given our political differences, people are sometimes surprised how close Ronnie and I have been to the Kennedy family.... I will miss him."[301][302]SenatorRobert Byrd,thePresident pro tempore of the Senate,issued a statement on Kennedy's death in which he said "My heart and soul weeps at the loss of my best friend in the Senate, my beloved friend";[303]Byrd had cried uncontrollably on the Senate floor when Kennedy's cancer diagnosis was made public the previous year.[304]
There were also tributes from outside politics. Before aBoston Red Soxgame, flags atFenway Parkwere flown at half-staff and "Taps"was performed as players stood along the baselines,[305]and theYankeesobserved a moment of silence before a game atYankee Stadium.[306]
Funeral services
Kennedy's funeral procession traveled 70 miles (110 km) from the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port to theJohn F. Kennedy Libraryin Boston, where his corpselay in repose;[307]over 50,000 members of the public filed by to pay their respects.[308]On Saturday, August 29, a procession traveled from the library to theOur Lady of Perpetual Help Basilicain Boston, for a funeral Mass.[309]Present at the funeral service were President Obama and former presidentsJimmy Carter,Bill Clinton,andGeorge W. Bush(also representing his father, former PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush,who decided not to attend),[310]along with Vice President Biden, three former Vice presidents, 58 senators, 21 former senators, many members of the House of Representatives, and several foreign dignitaries.[311]President Obama delivered theeulogy.[312]
The funeral service also drew attendees from outside politics from Boston, Washington, and across the United States, including journalistsBob Woodward,Tom BrokawandGwen Ifill;singersTony BennettandPlácido Domingo;cellistYo-Yo Ma;actorsJack Nicholson,Lauren Bacall,andBrian Stokes Mitchell;presidents and chancellors of Boston-area colleges and universities includingHarvard University PresidentDrew G. FaustandUniversity of MassachusettsPresidentJack M. Wilson;and sports figures including formerBoston Celticsbasketball playerBill Russell,as well as the top management of the Red Sox.[312][313]
Kennedy's remains were returned to Washington, D.C., and laid to rest atArlington National Cemetery,near the graves of his assassinated brothers.[312]Former Cardinal and Washington, D.C., ArchbishopTheodore McCarrickpresided over his burial service, which was attended by Biden, Kennedy's widow Vicki, and other members of theKennedy family.[314]Kennedy's grave marker is identical to his brother Robert's: a white oak cross and a white marble foot marker bearing his name and years of birth and death.[315]
Aftermath
True Compass,the memoir that Kennedy worked on throughout his illness, was published three weeks after his death.[316]It debuted atop theNew York Times Best Seller list[317]and by mid-December 2009 had sold some 400,000 copies.[318]
A special electionwas scheduled for January 19, 2010, for the U.S. Senate seat from Massachusetts left vacant by Kennedy's death.[319]Shortly before his death, Kennedy had written to DemocraticGovernor of MassachusettsDeval Patrickand theMassachusetts legislature,asking them to change state law to allow an appointee to fill a U.S. Senate vacancy for a term expiring upon the special election.[320][321][322]Kennedy had been instrumental in the prior 2004 alteration of this law to prevent GovernorMitt Romneyfrom appointing a Republican senator should John Kerry's presidential campaign succeed.[323]The law was amended, and on September 24, 2009,Paul G. Kirk,formerDemocratic National Committeechairman and former aide to Kennedy, was appointed to occupy the Senate seat until the completion of the special election.[324]Kirk announced that he would not be a candidate in the special election.[324]In that election, Republican State SenatorScott Brownwon the seat in a stunning upset,[325]ending Democratic control of it going back to 1953.
Brown's victory ended the 60-vote supermajority in the Senate that the Democrats had held since mid-2009.[326][327]Democrats rallied and passed health care reform legislation; SpeakerNancy Pelosi,who was instrumental in doing so, credited Kennedy in her closing remarks on the House floor before the final vote.[326][328]Kennedy's widow Vicki attended the signing of thePatient Protection and Affordable Care Act,at which both she and President Obama wore blue "Tedstrong" bracelets.[327]CongressmanPatrick Kennedybrought a copy of a national health insurance bill his father had introduced in 1970 as a gift for the president.[327]He laid a note on his father's grave that said, "Dad, the unfinished business is done."[329]Patrick's earlier decision not to seek re-election meant that in January 2011, a 64-year-long period in which a Kennedy held Federal elective office came to an end,[330]but resumed in January 2013 (due to the November 2012 election) with Ted's great-nephew,Joseph P. Kennedy III,becoming a member of the House.[331]Democratic control of Kennedy's former Senate seat was also regained following Brown's2012 losstoElizabeth Warren.
Political positions
Political scientists gaugeideologyin part by comparing the annual ratings by theAmericans for Democratic Action(ADA) with the ratings by theAmerican Conservative Union(ACU).[332]Kennedy had a lifetimeliberal90 percent score from the ADA through 2004,[333]while the ACU awarded Kennedy a lifetimeconservativerating of 2 percent through 2008.[334]Using another metric, Kennedy had a lifetime average liberal score of 88.7 percent, according to aNational Journalanalysis that places him ideologically as the third-most liberal senator of all those in office in 2009.[335]A 2004 analysis by political scientists Joshua D. Clinton ofPrinceton Universityand Simon Jackman and Doug Rivers ofStanford Universityexamined some of the difficulties in making this kind of analysis, and found Kennedy likely to be the 8th-to-15th-most liberal Senator during the108th Congress.[336]The Almanac of American Politicsrates congressional votes as liberal or conservative on thepolitical spectrum,in three policy areas: economic, social, and foreign. For 2005–2006, Kennedy's average ratings were as follows: the economic rating was 91 percent liberal and 0 percent conservative, the social rating was 89 percent liberal and 5 percent conservative, and the foreign rating was 96 percent liberal and 0 percent conservative.[337]
Variousinterest groupsgave Kennedy scores or grades as to how well his votes aligned with the positions of each group.[338]TheAmerican Civil Liberties Uniongave him an 84 percent lifetime score as of 2009.[339]During the 1990s and 2000s,NARAL Pro-Choice AmericaandPlanned Parenthoodtypically gave Kennedy ratings of 100 percent, while theNational Right to Life Committeetypically gave him a rating of less than 10 percent.[338]TheBrady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violencegave Kennedy a lifetime rating of 100 percent through 2002, while theNRA Political Victory Fundgave Kennedy a lifetime grade of "F" (failing) as of 2006.[338]
Cultural and political image
When Kennedy died in August 2009, he was thesecond-most seniormember of the Senate (afterPresident pro temporeRobert ByrdofWest Virginia) and the third longest-serving senator of all time, behind Byrd andStrom ThurmondofSouth Carolina.Later that same year, he was passed byDaniel InouyeofHawaii.[53]Kennedy therefore held the record as the longest-serving Democratic member of Congress to solely serve as a senator until October 2021, when he was surpassed by fellow DemocratPatrick LeahyofVermont.
During his tenure, Kennedy became one of the most recognizable and influential members of his party and was sometimes called a "Democratic icon"[340]as well as "The Lion of the Senate".[61][341][342][343]Kennedy and his Senate staff authored around 2,500 bills, of which more than 300 were enacted into law.[191]Kennedy co-sponsored another 550 bills that became law after 1973.[191]Kennedy was known for his effectiveness in dealing with Republican senators and administrations, sometimes to the irritation of other Democrats.[344]During the101st Congressunder PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush,at least half of the successful proposals put forward by theSenate Democratic policy makerscame out of Kennedy's Labor and Human Resources Committee.[345]During the 2000s, almost every bipartisan bill signed during theGeorge W. Bush administrationhad significant involvement from Kennedy.[61]A late 2000s survey of Republican senators ranked Kennedy first among Democrats in bipartisanship.[343]Kennedy strongly believed in the principle "never let the perfect be the enemy of the good,"and would agree to pass legislation he viewed as incomplete or imperfect with the goal of improving it down the road.[61]In April 2006, Kennedy was selected byTimeas one of "America's 10 Best Senators"; the magazine noted that he had "amassed a titanic record of legislation affecting the lives of virtually every man, woman and child in the country" and that "by the late 1990s, the liberal icon had become such a prodigious cross-aisle dealer that Republican leaders began pressuring party colleagues not to sponsor bills with him".[209]In May 2008, soon-to-be Republican presidential nomineeJohn McCainsaid, "[Kennedy] is a legendary lawmaker and I have the highest respect for him. When we have worked together, he has been a skillful, fair and generous partner."[61]RepublicanGovernor of Californiaand Kennedy relativeArnold Schwarzeneggerdescribed "Uncle Teddy" as "a liberal icon, a warrior for the less fortunate, a fierce advocate for health-care reform, a champion of social justice here and abroad" and "the rock of his family".[343]At the time of Kennedy's death, sociologist andNationboard memberNorman Birnbaumwrote that Kennedy had come to be viewed as the "voice" and "conscience" ofAmerican progressivism.[346]
Despite his bipartisan legislative practices, Kennedy was a polarizing symbol ofAmerican liberalismfor many years.[209][347][348][349]Republican and conservative groups long viewed Kennedy as a reliable "bogeyman"to mention in fundraising letters,[344]on par with Hillary Clinton and similar to Democratic and liberal appeals mentioningNewt Gingrich.[350][351]The famous racially motivated "Hands"attack ad used in North Carolina SenatorJesse Helms's 1990 re-election campaign againstHarvey Ganttaccused Gantt of supporting "Ted Kennedy's racial quota law".[352]University of California, San Diegopolitical science professorGary Jacobson's 2006 study ofpartisan polarizationfound that in a state-by-state survey of job approval ratings of the state's senators, Kennedy had the largest partisan difference of any senator, with a 57 percentage point difference in approval between Massachusetts's Democrats and Republicans.[353]TheAssociated Presswrote that, "Perhaps because it was impossible, Kennedy never tried to shake his image as a liberal titan to admirers and a left-wing caricature to detractors."[349]
After Robert Kennedy's assassination in 1968, Ted was the most prominent living member of theKennedy familyand the last surviving son of Joseph P. Kennedy and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy. John F. Kennedy had said in 1957, "Just as I went into politics because Joe died, if anything happened to me tomorrow, my brother Bobby would run for my seat in the Senate. And if Bobby died, Teddy would take over for him."[354]However, Ted was never able to carry on the "Camelot" mystique in the same way that both of his fallen brothers had, with much of it disappearing during his failed 1980 presidential bid.[344]His negligence in the death of Mary Jo Kopechne at Chappaquiddick and his well-documented later personal problems further tarnished his image in relation to the Kennedy name,[1]and significantly damaged his chances of ever becoming president.[2][64][355]TheAssociated Presswrote, "Unlike his brothers, Edward M. Kennedy has grown old in public, his victories, defeats and human contradictions played out across the decades in the public glare."[344]But Kennedy's legislative accomplishments remained, and asThe Boston Globewrote, "By the early 21st century, the achievements of the younger brother would be enough to rival those of many presidents."[1]His death prompted the realization that the "Camelot era" was truly over.[356][357]Kennedy'sNew York Timesobituary described him via acharacter sketch:
He was aRabelaisianfigure in the Senate and in life, instantly recognizable by his shock of white hair, his florid, oversize face, his booming Boston brogue, his powerful but pained stride. He was a celebrity, sometimes a self-parody, a hearty friend, an implacable foe, a man of large faith and large flaws, a melancholy character who persevered, drank deeply and sang loudly. He was a Kennedy.[2]
Awards and honors
Kennedy's honors include an honoraryknighthoodbestowed byQueen Elizabeth IIof the United Kingdom, theOrder of the Aztec Eaglefrom Mexico, the U.S.Presidential Medal of Freedom,theOrder of Meritof Chile, and honorary degrees from several institutions includingHarvard University.
Electoral history
Writings
- Kennedy, Edward M., ed. (1965).The Fruitful Bough (Collected essays on Joseph P. Kennedy).privately published.
- Kennedy, Edward M. (1968).Decisions for a Decade: Policies and Programs for the 1970s.Doubleday.
- Kennedy, Edward M. (1972).In Critical Condition: The Crisis in America's Health Care.Simon & Schuster.ISBN978-0-671-21314-5.
- Kennedy, Edward M., ed. (1979).Our Day and Our Generation: The Words of Edward M. Kennedy.Simon & Schuster.ISBN978-0-671-24133-9.
- Kennedy, Edward M.;Hatfield, Mark(1982).Freeze!: How You Can Prevent Nuclear War.Bantam Books.ISBN978-0-553-14077-4.
- Kennedy, Edward M. (2006).America Back on Track.Viking Adult.ISBN978-0-670-03764-3.
- Kennedy, Edward M. (2006).My Senator and Me: A Dog's-Eye View of Washington, D.C..Small, David(illus.). Scholastic Press.ISBN978-0-439-65077-9.
- Kennedy, Edward M. (2009).True Compass.Twelve.ISBN978-0-446-53925-8.
See also
References
Citations
- ^abcdefghijklmnopqEnglish, Bella (February 15, 2009)."Chapter 1: Teddy: A childhood of privilege, promise, and pain".The Boston Globe.RetrievedFebruary 24,2009.
- ^abcdeBroder, John M. (August 26, 2009)."Edward Kennedy, Senate Stalwart, Dies".The New York Times.pp. A1, A18–A20.
- ^abcNolan, Martin F.(August 26, 2009)."Kennedy dead at 77".The Boston Globe.Archived fromthe originalon August 31, 2009.RetrievedAugust 26,2009.
- ^abClymer 1999,pp. 13, 16–17.
- ^Failla, Zak (November 18, 2013)."Looking Back on JFK's Time in Bronxville".The Daily Voice.RetrievedAugust 14,2017.
- ^Kennedy, Edward M. (2011).True Compass: A Memoir.London, England: Hachette.ISBN9780748123353.RetrievedJanuary 17,2017.
- ^Burns 1976,pp. 36, 38–39, 352n.
- ^Clymer 1999,p. 11.
- ^abcBurns 1976,pp. 40–42, 57p.
- ^abMcGinnis 1993,p. 194.
- ^Leamer 2001,p. 318.
- ^abcdefghClymer 1999,pp. 18–19.
- ^Rothberg, Donald M. (November 7, 1979)."The Shadow Kennedy Can't Escape".Observer-Reporter.Washington, Pennsylvania.Associated Press.p. B1.
- ^"Ted Kennedy Explains Incident at Harvard".The Free Lance-Star.Fredericksburg, Virginia. Associated Press. March 30, 1962. p. 14.
- ^abcdEaton, William J. (June 18, 1968)."Charm And Image Overcame Errors As 'Prince' Rose Rapidly to Senate".The Pittsburgh Press.Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Chicago Daily News.p. 17.
- ^McGinnis 1993,p. 198.
- ^abcdefghi"Teddy & Kennedyism".Time.September 28, 1962. Archived fromthe originalon February 4, 2013.RetrievedMay 23,2008.
- ^Burns 1976,p. 46.
- ^"Kennedy Ends His Final Club Ties".The Harvard Crimson.Cambridge, Massachusetts:Harvard University.January 17, 2006.
- ^McGinnis 1993,p. 201.
- ^Clymer 1999,pp. 20–21.
- ^Black, Chris (February 1, 1997)."Sen. Kennedy's brush with football fame".The Boston Globe.Archived fromthe originalon May 1, 2011.
- ^"About Senator Kennedy: Senator Kennedy's Bio".United States Senate.Archived fromthe originalon February 24, 2009.RetrievedMay 23,2008.
- ^"Alert Yale stops Crimson, 21 to 7".Spokesman-Review.Associated Press. November 20, 1955. p. 6, sports.
- ^"Harvard yearly results"(1955-1959 seasons). College Football Data Warehouse. Archived fromthe originalon July 28, 2014.RetrievedSeptember 14,2014.
- ^abBurns 1976,pp. 48–49.
- ^Burns 1976,p. 50.
- ^Burns 1976,p. 52.
- ^abBurns 1976,pp. 50–51.
- ^McCarten, Tim (September 8, 2006)."UVA Law's 7 Senators".Virginia Law Weekly.59(2). Charlottesville, Virginia:University of Virginia School of Law.
- ^abBurns 1976,pp. 53–54.
- ^Clymer 1999,pp. 25–27.
- ^abcClymer 1999,pp. 23–24.
- ^Glaser, Vera; Stephenson, Malvina (April 1, 1969)."Ugly duckling becomes model".The Palm Beach Post.WNS. p. 8.
- ^Bly 1996,p. 195.
- ^Canellos 2009,p. 119.
- ^Farrell, John A. (2022).Ted Kennedy: A Life.Penguin Publishing Group. p. 55.
- ^Klein, Edward (2010).Ted Kennedy: The Dream That Never Died.Three Rivers Press. pp. 63–64.
- ^Gabler, Neal (2020).Catching the Wind Edward Kennedy and the Liberal Hour, 1932-1975.Crown. p. 543.
- ^"Kennedys in Hyannis Port; How it happened".John F. Kennedy Hyannis Museum.
- ^"Sen. Ted Kennedy to Keynote Public Service Conference".University of Virginia School of Law.March 1, 2006. Archived fromthe originalon June 17, 2008.RetrievedMay 20,2008.
- ^Clymer 1999,pp. 27–30.
- ^Per Article One of the United States Constitution.
- ^abcdefghijklmnopqrSwidey, Neil (February 16, 2009)."Chapter 2: The Youngest Brother: Turbulence and tragedies eclipse early triumphs".The Boston Globe.RetrievedFebruary 24,2009.
- ^This was done so under the authority of theSeventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitutionand Massachusetts state law.
- ^abClymer 1999,pp. 33–35.
- ^Hersh 2010,pp. 121–132.
- ^abcdStockman, Farah (March 1, 2011)."FBI memo tied Kennedy to brothel, leftists in '61".The Boston Globe.RetrievedMarch 1,2011.
- ^abMiga, Andrew (February 28, 2011)."Ted Kennedy rented a brothel in 1961".Salon.Associated Press.Archived fromthe originalon March 2, 2011.RetrievedFebruary 28,2011.
- ^abHersh 2010,p. 132.
- ^abBarone & Cohen 2008,p. 791.
- ^ab"Edward Kennedy (Dem)".The Washington Times.May 5, 2006.
- ^ab"Longest Serving Senators".United States Senate.RetrievedNovember 17,2009.
- ^abcd"The Ascent of Ted Kennedy".Time.January 10, 1969. Archived fromthe originalon February 4, 2013.RetrievedMay 23,2008.
- ^Clymer 1999,pp. 43, 45–47.
- ^Neal Gabler,Catching the Wind: Edward Kennedy and the Liberal Hour, 1932-1975(2020).
- ^ab"Teddy's Ordeal".Time.June 26, 1964.RetrievedMay 19,2020.
- ^"The Luck of the Kennedys".Check-Six.com. May 8, 2008.RetrievedFebruary 24,2009.
- ^"John F. Kennedy Jr. – Timeline: Misfortunes of a Family".CNN.July 1999. Archived fromthe originalon March 23, 2008.RetrievedMay 23,2008.
- ^Clymer 1999,pp. 244, 305, 549.
- ^abcdeNewton-Small, Jay (May 17, 2008)."In the Senate, Ted Kennedy Still Rules".Time.Archived fromthe originalon May 19, 2008.RetrievedJune 20,2009.
- ^"The Road to Civil Rights: The Voting Rights Act of 1965".Federal Highway Administration.Archived fromthe originalon June 24, 2011.RetrievedSeptember 18,2011.
- ^abcMoritz 1978,p. 226.
- ^abcdBarone & Cohen 2008,p. 792.
- ^Clymer 1999,pp. 80–82.
- ^Clymer 1999,pp. 99–103.
- ^Poulsen, Thad (August 27, 2009). "When Teddy Came to Town: A Sitka Memoir".Daily Sitka Sentinel.
- ^McGinnis 1993.
- ^"Edward M. Kennedy Address at the Public Memorial Service for Robert F. Kennedy".American Rhetoric: Top 100 Speeches.RetrievedAugust 29,2009.
- ^abcWhite, Theodore H.(1969).The Making of the President 1968.New York:Atheneum Publishers.pp.280–285.ISBN0-224-61796-6.
- ^abClymer 1999,pp. 123–126.
- ^"McGovern Decides To Run In Demo Nomination",The Virgin Islands Daily News,The Virgin Islands, p. 2, August 12, 1968
- ^"Final memorial set for victims of Kennedy crash".CNN.July 24, 1999. Archived fromthe originalon December 21, 2006.RetrievedDecember 26,2006.
- ^abClymer 1999,pp. 141–142.
- ^Evans, Peter (1986).Ari: The Life and Times of Aristotle Onassis.Summit Books.p.255.ISBN0-671-46508-2.Kennedy has denied this; seeClymer 1999,p. 130.
- ^abcdefghijklmnoRussell, Jenna (February 17, 2009)."Chapter 3: Chappaquiddick: Conflicted ambitions, then, Chappaquiddick".The Boston Globe.Archived fromthe originalon February 21, 2010.Also published in the bookThe Last Lion: The Fall and Rise of Ted Kennedy,Simon & Schuster, 2009, chapter 3.
- ^Clymer 1999,pp. 131–132.
- ^ab"The Mysteries of Chappaquiddick".Time.August 1, 1969. Archived fromthe originalon August 31, 2009.
- ^abcdefgKelly, Michael(February 1990)."Ted Kennedy on the Rocks".GQ.Archived fromthe originalon November 1, 2007.RetrievedApril 19,2009.
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- ^Phillips, Frank (June 11, 2004)."Special election bill gets new life".The Boston Globe.RetrievedSeptember 26,2009.
- ^abViser, Matt; Phillips, Frank (September 24, 2009)."Kirk named interim senator".The Boston Globe.RetrievedSeptember 24,2009.
- ^Cooper, Michael (January 19, 2010)."G.O.P. Takes Massachusetts Senate Seat".The New York Times.RetrievedJanuary 19,2010.
- ^abStolberg, Sheryl Gay; Zeleny, Jeff; Hulse, Carl (March 20, 2010)."Health Vote Caps a Journey Back From the Brink".The New York Times.RetrievedMarch 24,2010.
- ^abcStolberg, Sheryl Gay; Pear, Robert (March 23, 2010)."Obama Signs Health Care Overhaul Bill, With a Flourish".The New York Times.RetrievedMarch 28,2010.
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- ^"Kennedy note: 'Dad, the unfinished business is done'".NECN.March 24, 2010. Archived fromthe originalon September 7, 2012.RetrievedMarch 24,2010.
- ^Levenson, Michael (February 13, 2010)."Pondering a Congress without Kennedys".The Boston Globe.RetrievedMarch 28,2010.
- ^Arsenault, Mark (November 7, 2012)."Joseph P. Kennedy III wins decisively over Sean Bielat".The Boston Globe.
- ^Mayer, William (March 28, 2004)."Kerry's Record Rings a Bell".The Washington Post.Archived fromthe originalon October 19, 2004.RetrievedAugust 24,2008.
The question of how to measure a senator's or representative's ideology is one that political scientists regularly need to answer. For more than 30 years, the standard method for gauging ideology has been to use the annual ratings of lawmakers' votes by various interest groups, notably the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) and the American Conservative Union (ACU).
- ^Kiely, Kathy (September 12, 2005)."Judging Judge Roberts: A look at the Judiciary Committee".USA Today.RetrievedMarch 2,2009.
- ^"2008 U.S. Senate Votes".American Conservative Union.Archived fromthe originalon March 30, 2009.RetrievedMarch 20,2009.Lifetime rating is given.
- ^"Committed Senate Liberals".National Journal.February 28, 2009. Archived fromthe originalon March 4, 2009.RetrievedMarch 3,2009.Kennedy's composite average only goes back to 1981, whenNational Journalbegan their ratings.
- ^Clinton, Joshua D.; Jackman, Simon; Rivers, Doug (October 2004).""The Most Liberal Senator"? Analyzing and Interpreting Congressional Roll Calls "(PDF).Political Science & Politics.37(4): 805–811.doi:10.1017/S1049096504045196.S2CID155197878.
- ^Barone & Cohen 2008,p. 791In 2005, the ratings were E 95 0, S 90 0, F 95 0; in 2006, E 87 0, S 88 11, F 98 0. Examination of two previous volumes ofThe Almanac of American Politicsshows similar scores for 2001–2002 and 1997–1998.
- ^abc"Senator Edward M. 'Ted' Kennedy, Sr. (MA)".Project Vote Smart.Archived fromthe originalon May 1, 2011.RetrievedMarch 3,2009.
- ^"ACLU Congressional Scorecard".American Civil Liberties Union.Archived fromthe originalon April 23, 2009.RetrievedMarch 2,2009.
- ^Chaddock, Gail Russell (January 30, 2008)."Democratic primary: Quiet battle for the other delegates".The Christian Science Monitor.
- ^Macht, Daniel (May 20, 2009)."Ted Kennedy Returning to Senate".KNTV.RetrievedJune 20,2009.
- ^Clark, Stephen (January 13, 2009)."Senate Lion Ted Kennedy Roars Once More for National Health Care".Fox News.RetrievedJune 20,2009.
- ^abcSchwarzenegger, Arnold(April 30, 2009)."The 2009 Time 100: Edward Kennedy".Time.Archived fromthe originalon May 3, 2009.RetrievedJune 20,2009.
- ^abcdEspo, David (May 20, 2008)."Unlike brothers, Ted Kennedy grew old in public".USA Today.Associated Press.RetrievedJune 20,2009.
- ^Hersh 1997,p. 82.
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- ^Kuttner, Robert(August 26, 2008)."Ted Kennedy: A Liberal's Bipartisan".The American Prospect.Archived fromthe originalon August 10, 2011.RetrievedJune 20,2009.
- ^"Ted Kennedy Leads the Liberals".Life.Archived fromthe originalon June 13, 2009.RetrievedJune 20,2009.
- ^abBabington, Charles (May 17, 2008)."Kennedy: liberal legend, able legislator".USA Today.Associated Press.RetrievedJune 20,2009.
- ^Van Natta, Don Jr.(July 10, 1999)."Hillary Clinton's Campaign Spurs A Wave of G.O.P. Fund-Raising".The New York Times.
One Republican strategist involved in the New York Senate race doubted that the contributions aimed at defeating Mrs. Clinton would help her Republican opponent, or even that much of the money would wind up in New York. He said most of the donations would pay for direct-mail costs and other overhead. 'I don't see it as a tremendous benefit to any candidate,' this strategist said. 'This is what the Republicans did with Ted Kennedy and the Democrats did with Newt Gingrich. Every fund-raising group in the world loves a bogyman.'
- ^Thrush, Glenn (March 5, 2009)."GOP finds Pelosi an elusive target".The Politico.RetrievedJune 20,2009.
James Carville, Bill Clinton's top adviser in 1992 and a longtime Pelosi watcher, said vitriol toward the speaker is confined to a relatively small corner of the GOP base and hasn't yet crossed over to independents or conservative Democrats. 'Our recent history in this country is we look for "hooks," people who get you really fired up – Ted Kennedy, Newt Gingrich, Hillary Clinton,' Carville said. 'People come in and out and we try out these hooks on 'em.'
- ^Lee, Deron (July 8, 2008)."Ad Spotlight Classic: Jesse Helms, 1990".National Journal.Archived fromthe originalon August 17, 2009.RetrievedJune 20,2009.
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Print sources
- Barone, Michael;Cohen, Richard E.(2008).The Almanac of American Politics.Washington: National Journal Group.ISBN978-0-89234-116-0.
- Bly, Nellie (1996).The Kennedy Men: Three Generations of Sex, Scandal and Secrets.New York: Kensington Books.ISBN1-57566-106-3.
- Burns, James MacGregor(1976).Edward Kennedy and the Camelot Legacy.New York: W. W. Norton & Company.ISBN0-393-07501-X.
- Canellos, Peter S. (ed.) and The Team atThe Boston Globe(2009).The Last Lion: The Fall and Rise of Ted Kennedy.Simon & Schuster.ISBN978-1-4391-3817-5.
- Carter, Jimmy(1982).Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President.Bantam Books.ISBN0-553-05023-0.
- Clymer, Adam(1999).Edward M. Kennedy: A Biography.Wm. Morrow & Company.ISBN0-688-14285-0.
- Hersh, Burton (1997).The Shadow President: Ted Kennedy in Opposition.Steerforth Press.ISBN1-883642-30-2.
- Hersh, Burton (2010).Edward Kennedy: An Intimate Biography.Berkeley: Counterpoint.ISBN978-1-58243-628-9.
- Leamer, Laurence (2001).The Kennedy Men: 1901–1963.Wm. Morrow & Company.ISBN0-688-16315-7.
- McGinnis, Joe(1993).The Last Brother.Simon & Schuster.ISBN0-671-67945-7.
- Moritz, Charles, ed. (1978).Current Biography Yearbook 1978.H. W. Wilson Company.
Further reading
- Adler, Bill; Adler, Bill Jr. (2009).The Wit and Wisdom of Ted Kennedy.Pegasus Books.ISBN978-1-60598-112-3.
- Allen, Gary(1981).Ted Kennedy: In Over His Head.Conservative Press.ISBN0-89245-020-7.
- Photographers and Writers atThe Boston Globe(2009).Ted Kennedy: Scenes from an Epic Life.Simon & Schuster.ISBN978-1-4391-3806-9.
- Burke, Richard E. (1993).The Senator: My Ten Years with Ted Kennedy.St. Martin's Press.ISBN0-312-95133-7.
- Farrell, John A.Ted Kennedy: A Life(2022) major biographyextract
- Gabler, Neal.Catching the Wind: Edward Kennedy and the Liberal Hour, 1932-1975(2020), before the Senate.excerpt
- Gabler, Neal.Against the Wind: Edward Kennedy and the Rise of Conservatism, 1976-2009(2022)excerpt,major scholarly biography covers the Senate years in great detail.
- Haas, Lawrence J.The Kennedys in the World: How Jack, Bobby, and Ted Remade America's Empire(2021)excerpt
- Hersh, Burton (1972).The Education of Edward Kennedy: A Family Biography.New York: Wm. Morrow & Company.
- Damore, Leo (1988).Senatorial Privilege: The Chappaquiddick Cover-Up.Regnery Gateway.ISBN0-89526-564-8.
- David, Lester (1972).Ted Kennedy: Triumphs and Tragedies.New York: Grosset & Dunlap.
- David, Lester (1993).Good Ted, Bad Ted: The Two Faces of Edward M. Kennedy.Carol Publishing Corporation.ISBN1-55972-167-7.
- Honan, William H.(1972).Ted Kennedy: Profile of a Survivor.New York: Quadrangle Books.
- Kashatus, William C. (2020)Before Chappaquiddick: The Untold Story of Mary Jo Kopechne and the Kennedy Brothers,Potomac Books.ISBN978-1-64012-269-7
- Klein, Ed(2009).Ted Kennedy: The Dream That Never Died.Crown Publishing Group.ISBN978-0-307-45103-3.
- Lacayo, Richard, ed. (2009).Ted Kennedy: A Tribute.TIME.ISBN978-1-60320-125-4.
- Leamer, Laurence (2004).Sons of Camelot: The Fate of an American Dynasty.Wm. Morrow & Company.ISBN0-06-620965-X.
- Levin, Murray(1966).Kennedy Campaigning: The System and the Style as Practiced by Senator Edward Kennedy.Boston: Beacon Press.
- Levin, Murray (1980).Edward Kennedy: The Myth of Leadership.Boston: Houghton Mifflin.ISBN0-395-29249-2.
- Lerner, Max (1980).Ted and the Kennedy Legend: A Study in Character and Destiny.St Martins Press.ISBN0-312-79043-0.
- Lippman, Theo Jr. (1976).Senator Ted Kennedy: The Career Behind the Image.W. W. Norton & Company.ISBN0-393-33526-7.
- Rust, Zad (1971).Teddy Bare: The Last of the Kennedy Clan.Belmont, Massachusetts: Western Islands.
- USA Today(2009).Ted Kennedy: An American Icon.Triumph Books.ISBN978-1-60078-324-1.
External links
- AppearancesonC-SPAN
- Campaign homepage
- Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate
- FBI Records: The Vault - Senator Edward Moore “Ted” Kennedyat fbi.gov
- Biographyat theBiographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Financial information (federal office)at theFederal Election Commission