Wikipedia

Energy system

For other uses, seeenergy system (disambiguation).

Anenergy systemis asystemprimarily designed to supplyenergy-servicestoend-users.[1]: 941 The intent behind energy systems is to minimise energy losses to a negligible level, as well as to ensure the efficient use of energy.[2]TheIPCC Fifth Assessment Reportdefines an energy system as "all components related to the production, conversion, delivery, and use ofenergy".[3]: 1261 

Physical components of a generic energy system supplying fuels and electricity (but notdistrict heat) to end-users

The first two definitions allow for demand-side measures, includingdaylighting,retrofittedbuilding insulation,andpassive solar building design,as well as socio-economic factors, such as aspects ofenergy demand managementandremote work,while the third does not. Neither does the third account for theinformal economyin traditionalbiomassthat is significant in manydeveloping countries.[4]

The analysis of energy systems thus spans the disciplines ofengineeringandeconomics.[5]: 1 Merging ideas from both areas to form a coherent description, particularly wheremacroeconomicdynamics are involved, is challenging.[6][7]

The concept of an energy system is evolving as new regulations, technologies, and practices enter into service – for example,emissions trading,the development ofsmart grids,and the greater use ofenergy demand management,respectively.

Treatment

edit
See also:Energy industryandEnergy modeling

From a structural perspective, an energy system is like anysystemand is made up of a set of interacting component parts, located within an environment.[8]These components derive from ideas found inengineeringandeconomics.Taking a process view, an energy system "consists of an integrated set of technical and economic activities operating within a complex societal framework".[5]: 423 The identification of the components and behaviors of an energy system depends on the circumstances, the purpose of the analysis, and the questions under investigation. The concept of an energy system is therefore anabstractionwhich usually precedes some form of computer-based investigation, such as the construction and use of a suitableenergy model.[9]

Viewed in engineering terms, an energy system lends itself to representation as aflow network:theverticesmap to engineering components likepower stationsandpipelinesand theedgesmap to the interfaces between these components. This approach allows collections of similar or adjacent components to be aggregated and treated as one to simplify the model. Once described thus, flow network algorithms, such asminimum cost flow,may be applied.[10]The components themselves can be treated as simpledynamical systemsin their own right.[1]

Economic modeling

edit

Conversely, relatively pure economic modeling may adopt a sectoral approach with only limited engineering detail present. The sector and sub-sector categories published by theInternational Energy Agencyare often used as a basis for this analysis. A 2009 study of the UK residential energy sector contrasts the use of the technology-richMarkal modelwith several UK sectoral housing stock models.[11]

Data

edit

Internationalenergy statisticsare typically broken down by carrier, sector and sub-sector, and country.[12]Energy carriers(akaenergy products) are further classified asprimary energyandsecondary(or intermediate) energy and sometimes final (or end-use) energy. Published energy datasets are normally adjusted so that they are internally consistent, meaning that all energy stocks and flows mustbalance.The IEA regularly publishes energy statistics and energy balances with varying levels of detail and cost and also offers mid-term projections based on this data.[13][14]The notion of an energy carrier, as used inenergy economics,is distinct and different from the definition ofenergyused in physics.

Scopes

edit

Energy systems can range in scope, from local, municipal, national, and regional, to global, depending on issues under investigation. Researchers may or may not include demand side measures within their definition of an energy system. TheIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) does so, for instance, but covers these measures in separate chapters on transport, buildings, industry, and agriculture.[a][3]: 1261 [15]: 516 

Household consumption and investment decisions may also be included within the ambit of an energy system. Such considerations are not common because consumer behavior is difficult to characterize, but the trend is to include human factors in models. Household decision-taking may be represented using techniques frombounded rationalityandagent-based behavior.[16]TheAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS) specifically advocates that "more attention should be paid to incorporating behavioral considerations other than price- and income-driven behavior into economic models [of the energy system]".[17]: 6 

Energy-services

edit
See also:Energy conservationandEfficient energy use

The concept of an energy-service is central, particularly when defining the purpose of an energy system:

It is important to realize that the use of energy is no end in itself but is always directed to satisfy human needs and desires. Energy services are the ends for which the energy system provides the means.[1]: 941 

Energy-services can be defined as amenities that are either furnished through energy consumption or could have been thus supplied.[18]: 2 More explicitly:

Demand should, where possible, be defined in terms of energy-service provision, as characterized by an appropriate intensity[b]– for example, airtemperaturein the case of space-heating orluxlevels forilluminance.This approach facilitates a much greater set of potential responses to the question of supply, including the use of energetically-passive techniques – for instance, retrofittedinsulationanddaylighting.[19]: 156 

A consideration of energy-services per capita and how such services contribute to human welfare and individual quality of life is paramount to the debate onsustainable energy.People living in poor regions with low levels of energy-services consumption would clearly benefit from greater consumption, but the same is not generally true for those with high levels of consumption.[20]

The notion of energy-services has given rise toenergy-service companies(ESCo) who contract to provide energy-services to a client for an extended period. The ESCo is then free to choose the best means to do so, including investments in the thermal performance andHVACequipment of the buildings in question.[21]

International standards

edit

ISO 13600,ISO 13601, and ISO 13602 form a set ofinternational standardscovering technical energy systems (TES).[22][23][24][25]Although withdrawn prior to 2016, these documents provide useful definitions and a framework for formalizing such systems. The standards depict an energy system broken down into supply and demand sectors, linked by the flow of tradable energy commodities (or energywares). Each sector has a set of inputs and outputs, some intentional and some harmful byproducts. Sectors may be further divided into subsectors, each fulfilling a dedicated purpose. The demand sector is ultimately present to supply energyware-based services to consumers (seeenergy-services).

Energy system redesign and transformation

edit

Energy systemdesignincludes the redesigning of energy systems to ensuresustainabilityof the system and its dependents and for meeting requirements of theParis Agreementforclimate change mitigation.Researchers are designing energy systems models and transformational pathways forrenewable energy transitionstowards100% renewable energy,often in the form of peer-reviewed text documents created once by small teams of scientists and published in ajournal.

Considerations include the system'sintermittency management,air pollution,various risks (such as for human safety, environmental risks, cost risks and feasibility risks), stability for prevention ofpower outages(including grid dependence or grid-design), resource requirements (including water and rare minerals and recyclability of components), technology/developmentrequirements, costs,feasibility,other affected systems (such as land-use that affectsfood systems), carbon emissions, available energy quantity and transition-concerning factors (including costs, labor-related issues and speed of deployment).[26][27][28][29][30]

Energy system design can also considerenergy consumption,such as in terms of absolute energy demand,[31]waste and consumption reduction (e.g. via reduced energy-use, increased efficiency and flexible timing), process efficiency enhancement andwaste heat recovery.[32]A study noted significant potential for a type of energy systems modelling to "move beyond single disciplinary approaches towards a sophisticated integrated perspective".[33]

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^The IPCC chapter on agriculture is titled: Agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU).
  2. ^The termintensityrefers to quantities which do not scale with component size. Seeintensive and extensive properties.

References

edit
  1. ^abc Groscurth, Helmuth-M; Bruckner, Thomas;Kümmel, Reiner(September 1995)."Modeling of energy-services supply systems"(PDF).Energy.20(9):941–958.Bibcode:1995Ene....20..941G.doi:10.1016/0360-5442(95)00067-Q.ISSN0360-5442.Retrieved14 October2016.
  2. ^O’Malley, Eoin; Sorrell, Steve (2004).The Economics of Energy Efficiency.Edward Elgar Publishing.ISBN978-1-84064-889-8.Retrieved20 June2022.
  3. ^ab Allwood, Julian M;Bosetti, Valentina; Dubash, Navroz K; Gómez-Echeverri, Luis; von Stechow, Christoph (2014)."Annex I: Glossary, acronyms and chemical symbols"(PDF).In IPCC (ed.).Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA:Cambridge University Press.pp.1249–1279.ISBN978-1-107-65481-5.Retrieved12 October2016.
  4. ^ van Ruijven, Bas; Urban, Frauke; Benders, René MJ; Moll, Henri C; van der Sluijs, Jeroen P; de Vries, Bert; van Vuuren, Detlef P (December 2008)."Modeling energy and development: an evaluation of models and concepts"(PDF).World Development.36(12):2801–2821.doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.01.011.hdl:1874/32954.ISSN0305-750X.S2CID154709268.Retrieved25 October2016.
  5. ^ab Hoffman, Kenneth C; Wood, David O (1 November 1976)."Energy system modeling and forecasting"(PDF).Annual Review of Energy.1(1):423–453.doi:10.1146/annurev.eg.01.110176.002231.hdl:1721.1/27512.ISSN0362-1626.Retrieved7 October2016.
  6. ^Böhringer, Christoph; Rutherford, Thomas F (March 2008)."Combining bottom-up and top-down"(PDF).Energy Economics.30(2):574–596.Bibcode:2008EneEc..30..574B.CiteSeerX10.1.1.184.8384.doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2007.03.004.ISSN0140-9883.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 20 January 2022.Retrieved21 October2016.
  7. ^ Herbst, Andrea; Toro, Felipe; Reitze, Felix; Jochem, Eberhard (2012)."Introduction to energy systems modelling"(PDF).Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics.148(2):111–135.doi:10.1007/BF03399363.S2CID13683816.Retrieved4 November2016.
  8. ^ "Definition ofsystem".Merriam-Webster.Springfield, MA, USA.Retrieved9 October2016.
  9. ^Anandarajah, Gabrial; Strachan, Neil; Ekins, Paul; Kannan, Ramachandran; Hughes, Nick (March 2009).Pathways to a low carbon economy: Energy systems modelling — UKERC Energy 2050 Research Report 1 — UKERC/RR/ESM/2009/001.United Kingdom: UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC). Archived fromthe originalon 30 October 2016.Retrieved22 October2016.
  10. ^ Quelhas, Ana; Gil, Esteban; McCalley, James D; Ryan, Sarah M (May 2007)."A multiperiod generalized network flow model of the US integrated energy system: Part I — Model description".IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.22(2):829–836.Bibcode:2007ITPSy..22..829Q.doi:10.1109/TPWRS.2007.894844.ISSN0885-8950.S2CID719700.Retrieved22 October2016.
  11. ^ Kannan, Ramachandran; Strachan, Neil (April 2009). "Modelling the UK residential energy sector under long-term decarbonisation scenarios: Comparison between energy systems and sectoral modelling approaches".Applied Energy.86(4):416–428.Bibcode:2009ApEn...86..416K.doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.08.005.ISSN0306-2619.
  12. ^ International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (IRES) — ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/93(PDF).New York, NY, USA: Statistics Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations. 2016.ISBN978-92-1-056520-2.Annotated as final edited version prior to typesetting. Also covers energy-related greenhouse gas emissions accounting.
  13. ^ Key world energy statistics(PDF).Paris, France: International Energy Agency (IEA). 2016.Retrieved15 December2016.
  14. ^ World Energy Outlook 2016 — Executive summary(PDF).Paris, France: OECD/IEA. 2016.Retrieved30 November2016.
  15. ^ Bruckner, Thomas; Bashmakov, Igor Alexeyevic; Mulugetta, Yacob; et al. (2014)."Chapter 7: Energy systems"(PDF).In IPCC (ed.).Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA:Cambridge University Press.pp.511–597.ISBN978-1-107-65481-5.Retrieved12 October2016.
  16. ^ Wittmann, Tobias; Bruckner, Thomas (28–30 June 2009).Agent-based modeling of urban energy supply systems facing climate protection constraints(PDF).Fifth Urban Research Symposium 2009: Cities and Climate Change: Responding to an Urgent Agenda.Marseille, France: The World Bank.Retrieved11 November2016.
  17. ^Beyond technology: strengthening energy policy through social science(PDF).Cambridge, MA, USA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS). 2011. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 29 August 2017.Retrieved25 October2016.
  18. ^Morrison, Robbie; Wittmann, Tobias; Heise, Jan; Bruckner, Thomas (20–22 June 2005)."Policy-oriented energy system modeling withxeona"(PDF).In Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) (ed.).Proceedings of ECOS 2005: shaping our future energy systems: 18th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems.ECOS 2005. Vol. 2. Trondheim, Norway: Tapir Academic Press. pp.659–668.ISBN82-519-2041-8.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 10 January 2020.Retrieved14 October2016.
  19. ^Bruckner, Thomas; Morrison, Robbie; Handley, Chris; Patterson, Murray (July 2003)."High-resolution modeling of energy-services supply systems usingdeeco:overview and application to policy development "(PDF).Annals of Operations Research.121(1–4):151–180.doi:10.1023/A:1023359303704.S2CID14877200.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 12 May 2016.Retrieved14 October2016.
  20. ^Haas, Reinhard; Nakicenovic, Nebojsa; Ajanovic, Amela; Faber, Thomas; Kranzl, Lukas; Müller, Andreas; Resch, Gustav (November 2008)."Towards sustainability of energy systems: a primer on how to apply the concept of energy services to identify necessary trends and policies"(PDF).Transition Towards Sustainable Energy Systems.36(11):4012–4021.Bibcode:2008EnPol..36.4012H.doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.06.028.ISSN0301-4215.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 5 July 2017.Retrieved22 October2016.
  21. ^ Duplessis, Bruno; Adnot, Jérôme; Dupont, Maxime; Racapé, François (June 2012). "An empirical typology of energy services based on a well-developed market: France".Energy Policy.45:268–276.Bibcode:2012EnPol..45..268D.doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.02.031.ISSN0301-4215.
  22. ^ Technical energy systems: basic concepts — ISO 13600:1997 — First edition.Geneva, Switzerland: International Standards Organization. 15 November 1997.Status withdrawn.
  23. ^ Technical energy systems: basic concepts — ISO 13600:1997 — Technical corrigendum 1.Geneva, Switzerland: International Standards Organization. 1 May 1998.Status withdrawn.
  24. ^ Technical energy systems:: structure for analysis: energyware supply and demand sectors — ISO 13601:1998.Geneva, Switzerland: International Standards Organization. 11 June 1998.Status withdrawn.
  25. ^ Technical energy systems: methods for analysis: part 1: general — ISO 13602-1:2002.Geneva, Switzerland: International Standards Organization. 1 November 2002.Status withdrawn.
  26. ^Bogdanov, Dmitrii; Gulagi, Ashish; Fasihi, Mahdi; Breyer, Christian (1 February 2021)."Full energy sector transition towards 100% renewable energy supply: Integrating power, heat, transport and industry sectors including desalination".Applied Energy.283:116273.Bibcode:2021ApEn..28316273B.doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116273.ISSN0306-2619.
  27. ^Clifford, Catherine (21 December 2021)."U.S. can get to 100% clean energy with wind, water, solar and zero nuclear, Stanford professor says".CNBC.Retrieved16 January2022.
  28. ^Fonseca, Juan D.; Commenge, Jean-Marc; Camargo, Mauricio; Falk, Laurent; Gil, Iván D. (15 May 2021)."Sustainability analysis for the design of distributed energy systems: A multi-objective optimization approach".Applied Energy.290:116746.Bibcode:2021ApEn..29016746F.doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116746.ISSN0306-2619.S2CID233552874.
  29. ^Jacobson, Mark Z.; von Krauland, Anna-Katharina; Coughlin, Stephen J.; Palmer, Frances C.; Smith, Miles M. (1 January 2022)."Zero air pollution and zero carbon from all energy at low cost and without blackouts in variable weather throughout the U.S. with 100% wind-water-solar and storage".Renewable Energy.184:430–442.doi:10.1016/j.renene.2021.11.067.ISSN0960-1481.S2CID244820608.
  30. ^"Collection of 47 peer-reviewed research papers about 100% renewable energy systems"(PDF).Retrieved25 January2022.
  31. ^Klemm, Christian; Wiese, Frauke (6 January 2022)."Indicators for the optimization of sustainable urban energy systems based on energy system modeling".Energy, Sustainability and Society.12(1): 3.doi:10.1186/s13705-021-00323-3.ISSN2192-0567.S2CID256233632.
  32. ^Fan, Yee Van; Pintarič, Zorka Novak; Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír (January 2020)."Emerging Tools for Energy System Design Increasing Economic and Environmental Sustainability".Energies.13(16): 4062.doi:10.3390/en13164062.
  33. ^Keirstead, James; Jennings, Mark; Sivakumar, Aruna (1 August 2012). "A review of urban energy system models: Approaches, challenges and opportunities".Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.16(6):3847–3866.doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.047.hdl:10044/1/10206.ISSN1364-0321.
edit
Wikiquote has quotations related toEnergy system.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_system&oldid=1275894076"