TheEntomophthoralesare anorderoffungithat were previously classified in the classZygomycetes.A new subdivision,Entomophthoromycotina,in 2007, wascircumscribedfor them.[1]
| Entomophthorales | |
|---|---|
| |
| Entomophthora muscae | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Entomophthoromycota |
| Class: | Entomophthoromycetes |
| Order: | Entomophthorales Winter 1880 |
| Families | |
|
Ancylistaceae | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Most species of the entomophthorales are pathogens ofinsects.A few attacknematodes,mites,andtardigrades,and some (particularly species of the genusConidiobolus) are free-livingsaprotrophs.
The name "entomophthorales" is derived from theAncient Greekfor insect destroyer (entomo-= referring to insects, andphthor= "destruction" ). Named after genusEntomophthorain 1856.[2]
Highlighted species
edit- Basidiobolus ranarum,a commensal fungus of frogs and a mammal pathogen
- Conidiobolus coronatus,[3]a saprotrophic fungus ofleaf litterand a mammal pathogen
- Entomophaga maimaiga,a biocontrol agent of spongy moths
- Entomophthora muscae,a pathogen of houseflies
- Massosporaspp., pathogens of periodical cicadas
- Pandora,includingPandora neoaphidis,an obligate pathogen of aphids
Biology
editMost species of the entomophthorales produce ballistic asexual spores that are forcibly discharged. When not landing on a suitable host, these spores can germinate to make one of several alternate spore forms, including a smaller version of the original spore, or (in some species) an adhesive spore elevated on a very slenderconidiophorecalled acapilliconidiophore.
Classification
editDebates have centred on whether theBasidiobolaceaeshould be included in the entomophthorales, or raised to ordinal status.Molecular systematicsapproaches so far give an ambiguous answer. Some analyses suggest theBasidiobolaceaeare more closely related to certain chytrid fungi than to the entomophthorales.[4]and place it within theChytridialesorder.[5]Others find weak support to maintain them in the Entomophthorales.[6]Morphological characters can be found to support either hypothesis.
- FamilyAncylistaceaeSchröter 1893
- AncyclistesPfitzer 1872
- CapillidiumB. Huang & Y. Nie, 2020
- ConidiobolusBrefeld 1884 emend. Humber 1989[Conidiobolus(Conidiobolus)(Brefeld) Ben-Ze’ev & Kenneth 1982;Conidiobolus(Delacroixia)(Sacc. & Syd.) Tyrrell & MacLeod 1972]
- MacrobiotophthoraReukauf 1912 emend. Tucker 1981
- FamilyCompletoriaceaeHumber 1989
- CompletoriaLohde 1874
- FamilyEntomophthoraceaeNowakowski 1877[EmpusaceaeClem. & Shear 1931]
- SubfamilyErynioideaeKeller 2005[MassosporoideaeKeller 2005]
- Erynia(Nowakowski ex Batko 1966) Remaud. & Hennebert 1980.emend. Humber 1989[Zoophthora(Erynia)Nowakowski ex Batko 1966]
- EryniopsisHumber 1984(in part)
- Furia(Batko 1966) Humber 2005[Zoophthora(Furia)Batko 1966;Erynia(Furia)(Batko 1966) Li & Humber 1984]
- OrthomycesSteinkraus, Humber & Oliver 1988
- PandoraHumber 2005[Erynia(Neopandora)Ben-Ze’ev & Kenneth 1982]
- StrongwellseaBatko & Weiser 1965 emend. Humber 1976
- TarichiumCohn (1875)
- ZoophthoraBatko 1964 emend. Ben-Ze’ev & Kenneth 2005
- SubfamilyEntomophthoroideaeKeller 2005
- BatkoaHumber 2005
- EntomophagaBatko 1964 emend. Humber 1989
- EntomophthoraFresenius 1856[Empusa(Triplosporium)Thaxter 1888]
- EryniopsisHumber 1984(in part)
- MassosporaPeck 1879 emend. Soper 1974
- SubfamilyErynioideaeKeller 2005[MassosporoideaeKeller 2005]
- FamilyMeristacraceaeHumber 1989
- MeristacrumDrechsler 1940 emend. Tucker & Humber 1981
- FamilyNeozygitaceaeBen Ze'ev, R.G. Kenneth & Uziel 1987
- ApterivoraxS.Keller 2005
- NeozygitesWitlaczil 1885
References
edit- ^Hibbett DS, Binder M, Bischoff JF, et al. (May 2007). "A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi".Mycol. Res.111(Pt 5): 509–47.CiteSeerX10.1.1.626.9582.doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004.PMID17572334.
- ^Fresenius, G. 1856. Botanische Zeitung 14, 882-883.
- ^Dromph KM, Eilenberg J, Esbjerg P (November 2001). "Natural occurrence of entomophthoralean fungi pathogenic to collembolans".J. Invertebr. Pathol.78(4): 226–31.doi:10.1006/jipa.2002.5077.PMID12009804.
- ^Nagahama, T.; Sato, H.; Shimazu, M.; Sugiyama, J. (1995). "Phylogenetic divergence of the entomophthoralean fungi: evidence from nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences".Mycologia.87(2): 203–209.doi:10.2307/3760906.JSTOR3760906.
- ^Carl A. Batt and Pradip Patel (Editors)Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (2014),p. 59, atGoogle Books
- ^James, T. Y.; Kauff, F.; Schoch, C. L.; et al. (2006). "Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny".Nature.443(7113): 818–823.doi:10.1038/nature05110.PMID17051209.
External links
edit- G. Benny.Entomophthoralessection of Zygomycetes.org
- Entomophthoralesat the U.S. National Library of MedicineMedical Subject Headings(MeSH)