Wikipedia

Exile

For other uses, seeExile (disambiguation).
"Banish" and "Banishment" redirect here. For other uses, seeBanish (disambiguation).

Exileorbanishment,is primarily penal expulsion from one's nativecountry,and secondarilyexpatriationor prolonged absence from one's homeland under either the compulsion of circumstance or the rigors of some high purpose. Usually persons and peoples suffer exile, but sometimes social entities like institutions (e.g. thepapacyor agovernment) are forced from their homeland.

Napoleon's Exile onSaint Helenaby Franz Josef Sandman (1820)
The First Night in Exile– This painting comes from a series illustrating theRamayana,aHinduepic poem.It depicts prince Rama, who is wrongly exiled from his father's kingdom, accompanied only by his wife and brother.
Dantein Exileby Domenico Petarlini

InRoman law,exsiliumdenoted both voluntary exile and banishment as acapital punishmentalternative to death.Deportationwas forced exile, and entailed the lifelong loss of citizenship and property.Relegationwas a milder form of deportation, which preserved the subject's citizenship and property.[1]

The termdiasporadescribes group exile, both voluntary and forced. "Government in exile"describes a government of a country that has relocated and argues its legitimacy from outside that country. Voluntary exile is often depicted as a form of protest by the person who claims it, to avoid persecution and prosecution (such as tax or criminal allegations), an act of shame or repentance, or isolating oneself to be able to devote time to a particular pursuit.

Article 9 of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rightsstates that "No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile."

Internal exile

edit

Internal exile is a form of banishment within the boundaries of one's homeland, but far away from home.

For individuals

edit

Exiled heads of state

edit
Main article:List of heads of state or government who have been in exile

In some cases thedeposedhead of stateis allowed to go into exile following acoupor other change of government, allowing a more peaceful transition to take place or to escape justice.[2]

edit
Main articles:Tax exileandFugitive

A wealthy citizen who moves to a jurisdiction with lower taxes is termed atax exile.Creative people such as authors and musicians who achieve sudden wealth sometimes choose this. Examples include the British-Canadian writerArthur Hailey,who moved to the Bahamas to avoid taxes following the runaway success of his novelsHotelandAirport,[3]and the English rock band theRolling Stoneswho, in the spring of 1971, owed more in taxes than they could pay and left Britain before the government could seize their assets. Members of the band all moved to France for a period of time where they recorded music for the album that came to be calledExile on Main Street,the Main Street of the title referring to the French Riviera.[4]In 2012,Eduardo Saverin,one of the founders of Facebook, made headlines by renouncing his U.S. citizenship before his company'sIPO.[5]The dual Brazilian/U.S. citizen's decision to move to Singapore and renounce his citizenship spurred a bill in the U.S. Senate, theEx-PATRIOT Act,which would have forced such wealthytax exilesto pay a special tax in order to re-enter the United States.[6]

In some cases a person voluntarily lives in exile to avoid legal issues, such aslitigationorcriminal prosecution.An example of this isAsil Nadir,who fled to theTurkish Republic of Northern Cyprusfor 17 years rather than faceprosecutionin connection with the failed £1.7 bn companyPolly Peckin theUnited Kingdom.

Avoiding violence or persecution, or in the aftermath of war

edit

Examples include:

Euphemism for convict

edit

Exile, government man and assigned servant were alleuphemismsused in the 19th century forconvicts under sentencewho had beentransportedfrom Britain toAustralia.[9]

For groups, nations, and governments

edit

Nation in exile

edit
Main articles:DiasporaandRefugee

When a large group, or occasionally a whole people ornationis exiled, it can be said that this nation is in exile, or "diaspora". Nations that have been in exile for substantial periods include theIsraelitesby the Assyrian kingSargon IIin 720 BCE, theJudeanswho were deported byBabyloniankingNebuchadnezzar IIin 586 BC, and theJewsfollowing the destruction of the secondTemple in Jerusalemin AD 70. Many Jewish prayers include a yearning to return to Jerusalem andJudea.[10]

After thePartitions of Polandin the late 18th century, and following the uprisings (likeKościuszko Uprising,November UprisingandJanuary Uprising) against the partitioning powers (Russia,PrussiaandAustria), many Poles have chosen – or been forced – to go into exile, forming large diasporas (known asPolonia), especiallyin Franceandthe United States.[11]The entire population ofCrimean Tatars(numbering 200,000 in all) that remained in their homeland ofCrimeawas exiled on 18 May 1944 to Central Asia as a form ofethnic cleansingandcollective punishmenton false accusations.[12]

Since theCuban Revolution,over a millionCubanshave leftCuba.Most of these self-identified as exiles as their motivation for leaving the island is political in nature. At the time of the Cuban Revolution, Cuba only had a population of 6.5 million, and was not a country that had a history of significant emigration, it being the sixth largest recipient of immigrants in the world as of 1958. Most of the exiles' children also consider themselves to beCuban exiles.Under Cuban law, children of Cubans born abroad are considered Cuban citizens.[13]An extension of colonial practices, Latin America saw widespread exile, of a political variety, during the 19th and 20th century.[14]

Government in exile

edit
Main article:Government in exile

During a foreignoccupationor after acoup d'état,agovernment in exileof a such afflicted country may be established abroad. One of the most well-known instances of this is thePolish government-in-exile,a government in exile that commandedPolish armed forcesoperating outside Poland after German occupation during World War II. Other examples include theFree French Forcesgovernment ofCharles de Gaulleof the same time, and theCentral Tibetan Administration,commonly known as the Tibetan government-in-exile, and headed by the14th Dalai Lama.

For inanimate objects

edit

Ivan the Terribleonce exiled to Siberia an inanimate object: a bell.[15]"When the inhabitants of the town ofUglichrang their bell to rally a demonstration against Ivan the Terrible, the cruel Czar executed two hundred (nobles), and exiled the Uglich bell to Siberia, where it remained for two hundred years. "[16]

edit

Drama

edit
Jason and Medea,byJohn William Waterhouse,1907

Exile is an early motif inancient Greektragedy.In the ancient Greek world, this was seen as a fate worse than death. The motif reaches its peak on the playMedea,written byEuripidesin the fifth century BC, and rooted in the very old oral traditions of Greek mythology. Euripides'Medeahas remained the most frequently performed Greek tragedy through the 20th century.[17]

Art

edit
ExiledKlaus Mannas Staff Sergeant of the 5th US Army, Italy 1944
Cover ofAnna Seghers'Das siebte Kreuz

AfterMedeawas abandoned byJasonand had become a murderess out of revenge, she fled to Athens and married kingAigeusthere, and became the stepmother of the heroTheseus.Due to a conflict with him, she must leave thePolisand go away into exile.John William Waterhouse(1849–1917), the EnglishPre-Raphaelitepainter's famous pictureJason and Medeashows a key moment before, when Medea tries to poison Theseus.[18]

Literature

edit

In ancient Rome, the Roman Senate had the power to declare the exile to individuals, families or even entire regions. One of the Roman victims was the poetOvid,who lived during the reign ofAugustus.He was forced to leave Rome and move away to the city of Tomis on the Black Sea, nowConstanța.There he wrote his famous workTristia(Sorrows) about his bitter feelings in exile.[19] Another, at least in a temporary exile, wasDante.

The German-language writerFranz Kafkadescribed the exile of Karl Rossmann in the posthumously published novelAmerika.[20]

During the period of National Socialism in the first few years after 1933, many Jews, as well as a significant number of German artists and intellectuals fled into exile; for instance, the authorsKlaus MannandAnna Seghers.So Germany's own exile literature emerged and received worldwide credit.[21]Klaus Mann finished his novelDer Vulkan(The Volcano: A Novel Among Emigrants) in 1939[22]describing the German exile scene, "to bring the rich, scattered and murky experience of exile into epic form",[23]as he wrote in his literary balance sheet. At the same place and in the same year, Anna Seghers published her famous novelDas siebte Kreuz(The Seventh Cross,published in the United States in 1942).

Important exile literature in recent years include that of the Caribbean, many of whose artists emigrated to Europe or the United States for political or economic reasons. These writers include Nobel Prize winnersV. S. NaipaulandDerek Walcottas well as the novelistsEdwidge DanticatandSam Selvon.[24]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^William Smith(1890), "Banishment (Roman)",Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities(3rd ed.), pp. 136–137
  2. ^Geoghegan, Tom (2011-04-14)."BBC News – What happens to deposed leaders?".BBC News.Bbc.co.uk.Retrieved2014-05-12.
  3. ^Stevie Cameron,Blue Trust: The Author, The Lawyer, His Wife, And Her Money,1998
  4. ^Robert Greenfield,Exile on Main Street: A Season in Hell with the Rolling Stones,2008.
  5. ^Kucera, Danielle (11 May 2012)."Facebook Co-Founder Saverin Gives Up U.S. Citizenship Before IPO".Bloomberg.Bloomberg News.Retrieved2 November2012.
  6. ^Drawbaugh, Kevin (May 17, 2012)."Facebook's Saverin fires back at tax-dodge critics".Reuters.Retrieved2 November2012.
  7. ^Mills, Andrew (2009-06-23)."Iraq Appeals Anew to Exiled Academics to Return Home".The Chronicle of Higher Education.Retrieved2011-04-17.
  8. ^Fisher, Dan (1990-01-20)."For Exiled Nuns, It's Too Late: Banished by the Communist regime, Czechoslovakia's sisters of Bila Voda were symbols of persecution. Now most are too old or weak to benefit from the revolution".Los Angeles Times.Retrieved2011-04-17.
  9. ^Morris, Edward E., (1898, reprinted 1973),A dictionary of Austral English,Sydney, Sydney University Press, pp. 140, 166.ISBN0424063905
  10. ^Peter Richardson,Herod: King of the Jews and Friend of the Romans,Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1996, p.98-99
  11. ^Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998).A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change.Routledge. p. 156.
  12. ^K. Chang, Jon (8 April 2019). "Ethnic Cleansing and Revisionist Russian and Soviet History".Academic Questions.32(2): 270.doi:10.1007/s12129-019-09791-8(inactive 2024-09-03).S2CID150711796.{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (link)
  13. ^Powell, John (2005)."Cuban immigration".Encyclopedia of North American Immigration.Facts on File. pp. 68–71.ISBN9781438110127.Retrieved30 November2016.
  14. ^Sznajder, Mario; Roniger, Luis (2007)."Political Exile in Latin America".Latin American Perspectives.34(4): 7–30.doi:10.1177/0094582X07302891.ISSN0094-582X.JSTOR27648031.S2CID145378385.
  15. ^Salisbury, Harrison, "The Key to Moscow," J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and New York, 1963, page 52.
  16. ^Salisbury, Harrison, "The Key to Moscow," J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and New York, Copyright 1963, page 52.
  17. ^Cf.Helene P. Foley:Reimagining Greek Tragedy on the American Stage.University of California Press, 2012, p. 190
  18. ^Cf. Elisabeth Prettejohn:Art of the Pre-Raphaelites.Princeton University Press, London 2000, pp. 165–207.ISBN0-691-07057-1
  19. ^Baggott, Sophie (2015-08-21)."Tristia by Ovid – high drama and hoax".The Guardian.
  20. ^Cf. an unabridged reading bySven Regener:Amerika,Roof Music, Bochum 2014.
  21. ^See Martin Mauthner:German Writers in French Exile, 1933–1940,Vallentine Mitchell, London 2007,ISBN978-0-85303-540-4.
  22. ^which he started in September 1936, when he came to New York. Cf. Jan Patocka in:Escape to Life. German Intellectuals in New York. A Compendium on Exile after 1933,ed. by Eckart Goebel/Sigrid Weigel. De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2012, p. 354.ISBN978-3-11-025867-7
  23. ^Cf. Klaus Mann:Der Wendepunkt. Ein Lebensbericht.(1949), Frankfurt am Main 2006, p. 514.
  24. ^Müller, Timo (2016). "Forms of Exile: Experimental Self-Positioning in Postcolonial Caribbean Poetry".Atlantic Studies.13(4): 457–471.doi:10.1080/14788810.2016.1220790.S2CID152181840.

Further reading

edit
edit
Look upexilein Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Media related toExileat Wikimedia Commons

Wikiquote has quotations related toExile.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exile&oldid=1246696163"