Wikipedia

Fatal Frame

This article is about the video game series. For the first game in the series, seeFatal Frame (video game).For the film, seeGekijōban Zero.
Not to be confused withFatal Frames.

Fatal Frame,titledZero[a]in Japan andProject Zeroin Europe and Australia, is a Japanesesurvival horrorvideo game series that was created, published and developed byKoei Tecmo(originallyTecmo). Debuting in 2001 with thefirst entry in the seriesfor thePlayStation 2,the series consists of five main entries. The series is set in 1980s Japan, with each entry focusing on a location beset by hostile supernatural events. In each scenario, the characters involved in the present investigation use Camera Obscura, objects created by Dr. Kunihiko Asou that can capture and pacify spirits. The series draws on staple elements ofJapanese horror,and is noted for its frequent use of female protagonists.

Fatal Frame / Project Zero
Logo used in North American releases from the second game onward
Genre(s)Survival horror
Photography game
Developer(s)Koei Tecmo(Tecmo),Grasshopper Manufacture,Nintendo Software Planning & Development
Publisher(s)
Creator(s)Makoto Shibata,Keisuke Kikuchi
Platform(s)PlayStation 2,Microsoft Windows,Nintendo 3DS,Nintendo Switch,PlayStation 4,PlayStation 5,Wii,Wii U,Xbox,Xbox One,Xbox Series X/S
First releaseFatal Frame
December 13, 2001
Latest releaseFatal Frame: Mask of the Lunar Eclipse
March 9, 2023
Spin-offsSpirit Camera

The series was conceived byMakoto Shibataand Keisuke Kikuchi. After being introduced to the PlayStation 2 hardware and after the success of theSilent Hillseries, the pair decided to develop a horror series inspired by Shibata's own spiritual experiences and popular Japanese horror films of the time. Their main goal was to make the most frightening game experience possible. Later installments have refined the gameplay mechanics while also adding more complex narrative elements.

The series is recognized as one of the best-known horror video game franchises, and the second game in the series,Crimson Butterfly,is considered one of the scariest horror games ever made. While the sales of individual games have never been high, the series as a whole has sold over one million copies worldwide as of April 2014. Multiple Japanese adaptations have been made, including manga and a 2014live-action feature film.

Titles

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As of 2014, the series consists of five main-line video games, not counting remakes, rereleases and spin-offs.[1]Fatal Frame: Mask of the Lunar Eclipsewas originally only released in Japan. While a European release was planned, it was eventually cancelled, and no North American release was planned.[2]A fan translation of the fourth game was released in 2010, which enabled the game to be played on any Wii system.[3]Outside their international releases, theFatal Framegames are not numbered. This was due to the series' creators considering each entry to be a standalone game, with minimal connections to previous titles.[4]Since the fourth game, newFatal Frametitles have been funded and co-developed by Nintendo, resulting in new series titles since the fourth game originally only appearing on Nintendo consoles.[5]Koei Tecmo would later purchase Nintendo's publishing rights for multi platform rereleases ofFatal Frame: Mask of the Lunar EclipseandFatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water.

Video games

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Main series

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Release timeline
2001Fatal Frame
2002
2003Fatal Frame II: Crimson Butterfly
2004
2005Fatal Frame III: The Tormented
2006
2007
2008Fatal Frame: Mask of the Lunar Eclipse
2009
2010
2011
2012Spirit Camera
Project Zero 2: Wii Edition
2013
2014Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

Thetitular first entry[b]in the series was released on thePlayStation 2in 2001 in Japan and 2002 in North America and Europe and on theXboxin 2002 in North America and 2003 in Europe.[6][7][8]The second game,Fatal Frame II: Crimson Butterfly,[c]was released again for PlayStation 2 in 2003 in Japan and North America, and 2004 in Europe as well as for Xbox in 2004 in North America and in 2005 in Europe.[9][10][11]Fatal Frame III: The Tormented[d]likewise released for the PlayStation 2 in 2005 for Japan and North America, and 2006 in Europe.[12][13][14]In 2008,Fatal Frame: Mask of the Lunar Eclipse[e]released in Japan for theWiiand later received a fan-translation in 2010, and an official worldwide release by Koei Tecmo in 2023 for theNintendo Switch,PlayStation 4,PlayStation 5,Xbox One,Xbox Series X/S,andMicrosoft Windows.[3][15][16]The fifth title,Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water,[f]was released for theWii Uin 2014 in Japan and 2015 in North America, Europe and Australia.[17][18][19]During Nintendo'sE3 2021Nintendo Direct,it was announced that a remaster ofFatal Frame: Maiden of Black Waterwill be available later in 2021. The new version was released on the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, and Microsoft Windows.[20]

Spin-off and remake

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The first two titles have received expanded re-releases. An expanded port of the original game was released for theXboxin 2002 in Japan and 2003 in Western territories. It featured additional story elements, gameplay refinements and a new difficulty setting.[8][21][22]ForCrimson Butterfly,a "Director's Cut" for the Xbox was released in 2004 in Japan and North America, and 2005 in Europe.[11][23][24]A newexpanded remakefor the Wii was released in Japan and Europe in 2012.[25][26]

A mobile title,Real Zero,was released in 2004 forFOMAandDoCoMomobile devices. The game involves users taking pictures of their environments and superimposing ghost images somewhere in the frame. Seventy different ghosts were available to collect, with each new ghost triggering the sending of an email to provide clues for finding the next ghost or other messages.[27][28]The game's service was terminated in 2011.[29]A spin-off for theNintendo 3DS,Spirit Camera,[g]was released in all regions in 2012.[30][31][32]The story follows a girl named Maya, who is trapped in a haunted house controlled by a mysterious woman in black, and seeks to escape the woman's control.[31]

Pachinko

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In May 2020, apachislotmachine simply titledPachislot Zerowas announced by Yamasa Group. Set to be released in Japan for pachinko parlors in July 2020, the game recreates scenes from the first game in the series with updated graphics, along with additions like new characters and a third ending.[33]

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To commemorate the release ofCrimson Butterfly,a special interactive attraction titledZero4Dopened in 2004. It featured movie scenes designed by the same team behind the CGI movies forCrimson Butterfly.[27]A manga based on the series written byShin Kibayashi,Fatal Frame: Shadow Priestess,[h]was released in both Japanese and English throughDeNA's website in July 2014.[34]AJapanese live-action moviedirected byMari AsatoforKadokawa Pictureswas released in cinemas in 2014. The novel it was based on,Fatal Frame: A Curse Affecting Only GirlsbyEiji Ohtsuka,was released a few months prior to the movie.[35][36]

A Hollywood film adaptation of the first game was announced in 2003. Robert Fyvolent and Mark R. Brinker were hired as the project's writers, andJohn Rogerswas hired as its producer. The title was being produced byDreamWorks.[37]Later that year,Steven Spielbergwas helping Rogers to polish the game's script, and that sessions to find a director and cast the movie would follow.[38]In 2014 alongside the formal announcement ofMaiden of Black Water,it was confirmed that the Hollywood film was still planned. Now produced bySamuel Hadida,it was set to begin production after the completion and release of the game.[35]Christophe Gans said in an interview that the movie will take place in Japan in an attempt to capture its Japanese haunted house setting.[39]

Common elements

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Series gameplay

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The gameplay has remained consistent through the series' lifetime. Each environment is filled with ghosts, with separate games having different attack behaviors for them.[40][41]While navigating these environments, the main character's only means of defense is the Camera Obscura, which can be used to damage ghosts, capturing them on film and pacifying them. When using the camera, the view switches from a third-person to a first-person perspective. The camera locks onto a ghost, with the amount of damage dealt depending on how much of a focus the Camera Obscura has on the ghost, but ghosts fade in and out of existence, making focusing more challenging. Shots of varying closeness and angles also affect how much damage the ghost takes. The most damaging is a "Fatal Frame", which is performed by taking a photo just before a ghost's attack lands, dealing massive damage and allowing a combo if subsequent shots are timed correctly. A ghost's captured spirit energy is converted into points, which can be used to buy items to upgrade the Camera Obscura and obtain more powerful film.[42][43][44]

In addition to hostile ghosts, there are passive ghosts encountered in parts of the environment: if they are not caught on film at once, they vanish from the rest of the game. Ghosts captured on film are added to a list, which reveals a ghost's past.[40]For the first three games, navigation is done using semi-fixed third-person view of environments, with characters moving at a slow pace through them. ForMask of the Lunar Eclipseand later entries, the camera perspective was altered to a third-person over-the-shoulder view and character movement was increased a little to speed up gameplay. The ability to either dodge or break free from a ghost's grip was added inMaiden of Black Water.[1][4][42][43]

Setting

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TheFatal Frame / Project Zeroseries is set in the 1980s, before mobile phones were commonly used in Japan. Aside from a few recurring characters, each game has a self-contained story focusing on a different supernatural threat. The main unifying factor is navigating through haunted locations struck by a supernatural catastrophe, with a recurring setting being abandoned Japanese mansions.[4]Recurring characters include Dr. Kunihiko Asou, an occultist who lived in the 1800s and created objects such as the Camera Obscura;[40]and Miku Hinasaki, the protagonist ofFatal Frameand one of three protagonists inThe Tormented,who also appears inMaiden of Black Wateras one of the main characters' missing mother. A second recurring feature is the exclusive or frequent use of female characters in the leading role. This was explained as being due to the overall tone of the series: since traditional violence was not used, it was better to use a female character to convey this. It was also felt that women were more spiritually aware than men.[45]Another recurring concept is a pseudo-physical location bridging the physical and spiritual worlds, inspired by atankawritten by Japanese poet Taeko Kuzuhara: these were represented by the Hellish Abyss inCrimson Butterflyand the lake inMaiden of Black Water.[46]

The first chronological entry in the series,Mask of the Lunar Eclipse,takes place in 1980. The story revolves around three girls who travel back to the fictional Rougetsu Island to recover memories of being kidnapped while they lived there ten years before. On the island, they must investigate the secrets behind a local ritual dance and an ancient mask related to the ritual.[4]Fatal Frameis set in 1986, withCrimson Butterflybeing set in 1988The Tormentedis set two months after the second game's events.[45]Maiden of Black Wateris set at an unspecified date after the third game. It takes place around the fictional Mount Hikami, a site infamous for suicides and rituals associated with local bodies of water. The main protagonists are each drawn to the mountain intent on rescuing someone, confronting hostile ghosts along the way.[17][47]

History and development

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The concept forFatal Frame / Project Zerofirst occurred by Makoto Shibata. The idea occurred after the development ofTecmo's Deception: Invitation to Darkness.Inspired by his own experiences of supernatural events, and heartened by the success of theSilent Hillseries, Shibata and Keisuke Kikuchi set to work on creating the basics for the game. Shibata was in charge of the majority of game and scenario development, while Kikuchi was in charge of general oversight.[48]When creating the atmosphere, the team watched both high and low-budget Japanese horror films, and war films. One of their goals was to make the game as scary as possible.[4][49][50]The Camera Obscura was not in the initial discussions between Shibata and Kikuchi, with the original idea being that ghosts would be avoided and repelled by light. Ultimately, they decided to have a type of offensive power, which resulted in the Camera's creation. Kikuchi was initially opposed to the idea, but saw that it fit very well into the game's context as development progressed.[4][49]The first game was marketed in the West as being based on a true story, and while this was not accurate, the story ofFatal Framewas inspired by both real locations noted for alleged haunting and local ghost-related folklore.[51]

ForCrimson Butterfly,the team toned down the frightening aspects so players would be willing to complete a playthrough, alongside creating a stronger story. The story was inspired by a dream Shibata had, with the interpretive nature of the game's events being inspired by his feelings about the dream.[52]ForThe Tormented,they decided to focus on horror elements emerging out of everyday life, focusing on the effects of dreams upon reality.[53]Mask of the Lunar Eclipsewas co-produced by Koei Tecmo, Nintendo andGrasshopper Manufacture,with Grasshopper Manufacture'sGoichi Sudaacting as a co-director with Shibata.[4][54]The gameplay was constructed around the Wii hardware, with the main concept being for players to feel the fear physically. The entire concept occurred by Kikuchi when he saw the specifications for the Wii.[4][47]Maiden of Black Wateroriginated when Kikuchi saw the Wii U hardware, and was co-produced by Koei Tecmo and Nintendo. As they wanted to bring more people into the series, they included a stronger narrative and new gameplay elements to make the experience easier for newcomers.[47][55]

SinceCrimson Butterfly,theme songs have been created for each title, primarily performed by Japanese singerTsuki Amano.The development team wanted an image song forCrimson Butterfly,and Shibata found the then-newly debuted Amano in the Japanese independent community. Amano created the song using documents on the game's story, themes and setting.[56]Amano returned multiple times to create theme songs forThe Tormented,Mask of the Lunar Eclipse,and a new theme song for the Wii remake ofCrimson Butterfly.[57]She again returned forMaiden of Black Water,and a second new singer AnJu contributed a second theme song to the title.[1]

Reception

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Aggregate review scores
Game Metacritic
Fatal Frame (PS2) 74/100[58]
(Xbox) 77/100[59]
Fatal Frame II: Crimson Butterfly (PS2) 81/100[60]
(Wii) 77/100[61]
(Xbox) 84/100[62]
Fatal Frame III: The Tormented (PS2) 78/100[63]
Fatal Frame: Mask of the Lunar Eclipse (NS) 73/100[64]
(PC) 69/100[65]
(PS5) 67/100[66]
(XSXS) 64/100[67]
Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir (3DS) 54/100[68]
Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water (NS) 73/100[69]
(PC) 69/100[70]
(PS4) 71/100[71]
(PS5) 63/100[72]
(WIIU) 67/100[73]
(XSXS) 60/100[74]

In Japan, each title in theFatal Frame / Project Zeroseries has seen modest success: the first game's lifetime sales are the lowest in the series, whileMask of the Lunar Eclipsecurrently stands as the best-selling title in the series to date.[2][75]Since its debut in 2001, theFatal Frameseries has sold 1.3 million copies worldwide.[76]

Multiple video game journalists have singled out the series.IGN's Clara Barraza, in an article on the evolution of the survival horror genre, said that the first game "broke away from the use of weapons like guns and planks of wood to switch it up and try something completely different", praising the use of the Camera Obscura in evoking a sense of fear and calling the game "[a] unique spin on the genre".[77]In a different article for IGN on the history of survival horror, editor Travis Fahs stated that the series gave a much-needed boost to the genre during a period of decline in the early 2000s, highlighting the Japanese horror aesthetic as a selling point that attracted players in tandem with the popularity ofThe Ring.[78]As part of an interview with the series' creators in 2006,GameSpywriter Christian Nutt referred to it as one of the three best-known horror video game series alongsideResident EvilandSilent Hill.[45]Similarly, as part of a review ofMaiden of Black Water,Dennis Scimeca ofThe Daily Dotranked theFatal Frameseries alongsideResident EvilandSilent Hill.[79]In an article on the series,Kotakuwriter Richard Eisenbeis said thatFatal Framesucceeded in drawing his attention when most other horror games did not, generally praising the settings and the "master stroke" of the Camera Obscura in gameplay.[80]In an interview,F.E.A.R. 2: Project Originart leader Dave Matthews stated that the gameplay ofF.E.A.R. 2was influenced by theFatal Frameseries.[81]In multiple articles,Crimson Butterflyhas been singled out by video game publications and industry developers as one of the scariest games of the horror genre in general.[82][83][84][85]

Notes

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  1. ^Japanese:Linh(ゼロ)
  2. ^TitledZero(Linh(ゼロ)〜zero〜)in Japan andProject Zeroin Europe.
  3. ^TitledZero 〜Akai Chō〜(Linh(ゼロ) 〜 hồng い điệp 〜)andProject Zero 2: Crimson Butterflyin Europe.
  4. ^TitledZero: Shisei no Koe(Linh(ゼロ)〜 thứ thanh ノ thanh 〜,lit.Zero: Voice of the Tattoo.)andProject Zero 3: The Tormentedin Europe.
  5. ^TitledZero: Tsukihami no Kamen(Linh(ゼロ)〜 nguyệt thực の仮 diện 〜,lit.Zero: Mask of the Lunar Eclipse)in Japan andProject Zero: Mask of the Lunar Eclipsein Europe.
  6. ^TitledZero: Nuregarasu no Miko(Linh(ゼロ)〜 nhu nha ノ vu nữ 〜,lit.Zero: The Raven-haired Shrine Maiden)in Japan andProject Zero: Maiden of Black Waterin Europe.
  7. ^TitledSpirit Camera: The Possessed Notebook(Tâm linh カメラ 〜 bằng いてる thủ trướng 〜,Shinrei Camera ~Tsuiteru Techou~)in Japan andSpirit Camera: The Cursed Memoirin Western territories.
  8. ^Zero: Kage Miko(Linh ảnh vu nữ)

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