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Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany(Italian:Ferdinando IV, Granduca di Toscana;[1]10 June 1835 – 17 January 1908) was the lastGrand Duke of Tuscanyfrom 1859 to 1860.
| Ferdinand IV | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | |||||
| Grand Duke of Tuscany | |||||
| Reign | 21 July 1859 – 22 March 1860 | ||||
| Predecessor | Leopold II | ||||
| Born | 10 June 1835 Florence,Grand Duchy of Tuscany | ||||
| Died | 17 January 1908(aged 72) Salzburg,Austria-Hungary | ||||
| Spouse | |||||
| Issue Detail |
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| House | Habsburg-Lorraine | ||||
| Father | Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany | ||||
| Mother | Princess Maria Antonia of the Two Sicilies | ||||
| Religion | Roman Catholicism | ||||
Biography
editBorn atFlorence,he was the son ofLeopold II, Grand Duke of TuscanyandPrincess Maria Antonia of the Two Sicilies.
His first wife died in February 1859. Sometime later, he and his family were forced to fleeFlorenceon 27 April 1859, with the outbreak of a revolution inspired by the outbreak of theSecond Italian War of Independenceas part of theunification of Italy.The family took refuge in Austria. After the end of the war, Leopold II abdicated on 21 July and Ferdinand succeeded him asGrand Duke.Ferdinand proved unable to return to Florence to claim his throne, and an elected Tuscan National Assembly formally deposed him only a month later, on 16 August, with Tuscany being merged into theUnited Provinces of Central Italy.Ferdinand still hoped to recover his throne, as bothFranceandAustriahad promised to recognize his rights to it in theArmistice of Villafranca.However, neither power was willing to take any steps to bring about his restoration;Sardiniawould annex Tuscany on 22 March 1860, and with Austria recognizing the newKingdom of Italyafter theThird War of Independencein 1866, Ferdinand's hopes to reclaim the throne were ended.
Subsequently Ferdinand and his family returned to Austria. While Ferdinand was allowed to keep the grand ducal title as a courtesy and retain his status asgrand master of all Tuscan orders of chivalryfor his lifetime, his descendants could only bear the title of "Archduke/Archduchess of Austria"; the right to bear the title "Prince/ss of Tuscany" became restricted solely to family members born before 1866. In 1870 Ferdinand relinquished all dynastic rights to the defunct Grand Duchy for himself and his future heirs in favour of his second cousin, EmperorFranz Joseph I,effectively ending the House of Habsburg-Tuscany's status as a sovereign cadet branch.[2][3]
Ferdinand died inSalzburgin 1908, after spending the rest of his life in exile. Upon his death, his descendants were barred from using their Tuscan titles by Imperial decree.[4][5]
Family and children
editHe married twice and had issue:
From his first marriage inDresdenon 24 November 1856 to PrincessAnna of Saxony,(Dresden,4 January 1836 –Naples,10 February 1859), daughter of KingJohn I of Saxony,was born:
- ArchduchessMaria Antonietta(Florence, 10 January 1858 –Cannes,13 April 1883). She became Princess-Abbess of theTheresian Conventin theHradschininPrague.Unmarried and without Issue.
From his second marriage inFrohsdorfon 11 January 1868 to Princess Alice "Alix" of Bourbon-Parma (Parma,27 December 1849 –Schwertberg,16 January 1935), daughter of DukeCharles III of Parma:
- ArchdukeLeopold Ferdinand(1868–1935). He renounced his titles on 29 December 1902 and took the name Leopold Wölfling. He married three times, without issue.
- ArchduchessLouise(1870–1947). Married first KingFrederick Augustus III of Saxonyand after divorcing him married secondEnrico Toselliand had issue by both marriages.
- ArchdukeJosef Ferdinand(1872–1942). He married, firstly, Rosa Kaltenbrunner and, after divorcing her married, secondly Gertrud Tomanek, by whom he had issue. Both marriages weremorganatic.
- Archduke Peter Ferdinand of Austria(1874–1948). MarriedPrincess Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies,and had issue.
- Archduke Heinrich Ferdinand (1878–1969). A major general in the Austrian army, morganatically married Maria Karoline Ludescher, and had issue.
- Archduchess Anna Maria (1879–1961). She married Johannes, Prince ofHohenlohe-Bartenstein;their granddaughter married Hans Veit, Count ofToerring-Jettenbach,son ofPrincess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark.
- Archduchess Margareta Maria (1881–1965)
- Archduchess Germana Maria (1884–1955)
- Archduke Robert Ferdinand (1885–1895)
- Archduchess Agnes Maria (1891–1945)
Honours
editFerdinand received the following awards:[6]
Grand Duchy of Tuscany:
- Grand Cross of theOrder of Saint Joseph[7]
- Grand Master of the Order of Saint Joseph,21 July 1859
- Grand Master of theOrder of Saint Stephen,21 July 1859
- Grand Master of the Order of Civil and Military Merit,21 July 1859
Austrian Empire:
- Knight of theOrder of the Golden Fleece,1852[8]
- Grand Cross of theRoyal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen,1891[9]
Grand Duchy of Baden:
- Knight of theHouse Order of Fidelity,1886[10]
- Knight of theOrder of Berthold the First,1886[10]
Kingdom of Bavaria:Knight of theOrder of Saint Hubert,1856[11]
Belgium:Grand Cordon of theOrder of Leopold(civil),24 September 1856[12]
Sovereign Military Order of Malta:Bailiff Knight Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion,19 December 1856[13]
Kingdom of Prussia:Knight of theOrder of the Black Eagle,26 January 1861[14]
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach:Grand Cross of theOrder of the White Falcon,12 January 1864[15]
Kingdom of Saxony:Knight of theOrder of the Rue Crown,1856[16]
Württemberg:Grand Cross of theOrder of the Crown,1882[17]
Ancestry
edit| Ancestors of Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany |
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See also
editNotes
edit- ^Full name:Italian:Ferdinando Salvatore Maria Giuseppe Giovan Battista Francesco Luigi Gonzaga Raffaello Ranieri Gennaro,German:Ferdinand Salvator Maria Joseph Johann Baptist Franz Ludwig Gonzaga Raphael Rainerius Gennarius
- ^Bernd Braun:Das Ende der Regionalmonarchien in Italien. Abdankungen im Zuge des Risorgimento.In: Susan Richter, Dirk Dirbach (Hrsg.): Thronverzicht. Die Abdankung in Monarchien vom Mittelalter bis in die Neuzeit. Böhlau Verlag, Köln, Weimar, Wien 2010, pp. 251-266
- ^Andrea Borella (a cura di): Annuario della Nobiltà italiana, XXXIII edizione, 2015-2020, parte I, Teglio, marzo 2021, ISBN 978-88-942861-0-6
- ^Prerogative dinastiche della casa granducale di lorena dopo la perdita del granducato di toscana(in Italian). Retrieved 8 October 2020.
- ^Rivista Araldica, anno 1913, volume 11, pagina 381, Roma, Collegio Araldico: "Da informazione ufficiale assunta a Vienna togliamo quanto segue «A Sua Altezza I. R. il defunto Granduca Ferdinando IV di Toscana era stato permesso dall'Impero austro-ungarico e dagli Stati dell'Impero germanico, di conferire i tre Ordini toscani, inerenti alla Sovranità, che anche spodestato, rimase all'Augusto principe fino alla sua morte. Il titolo di Principe di Toscana fu solo autorizzato ai membri della famiglia granducale nati prima del 1866. Dopo la morte del Granduca (1908) tutti gli augusti figli del defunto dovettero solennemente rinunciare ad ogni qualsiasi diritto di cui personalmente ed eccezionalmente godeva il padre. Quindi il Gran Magistero dell'Ordine di S. Stefano per volontà di S. M. l'Imperatore e Re è terminato col defunto granduca, né più sarebbe accettato dagli augusti principi lorenesi" (in Italian)
- ^Hof- und Staats-Handbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie(1908), Genealogy p. 5
- ^Almanacco Toscano per l'anno 1855.Stamperia Granducale. 1840. p. 271.
- ^Boettger, T. F."Chevaliers de la Toisón d'Or - Knights of the Golden Fleece".La Confrérie Amicale.Retrieved25 June2019.
- ^"A Szent István Rend tagjai"Archived22 December 2010 at theWayback Machine
- ^abHof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden(1896), "Großherzogliche Orden"p. 63,77
- ^Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Bayern(1906), "Königliche Orden" p. 7
- ^"Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold",Almanach Royal Officiel(in French), 1857, p. 47 – via Archives de Bruxelles
- ^Ruolo generale del sov. mil. ordine di S. Giovanni de Gerulasemme ovvero di Malta.Roma: Tipografia Poliglotta della S. Congregazione di Propaganda Fide. 1880. p. 124.
- ^"Schwarzer Adler-orden",Königlich Preussische Ordensliste(in German), vol. 1, Berlin, 1886, p.6
{{citation}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach(1869), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p.12
- ^Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1865/66.Heinrich. 1866. p. 4.
- ^Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg(1896), "Königliche Orden"p. 28