Ferruginous duck

Theferruginous duck(Aythya nyroca), also known asferruginous pochard,common white-eyeorwhite-eyed pochard,is a medium-sizeddiving duckfromEurosiberia.The scientific name is derived from theAncient Greekword,αἴθυιᾰ(aithuia), an unknownseabirdmentioned by authors includingHesychiusandAristotle,and the Russian word,нырок(nyrok),theRussianword forpochard,which occurs in the bird's Russian common name.

Ferruginous duck
Male
Female
Conservation status
Near Threatened(IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Anseriformes
Family:	Anatidae
Genus:	Aythya
Species:	A. nyroca
Binomial name
Aythya nyroca (Güldenstädt,1770)
Range ofA. nyroca Breeding Resident Passage Non-breeding

Description

The breeding male is a rich, dark chestnut on the head, breast and flanks with contrasting pure white undertail coverts. In flight the white belly and underwing patch are visible. The females are duller and browner than the males. The male has a yellow eye and the females have a dark eye.

Habitat

The ferruginous duck prefers quite shallow fresh waterbodies with rich submerged and floating vegetation with dense stands of emergent vegetation on the margins. In some areas it will use saline or brackish pools or wetlands. On passage and wintering will also frequent coastal waters, inland seas and large, open lagoons.

Distribution

The breeding range of the ferruginous duck is fromIberiaand theMaghrebeast to western Mongolia, south to Arabia, although in the west is now scarce and localised and locally extirpated in some countries. The duck winters throughout theMediterranean Basinand theBlack Sea,smaller number migrate into sub-Saharan Africa via theNile Valley.Eastern birds winter in south and south-east Asia.

Habits

These are gregarious birds, but less social than otherAythyaspecies but where common it can form large flocks in winter, often mixed with other diving ducks, such astufted ducksandcommon pochards.Form pairs from January onwards and during courtship the male often curls his tail so that it dips into the water forming a triangular white patch of the undertail coverts. In areas where it is common it will form colonies at protected sites such as islands, often in association with gulls. Where scarce it nests singly, in dispersed and concealed sites.

Eggs are laid from the end of April or early May in a nest which is sited on the ground close to water, or sometimes a floating nest is built among emergent vegetation. The eggs are incubated for 25–27 days and the fledging period is 55–60 days.

These birds feed mainly by diving or dabbling. They eataquatic plantswith somemolluscs,aquatic insectsand small fish. They often feed at night, and will upend (dabble) for food as well as the more characteristic diving.

Conservation

The species is threatened by the degradation and destruction of its favoured habitats by anthropogenic causes which are very wide and varied including impoundment, drainage, pollution and mismanagement. The introduction of non-native species has also caused habitat degradation, e.g. the stocking of lakes with and accidental introduction ofgrass carpCtenopharyngodon idellahas caused reductions in plant and animal biomass available for the ducks to feed on. In addition, the increased threat of drought due to climate change may pose a threat to the species in the drier parts of its range. Increased disturbance by fishing boats and anglers among marginal vegetation could cause abandonment of the breeding sites or disrupt the timing of breeding particularly in populated areas, e.g. Western Europe. Ferruginous ducks are also threatened by hunting and large numbers are shot on passage in the autumn and in the wintering areas. Although protected in most European countries illegal and accidental hunting persists. It is one of the species to which theAgreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds(AEWA) applies.Among recent local initiatives it should be mentioned inclusion of the breeding habitats of the species in Armenia into network of Emerald Sites protected by the Bern Convention.

Gallery

• 
  Male
• 
  Ferruginous ducks
• 
  ID composite
• 
  Egg, CollectionMuseum Wiesbaden
• 
  Aythya nyroca(male), referred to asAnas pullata,inNederlandsche Vogelen,c. 1800

Further reading

• Showler, D.A.; Davidson, P. (1999)."Observations of Jerdon's BabblerChrysomma altirostreand Rufous-vented PriniaPrinia burnesiiin Punjab and North-West Frontier Provinces, Pakistan "(PDF).Forktail.15:66–76.
• Singh, A.P. (2002)."New and significant records from Dehra Dun valley, lower Garhwal Himalayas, India"(PDF).Forktail.18:151–153. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 8 August 2017.Retrieved7 March2015.
• Vinicombe, K.E.(2000)."Identification of Ferruginous Duck and its status in Britain and Ireland"(PDF).British Birds.93(1): 4–21. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 23 September 2015.Retrieved7 March2015.
• Vinicombe, K.E.(2007). "ID in depth – Ferruginous Duck".Birdwatch.176:24–26.

External links

• BirdLife species factsheet forAythya nyroca
• "Aythya nyroca".Avibase.
• "Ferruginous duck media".Internet Bird Collection.
• Ferruginous pochard photo galleryat VIREO (Drexel University)
• Interactive range map ofAythya nyrocaatIUCN Red List maps
• Audio recordings of Ferruginous duckonXeno-canto.