Wikipedia

Fiddler on the Roof

This article is about the 1964 musical. For the film, seeFiddler on the Roof(film).
"Anatevka" redirects here. For the Ukrainian village, seeAnatevka (village).

Fiddler on the Roofis amusicalwith music byJerry Bock,lyrics bySheldon Harnick,andbookbyJoseph Stein,set in thePale of SettlementofImperial Russiain or around 1905. It is based on "Tevye the Dairyman" and other short stories bySholem Aleichem.The story centers onTevye,a milkman in the village of Anatevka, who attempts to maintain hisJewishreligious and cultural traditions as outside influences encroach upon his family's lives. He must cope with the strong-willed actions of his three older daughters who wish to marry for love; their choices of husbands are successively less palatable for Tevye. An edict of thetsareventually evicts the Jews from their village.

Fiddler on the Roof
Playbillfrom the original Broadway production
MusicJerry Bock
LyricsSheldon Harnick
BookJoseph Stein
BasisTevye the Dairyman
bySholem Aleichem
Productions
  • 1964Broadway
  • 1967West End
  • 1976 Broadwayrevival
  • 1981 Broadway revival
  • 1983West End revival
  • 1990 Broadway revival
  • 1994 West End revival
  • 2003UKtour
  • 2004 Broadway revival
  • 2007 West End revival
  • 2008 UK tour
  • 2009 US tour
  • 2015 Broadway revival
  • 2018 US tour
  • 2019 West End revival
Awards

The originalBroadwayproduction of the show, which opened in 1964, had the first musical theatre run in history to surpass 3,000 performances.Fiddlerheld the record for thelongest-running Broadway musicalfor almost 10 years untilGreasesurpassed its run. The production was extraordinarily profitable and highly acclaimed. It won nineTony Awards,including best musical, score, book, direction and choreography. It spawned five Broadway revivals and a highly successful1971 film adaptationand has enjoyed enduring international popularity. It has also been a popular choice for school and community productions.[1]

Background

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Fiddler on the Roofis based on a series of stories bySholem Aleichemabout his characterTevye the Dairyman,which he wrote inYiddishbetween 1894 and 1914 about Jewish life in a village in thePale of SettlementofImperial Russiaat the turn of the 20th century. The stories are based on Aleichem's own upbringing nearKyiv(fictionalized asYehupetz). It is also influenced byLife is with People,byMark Zborowskiand Elizabeth Herzog.[2]Aleichem wrote a dramatic adaptation of the stories that he left unfinished at his death, but which was produced in Yiddish in 1919 by theYiddish Art Theaterand made into a film in the 1930s. In the late 1950s, a musical based on the stories, calledTevye and his Daughters,was producedoff-BroadwaybyArnold Perl.[3]Rodgers and Hammersteinand thenMike Toddbriefly considered bringing this musical to Broadway but dropped the idea.[4]

The FiddlerbyMarc Chagall,c. 1912

Investors and some in the media worried thatFiddler on the Roofmight be considered "too Jewish" to attract mainstream audiences. Other critics considered that it was too culturally sanitized, "middlebrow"and superficial;Philip Roth,writing inThe New Yorker,called itshtetlkitsch.For example, it portrays the local Russian officer as sympathetic, instead of brutal and cruel, as Sholom Aleichem had described him. Aleichem's stories ended with Tevye alone, his wife dead and his daughters scattered; at the end ofFiddler,the family members are alive, and most are emigrating together to America.[3][4]The show found the right balance for its time, even if not entirely authentic, to become "one of the first popular post-Holocaust depictions of the vanished world of Eastern European Jewry".[3]Harold Princereplaced the original producerFred Coeand brought in director/choreographerJerome Robbins.[5]The writers and Robbins considered naming the musicalTevye,before landing on a title suggested by various paintings byMarc Chagall(Green Violinist(1924),Le Mort(1924),The Fiddler(1912)) that also inspired the original set design. Contrary to popular belief, the "title of the musical does not refer to any specific painting".[6]

During rehearsals, one of the stars, Jewish actorZero Mostel,feuded with Robbins, whom he held in contempt because Robbins had cooperated with theHouse Un-American Activities Committeeand hid his Jewish heritage from the public.[4](Mostel, conversely, was admired for his confrontational testimony before the committee that led to hisblacklistingin the 1950s.[7]) Other cast members also had run-ins with Robbins, who reportedly "abused the cast, drove the designers crazy [and] strained the good nature of Hal Prince".[4]

Synopsis

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Act I

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Tevye, a poor Jewish milkman with five daughters, explains the customs of the Jews in theRussianshtetlof Anatevka in 1905, where their lives are as precarious as the perch of a fiddler on a roof ( "Tradition"). At Tevye's home, everyone is busy preparing for theSabbathmeal. His sharp-tongued wife, Golde, orders their daughters, Tzeitel, Hodel, Chava, Shprintze and Bielke, about their tasks. Yente, the villagematchmaker,arrives to tell Golde that Lazar Wolf, the wealthy butcher, a widower older than Tevye, wants to wed Tzeitel, the eldest daughter. The next two daughters, Hodel and Chava, are excited about Yente's visit, but Tzeitel illustrates how it could have bad results ( "Matchmaker, Matchmaker"). A girl from a poor family must take whatever husband Yente brings, but Tzeitel wants to marry her childhood friend, Motel the tailor.

Tevye is delivering milk, pulling the cart himself, as his horse is lame. He asks God: Whom would it hurt "If I Were a Rich Man"?The bookseller tells Tevye news from the outside world ofpogromsand expulsions. A stranger, Perchik, hears their conversation and scolds them for doing nothing more than talk. The men dismiss Perchik as a radical, but Tevye invites him home for the Sabbath meal and offers him food and a room in exchange for tutoring his two youngest daughters. Golde tells Tevye to meet Lazar after the Sabbath but does not tell him why, knowing that Tevye does not like Lazar. Worried that Yente will find her a husband soon, Tzeitel tells Motel to ask Tevye for her hand before the Sabbath dinner. Motel resists, as he fears Tevye's temper, and tradition says that a matchmaker must arrange marriages. Motel is also very poor and is saving up to buy a sewing machine before he approaches Tevye, to show that he can support a wife. The family gathers for the "Sabbath Prayer".

After the Sabbath, Tevye meets Lazar for a drink at the village inn, assuming mistakenly that Lazar wants to buy his cow. Once the misunderstanding is cleared up, Tevye agrees to let Lazar marry Tzeitel – with a rich butcher, his daughter will never want for anything. All join in the celebration of Lazar's good fortune; even the Russian youths at the inn join in the celebration and show off their dancing skills ( "To Life"). Outside the inn, Tevye happens upon the Russian Constable, who has jurisdiction over the Jews in the town. The Constable warns him that there is going to be a" little unofficial demonstration "in the coming weeks (aeuphemismfor a minorpogrom). The Constable has sympathy for the Jewish community but is powerless to prevent the violence.

The next morning, after Perchik's lessons with the younger sisters, Tevye's second daughter Hodel mocks Perchik's Marxist interpretation of a Bible story. He, in turn, criticizes her for hanging on to the old traditions of Judaism, noting that the world is changing. To illustrate this, he dances with her, defying the prohibition against opposite sexes dancing together. The two begin to fall in love. Later, ahungoverTevye announces that he has agreed that Tzeitel will marry Lazar Wolf. Golde is overjoyed, but Tzeitel is devastated and begs Tevye not to force her. Motel arrives and tells Tevye that he is the perfect match for Tzeitel and that he and Tzeitel gave each other a pledge to marry. He promises that Tzeitel will not starve as his wife. Tevye is stunned and outraged at this breach of tradition, but impressed at the timid tailor's display of backbone. After some soul-searching ( "Tevye's Monologue" ), Tevye agrees to let them marry, but he worries about how to break the news to Golde. An overjoyed Motel celebrates with Tzeitel ( "Miracle of Miracles" ).

In bed with Golde, Tevye pretends to be waking from a nightmare. Golde offers to interpret his dream, and Tevye "describes" it ( "Tevye's Dream" ). Golde's grandmother Tzeitel returns from the grave to bless the marriage of her namesake, but to Motel, not to Lazar Wolf. Lazar's formidable late wife, Fruma-Sarah ( "frum"is a Yiddish word for a devout Jew), rises from her grave to warn, in graphic terms, of severe retribution if Tzeitel marries Lazar. The superstitious Golde is terrified, and she quickly counsels that Tzeitel must marry Motel. While returning from town, Tevye's third daughter, the bookish Chava, is teased and intimidated by some gentile youths. One, Fyedka, protects her, dismissing the others. He offers Chava the loan of a book, and a secret relationship begins.

The wedding day of Tzeitel and Motel arrives, and all the Jews join the ceremony ( "Sunrise, Sunset") and the celebration (" The Wedding Dance "). Lazar gives a fine gift, but an argument arises with Tevye over the broken agreement. Perchik ends the tiff by breaking another tradition: he crosses the barrier between the men and women to dance with Tevye's daughter Hodel. The celebration ends abruptly when a group of Russians rides into the village to perform the" demonstration ". They disrupt the party, damaging the wedding gifts and wounding Perchik, who attempts to fight back, and wreak more destruction in the village. Tevye instructs his family to clean up the mess.

Act II

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Fiddler On the Roofby Lev Segal inNetanya,Israel

Months later, Perchik tells Hodel he must return to Kyiv to work for therevolution.He proposes marriage, admitting that he loves her, and says that he will send for her. She agrees ( "Now I Have Everything" ). They tell Tevye that they are engaged, and he is appalled that they are flouting tradition by making their own match, especially as Perchik is leaving. When he forbids the marriage, Perchik and Hodel inform him that they do not seek his permission, only his blessing. After more soul searching, Tevye relents – the world is changing, and he must change with it ( "Tevye's Rebuttal" ). He informs the young couple that he gives them his blessingandhis permission.

Tevye explains these events to an astonished Golde. "Love", he says, "it's the new style." Tevye asks Golde, despite their own arranged marriage, "Do You Love Me?"After dismissing Tevye's question as foolish, she eventually admits that, after 25 years of living and struggling together and raising five daughters, she does. Meanwhile, Yente tells Tzeitel that she saw Chava with Fyedka. News spreads quickly in Anatevka that Perchik has been arrested andexiled to Siberia( "The Rumor/I Just Heard" ), and Hodel is determined to join him there. At the railway station, she explains to her father that her home is with her beloved, wherever he may be, although she will always love her family ( "Far From the Home I Love" ).

Time passes. Motel has purchased a used sewing machine, and he and Tzeitel have had a baby. Chava finally gathers the courage to ask Tevye to allow her marriage to Fyedka. Again Tevye reaches deep into his soul, butmarriage outside the Jewish faithis a line he will not cross. He forbids Chava to speak to Fyedka again. When Golde brings news that Chava haselopedwith Fyedka, Tevye wonders where he went wrong ( "Chavaleh Sequence" ). Chava returns and tries to reason with him, but he refuses to speak to her and tells the rest of the family to consider her dead. Meanwhile, rumors are spreading of the Russians expelling Jews from their villages. While the villagers are gathered, the Constable arrives to tell everyone that they have three days to pack up and leave the town. In shock, they reminisce about "Anatevka" and how hard it will be to leave what has been their home for so long.

As the Jews leave Anatevka, Chava and Fyedka stop to tell her family that they are also leaving forKraków,unwilling to remain among the people who could do such things to others. Tevye still will not talk to her, but when Tzeitel says goodbye to Chava, Tevye prompts her to add "God be with you." Motel and Tzeitel go to Poland as well but will join the rest of the family when they have saved up enough money. As Tevye, Golde and their two youngest daughters leave the village for America, the fiddler begins to play. Tevye beckons with a nod, and the fiddler follows them out of the village.

Musical numbers

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  1. ^The 2004 revival featured a song for Yente and some women of the village (Rivka and Mirala) titled "Topsy Turvy", discussing the disappearing role of thematchmakerin society. The number replaced "The Rumor/I Just Heard".

Principal characters

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All of the characters are Jewish, except as noted:[8][9]

  • Tevye,a poor milkman with five daughters. A firm supporter of the traditions of his faith, he finds many of his convictions tested by the actions of his three oldest daughters.
  • Golde, Tevye's sharp-tongued wife.
  • Tzeitel, their oldest daughter, about nineteen. She loves her childhood friend Motel and marries him, even though he's poor, begging her father not to force her to marry Lazar Wolf.
  • Hodel, their daughter, about seventeen. Intelligent and spirited, she falls in love with Perchik and later joins him in Siberia.
  • Chava, their daughter, about fifteen. A shy and bookish girl, who falls in love with Fyedka.
  • Motel Kamzoil, a poor but hardworking tailor who loves, and later marries, Tzeitel.
  • Perchik, a student revolutionary who comes to Anatevka and falls in love with Hodel. He leaves for Kyiv, is arrested and exiled to Siberia.
  • Fyedka, a young Christian. He shares Chava's passion for reading and is outraged by the Russians' treatment of the Jews.
  • Lazar Wolf, the wealthy village butcher. Widower of Fruma-Sarah. Attempts to arrange a marriage for himself to Tzeitel.
  • Yente, the gossipy village matchmaker who matches Tzeitel and Lazar.
  • Grandma Tzeitel, Golde's dead grandmother, who rises from the grave in Tevye's "nightmare".
  • Fruma-Sarah, Lazar Wolf's dead wife, who also rises from the grave in the "nightmare".
  • Rabbi, the wise village leader.
  • Constable, the head of the local Russian police, a Christian.

Casts

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Role Original Broadway Production (1964)[10] Original West End Production (1967)[11] 1976 Broadway Revival[12] 1981 Broadway Revival[13] 1983 West End Revival[14] 1990 Broadway Revival[14] 1994 West End Revival[15] 2004 Broadway Revival[16] 2007 West End Revival[17] 2015 Broadway Revival[18] 2019 West End Revival[19]
Tevye Zero Mostel Chaim Topol Zero Mostel Herschel Bernardi Chaim Topol Alfred Molina Henry Goodman Danny Burstein Andy Nyman
Golde Maria Karnilova Miriam Karlin Thelma Lee Maria Karnilova Thelma Ruby Marcia Lewis Sara Kestelman Randy Graff Beverley Klein Jessica Hecht Judy Kuhn
Tzeitel Joanna Merlin Rosemary Nicols Elizabeth Hale Lori Ada Jaroslow Jane Gurnett Sharon Lawrence Jacquelyn Yorke Sally Murphy Frances Thoburn Alexandra Silber Molly Osborne
Hodel Julia Migenes Linda Gardner Christopher Callan Donalyn Petrucci Andrea Levine Tia Riebling Jo John Laura Michelle Kelly Alexandra Silber Samantha Massell Harriet Bunton
Chava Tanya Evertt Caryl Little Nancy Tomkins Liz Larsen Lisa Jacobs Jennifer Prescott Adi Topol-Margalith Tricia Paoluccio Natasha Broomfield Melanie Moore Nicola Brown
Motel Kamzoil Austin Pendleton Jonathan Lynn Irwin Pearl Michelan Sisti Peter Whitman Jack Kenny Neil Rutherford John Cariani Gareth Kennerley Adam Kantor Joshua Gannon
Perchik Bert Convy Sandor Elès Jeff Keller James Werner Steven Mann Gary Schwartz Peter Darling Robert Petkoff Damian Humbley Ben Rappaport Stewart Clarke
Fyedka Joe Ponazecki Tim Goodman Rick Friesen Joel Robertson Christopher Snell Ron Bohmer Kieran Creggan David Ayers Michael Conway Nick Rehberger Matthew Hawksley
Lazar Wolf Michael Granger Paul Whitsun-Jones Paul Lipson David Jackson Mark Zeller David Bacon David Wohl Victor McGuire Adam Dannheisser Dermot Canavan
Yente Beatrice Arthur Cynthia Grenville Ruth Jaroslow Maria Charles Ruth Jaroslow Margaret Robertson Nancy Opel Julie Legrand Alix Korey Louise Gold

Notable replacements

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Broadway (1964–72)
Broadway revival (1990–91)
Broadway revival (2004–06)
Broadway revival (2015–16)

Productions

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Original productions

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Zero MostelasTevyein the original Broadway production, 1964

Following its tryout at Detroit'sFisher Theatrein July and August 1964,[20]then Washington in August to September,[21]the original Broadway production opened on September 22, 1964, at theImperial Theatre,transferred in 1967 to theMajestic Theatreand in 1970 tothe Broadway Theatre,and ran for a record-setting total of 3,242 performances.[22]The production was directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins – his last original Broadway staging.[23]The set, designed in the style ofMarc Chagall's paintings, was byBoris Aronson.[24]A colorful logo for the production, also inspired by Chagall's work, was designed byTom Morrow.Chagall reportedly did not like the musical.[4]

The cast includedZero Mostelas Tevye the milkman,Maria Karnilovaas his wife Golde (both won a Tony for their performances),Beatrice Arthuras Yente thematchmaker,Austin Pendletonas Motel,Bert Convyas Perchik the student revolutionary,Gino Confortias the fiddler, andJulia Migenesas Hodel. Mostelad-libbedincreasingly as the run went on, "which drove the authors up the wall".[22]Joanna Merlinoriginated the role of Tzeitel, which was later assumed byBette Midlerduring the original run. Carol Sawyer was Fruma Sarah,Adrienne Barbeautook a turn as Hodel, andPia Zadoraplayed the youngest daughter, Bielke. BothPeg MurrayandDolores Wilsonmade extended appearances as Golde, while other stage actors who have played Tevye includeHerschel Bernardi,Theodore BikelandHarry Goz(in the original Broadway run), andLeonard Nimoy.Mostel's understudy in the original production,Paul Lipson,went on to appear as Tevye in more performances than any other actor (untilChaim Topol), clocking over 2,000 performances in the role in the original run and several revivals.[25]Florence Stanleytook over the role of Yente nine months into the run.[26]The production earned $1,574 for every dollar invested in it.[27]It was nominated for tenTony Awards,winning nine, including Best Musical, score, book, direction and choreography, and acting awards for Mostel and Karnilova.[22]

The original LondonWest Endproduction opened on February 16, 1967, atHer Majesty's Theatreand played for 2,030 performances.[28]It starred Topol as Tevye, a role he had previously played in Tel Aviv, andMiriam Karlinas Golde.Alfie Bass,Lex Goudsmitand Barry Martin eventually took over as Tevye.[29]Topol later played Tevye in the 1971 film adaptation, for which he was nominated for an Academy Award, and in several revivals over the next four decades.[30]The show was revived in London for short seasons in 1983 at theApollo Victoria Theatre[14]and in 1994 at theLondon Palladium.[31][32]

Broadway revivals

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The first Broadway revival opened on December 28, 1976, and ran for 176 performances at theWinter Garden Theatre.Zero Mostelstarred as Tevye. Robbins directed and choreographed. A second Broadway revival opened on July 9, 1981, and played for a limited run (53 performances) atLincoln Center'sNew York State Theater.It starredHerschel Bernardias Tevye and Karnilova as Golde. Other cast members includedLiz Larsen,Fyvush Finkel,Lawrence LeritzandPaul Lipson.Robbins directed and choreographed. The third Broadway revival opened on November 18, 1990, and ran for 241 performances at theGeorge Gershwin Theatre.Topol starred as Tevye, andMarcia Lewiswas Golde. Robbins' production was reproduced by Ruth Mitchell and choreographer Sammy Dallas Bayes. The production won the Tony Award for Best Revival.

A fourth Broadway revival opened on February 26, 2004, and ran for 36 previews and 781 performances at theMinskoff Theatre.Alfred Molina,and laterHarvey Fierstein,starred as Tevye, andRandy Graff,and laterAndrea MartinandRosie O'Donnell,was Golde.Barbara Barrieand laterNancy Opelplayed Yente,Laura Michelle Kellyplayed Hodel andLea Micheleplayed Sprintze.[33]It was directed byDavid Leveaux.This production replaced Yente's song "The Rumor" with a song for Yente and two other women called "Topsy-Turvy". The production was nominated for six Tonys but did not win any. In June 2014, to celebrate the show's 50th anniversary, a gala celebration and reunion was held atthe Town Hallin New York City to benefitNational Yiddish Theatre Folksbiene,with appearances by many of the cast members of the various Broadway productions and the 1971 film, as well as Sheldon Harnick,Chita Rivera,Karen Ziemba,Joshua Bell,Jerry Zaksand others.[21][34][35]

The fifth Broadway revival began previews on November 20 and opened on December 20, 2015, at theBroadway Theatre,with concept and choreography based on the original by Robbins.Bartlett Sherdirected, andHofesh Shechterchoreographed. The cast starredDanny Bursteinas Tevye, withJessica Hechtas Golde,Alexandra Silberas Tzeitel,Adam Kantoras Motel,Ben Rappaportas Perchik,Samantha Massellas Hodel andMelanie Mooreas Chava.Judy Kuhnreplaced Hecht as Golde on November 22, 2016, for the last five weeks of the run.[36]Designers includeMichael Yeargan(sets),Catherine Zuber(costumes) andDonald Holder(lighting).[37]Initial reviews were mostly positive, finding Burstein and the show touching.[38]The production was nominated for three Tony Awards but won none. It closed on December 31, 2016, after 463 performances.[39]The U.S./Canadian tour of the Sher-directed production began in 2018[citation needed]and was interrupted in March 2020 by the COVID-19 pandemic; it resumed in 2021[40]and continued into 2023. The role of Tevye has been played by Yehezkel Lazarov into 2022, Danny Arnold then assumed the role for several months, and the last months are being played by Jonathan Hashmonay.[41]

London revivals

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Fiddlerwas first revived in London in 1983 at theApollo Victoria Theatre(a four-month season starring Topol)[14]and again in 1994 at theLondon Palladiumfor two months and then on tour, again starring Topol, and directed and choreographed by Sammy Dallas Bayes, recreating the Robbins production.[32]

After a two-month tryout at the Crucible Theatre inSheffield,England, a London revival opened on May 19, 2007, at theSavoy TheatrestarringHenry Goodmanas Tevye, Beverley Klein as Golde, Alexandra Silber as Hodel, Damian Humbley as Perchik andVictor McGuireas Lazar Wolf. The production was directed by Lindsay Posner. Robbins' choreography was recreated by Sammy Dallas Bayes (who did the same for the 1990 Broadway revival), with additional choreography by Kate Flatt.[42]

A revival played at theMenier Chocolate Factoryfrom November 23, 2018, until March 9, 2019, directed byTrevor Nunnand starringAndy Nymanas Tevye andJudy Kuhnas Golde.[43]The production transferred to thePlayhouse Theatrein theWest Endon March 21, 2019, with an official opening on March 27.[44]Replacement players includedMaria Friedmanas Golde andAnita Dobsonas Yente. The run closed on November 2, 2019.[45][46]

A revival played at theRegent's Park Open Air Theatrefrom July 27 to September 28, 2024, directed by Jordan Fein, starring Adam Dannheisser as Tevye,Lara Pulveras Golde, Liv Andrusier as Tzeitel, Georgia Bruce as Hodel, Hannah Bristow as Chava, Beverley Klein as Yente, Dan Wolff as Motel and Daniel Krikler as Perchik.[47][48]The production was designed by Tom Scutt and choreographed by Julia Cheng.[49]A review by Mark Lawson inThe Guardiangave it five stars out of five and praised its use of the outdoor setting its focus on "the tradition of deflective Jewish humour" and an ending that invites "a broader reflection of displacement and refugee status".[50]The production is scheduled to transfer to theBarbican Centrefor an 8-week season from 24 May to 19 July 2025 before embarking on a UK and Ireland tour.[51]

Other notable UK productions

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A 2003 national tour played for seven months, with a radical design, directed byJulian Woolfordand choreographed by Chris Hocking. The production's minimalist set and costumes were monochromatic, and Fruma-Sarah was represented by a 12-foot puppet. This production was revived in 2008 starringJoe McGann.[52]

The show toured the UK again in 2013 and 2014 starringPaul Michael Glaseras Tevye with direction and choreography byCraig Revel Horwood.[53]

A revival played atChichester Festival Theatrefrom July 10 to September 2, 2017, directed byDaniel Evansand starringOmid Djalilias Tevye andTracy-Ann Obermanas Golde.[54]

Australian productions

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The original Australian production opened on June 16, 1967, atHer Majesty's Theatrein Sydney. It starredHayes Gordonas Tevye and Brigid Lenihan as Golde.[55]The production ran for two years.[56]The first professional revival tour was staged by theAustralian Operain 1984 with Gordon again playing Tevye. A youngAnthony Warlowplayed Fyedka.[57]

In 1998, 2005, 2006 and 2007, Topol recreated his role as Tevye in Australian productions, with seasons in Sydney,[58]Brisbane,[59]Melbourne,[60]Perth, Wellington and Auckland.[61]The musical was again revived in Melbourne and Sydney in 2015–2016 with Anthony Warlow as Tevye,Sigrid Thorntonas Golde andLioras Motel.[62]

Other notable North American productions

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Topol in 'Fiddler on the Roof': The Farewell Touropened on January 20, 2009, inWilmington, Delaware.Topol left the tour in November 2009 due to torn muscles. He was replaced byHarvey Fierstein[63]andTheodore Bikel.[64]The cast included Mary Stout, Susan Cella,Bill Nolte,Erik Liberman,Rena Strober, and Stephen Lee Anderson.[65]

National Yiddish Theatre Folksbienemounted a Yiddish adaptation,Fidler Afn Dakh,at theMuseum of Jewish Heritagein New York City, under the direction ofJoel Grey,with a translation by Shraga Friedman that was first used in a 1965 Israeli production.[66]The cast includedJackie Hoffmanas Yente,Steven Skybellas Tevye,Daniel Kahnas Pertshik,Stephanie Lynne Masonas Hodel andRaquel Nobileas Shprintze.[67]Previews began on July 4, and opening night was July 15, 2018. The production played through the end of that year.[68]It then transferred toStage 42,an off-Broadway theatre,[69]with Skybell, Hoffman, Mason and Nobile reprising their roles. Previews began February 11, with opening night on February 21, 2019. Musical staging was byStaś Kmieć(based on the original choreography by Robbins), with set design byBeowulf Boritt,costumes byAnn Hould-Ward,sound byDan Moses Schreierand lighting byPeter Kaczorowski.[68][70]The production closed on January 5, 2020.[71]It won the 2019Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Musical.[72]

International and amateur productions

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2006 production at theBrno City Theatrein the Czech Republic

The musical was an international hit, with early productions playing throughout Europe, in South America, Africa and Australia; 100 different productions were mounted in the former West Germany in the first three decades after the musical's premiere, and within five years after the collapse of theBerlin Wall,23 productions were staged in the former East Germany; and it was the longest-running musical ever seen in Tokyo.[73]According toBroadwayWorld,the musical has been staged "in every metropolitan city in the world from Paris to Beijing."[74]

AHebrew languagestaging was produced inTel Avivby the IsraeliimpresarioGiora Godikin the 1960s.[75]This version was so successful that in 1965 Godik produced aYiddishversion translated by Shraga Friedman.[76]A 2008 Hebrew-language production ran at theCameri Theatrein Tel Aviv for more than six years. It was directed by Moshe Kepten, choreographed byDennis Courtneyand starred Natan Datner.[77][78]

Un violon sur le toîtwas produced in French at Paris'sthéâtre Marignyfrom November 1969 to May 1970, resuming from September to January 1971 (a total of 292 performances) withIvan Rebroffas Tevye andMaria Muranoas Golde. Another adaptation was produced in 2005 at the théâtre Comédia in Paris with Franck Vincent as Tevye andIsabelle Ferronas Golde.[79]TheStratford Shakespeare Festivalproduced the musical from April to October 2013 at the Festival Theatre directed and choreographed by Donna Feore. It starredScott Wentworthas Tevye.[80]An Italian version,Il violinista sul tetto,with lyrics sung in Yiddish and the orchestra on stage also serving as chorus, was given a touring production in 2004, withMoni Ovadiaas Tevye and director; it opened atTeatro Municipale ValliinReggio Emilia.[81]

The musical receives about 500 amateur productions a year in the US alone.[82]

Film adaptations and recordings

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Main article:Fiddler on the Roof(film)

A film version was released byUnited Artistsin 1971, directed and produced byNorman Jewison,and Stein adapted his own book for the screenplay.Chaim Topolstarred. The film received mostly positive reviews from film critics[83]and becamethe highest-grossing film of 1971.[84]Fiddlerreceived eight Oscar nominations, includingBest Picture,Best Directorfor Jewison,Best Actor in a Leading Rolefor Topol, andBest Actor in a Supporting RoleforLeonard Frey(as Motel; in the original Broadway production, Frey was the rabbi's son). It won three, including best score/adaptation for arranger-conductorJohn Williams.[85]

In the film version, the character of Yente is reduced, and Perchik's song to Hodel "Now I Have Everything" is cut and replaced by a scene in Kyiv. The "Chagall color palette" of the original Broadway production was exchanged for a grittier, more realistic depiction of the village of Anatevka.[86][87]

Theatre historianJohn Kenrickwrote that the original Broadway cast album released byRCA Victorin 1964, "shimmers – an essential recording in any show lover's collection", praising the cast. The remastered CD includes two recordings not on the original album, the bottle dance from the wedding scene and "Rumor" performed byBeatrice Arthur.In 2020, the recording was selected by theLibrary of Congressfor preservation in theNational Recording Registryfor being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[88]Kenrick writes that while the original Broadway cast version is the clear first choice among recordings of this musical, he also likes theColumbia Recordsstudio cast album with Bernardi as Tevye; the film soundtrack, although he feels that the pace drags a bit; and some of the numerous foreign versions, including the Israeli, German and Japanese casts.[89]

As of 2020,Metro-Goldwyn-Mayerand producersDan Jinksand Aaron Harnick were planning a new film adaptation of the musical, withThomas Kaildirecting and co-producing, andSteven Levensonpenning the screenplay.[90]

Cultural influence

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Statue ofTevye,his horse, wagon, and passenger inBirobidzhan,Russia

The musical's popularity has led to numerous references in popular media and elsewhere.[91]Adocumentary filmabout the musical's history and legacy,Fiddler: A Miracle of Miracles,was released in 2019.[92]

Parodies

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Parodies relating to the show have includedAntenna on the Roof(Madmagazine #156, January 1973), which speculated about the lives of Tevye's descendants living in an assimilated 1970s suburban America.[91]In the filmMrs. Doubtfire(1993),Robin Williamsparodies "Matchmaker".[93]In a 1994Animaniacsparody,Pigeon on the Roof,the Goodfeathersdecide to marry their girlfriends; song parodies include "Scorsese" ( "Tradition" ), "Egg Hatcher" ( "Matchmaker" ) and others.[94]In 2001, theH. P. Lovecraft Historical Societypublished a musical theatre and album parody calledA Shoggoth on the Roof,which sets music fromFiddlerto a story based on the works ofH. P. Lovecraft.[95]Spanish comedian and TV-hostJose Motaparodied "If I Were a Rich Man" with the song "Si no fuera rico" ( "If I weren't a rich man" ) during his 2008 New Year's Eve special.[96]

References to the musical on television have included a 2005 episode ofGilmore Girlstitled "Jews and Chinese Food", involving a production of the musical.[97]A skit byThe Electric Companyis about a village fiddler with a fear of heights, so he is deemed "Fiddler on the Chair". In theFamily Guyepisode "When You Wish Upon a Weinstein"(2003),William Shatneris depicted as playing Tevye in a scene fromFiddler.[98]The second episode ofMuppets Tonight,in 1996, featuredGarth Brooksdoing a piece of "If I were a Rich Man" in which he kicks several chickens off the roof. "The Rosie Show", a 1996 episode ofThe Nanny,parodied the dream scene, when Mr. Sheffield fakes a dream to convince Fran not to be a regular on a TV show. A 2011 episode of NBC'sCommunity,entitled "Competitive Wine Tasting", included a parody titledFiddla, Please!with an all-black cast dressed inFiddler on the Roofcostumes, singing "It's Hard to Be Jewish in Russia, Yo".[99]Chabad.orgkicked off their 2008 "To Life" telethon with a pastiche of the fiddle solo and bottle dance from the musical.[100]

Broadway references have includedSpamalot,where a "Grail dance" sends up the "bottle dance" inFiddler's wedding scene.[101]In 2001, Chicago's Improv Olympic produced a well-received parody, "The Roof Is on Fiddler", that used most of the original book of the musical but replaced the songs with 1980s pop songs.[102]In 2004 the original Broadway cast of the musicalAvenue Qand the Broadway 2004 revival cast ofFiddler on the Roofcollaborated for a Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS benefit and produced an approximately 10-minute-long show, "Avenue Jew", that incorporated characters from both shows, including puppets. The song "Sunrise, Sunset" appears in the direct-to-video animated Disney film "The Lion King 1½".[citation needed]

Covers

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Songs from the musical have been covered by notable artists. For example, in 1964, jazz saxophonistCannonball Adderleyrecorded the albumFiddler on the Roof,which featured jazz arrangements of eight songs from the musical. In a retrospective reviewAllMusicawarded the album 4 stars, stating, "Cannonball plays near his peak; this is certainly the finest album by this particular sextet".[103]That same year,Eydie Gorméreleased a single of "Matchmaker",[104]and jazz guitaristWes Montgomeryrecorded the same tune for his albumMovin' Wes.[105]

In 1999,Knitting Factory RecordsreleasedKnitting on the Roof,a compilation CD featuring covers ofFiddlersongs by indie and experimental bands such asthe Residents,Negativland,andthe Magnetic Fields.[106][107]Indie rockbandBright Eyesrecorded an adaptation of "Sunrise, Sunset" on their 2000 albumFevers and Mirrors.Allmusicgave the album a favorable review,[108]and the online music magazinePitchfork Mediaranked it at number 170 on their list of top 200 albums of the 2000s.[109]In 2005, MelbournepunkbandYidcorereleased a reworking of the entire show calledFiddling on Ya Roof.[110]

Gwen Stefaniand Eve covered "If I Were a Rich Man" as "Rich Girl"for Stefani's 2004 debut solo albumLove. Angel. Music. Baby.in 2004. The song was inspired by the 1993 BritishLouchie Lou & Michie Oneraggaversion of the same name.[111]Stefani's version reached #7 on theBillboardHot 100chart, where it remained for over six months.[112]It was certified gold by theRIAA[113]and nominated for aGrammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration.[114]It was also covered in 2008 and 2009 by theCapitol Steps,poking fun at Illinois politics, especially then-GovernorRod Blagojevich.[115]TheSanta Clara Vanguard Drum and Bugle Corpsperforms the "Bottle Dance" fromFiddleras a "recurring trademark", including at theDrum Corps International World Championships.[116]

Other

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The song "Sunrise, Sunset"is often played at weddings,[117]and in 2011Sheldon Harnickwrote two versions of the song, suitable for same-sex weddings, with minor word changes. For example, for male couples, changes include "When did they grow to be so handsome".[117]

In 2015 a displaced persons camp southwest of Kyiv namedAnatevkawas built by Chabad RabbiMoshe Azmanto house the Jews fleeing the2014 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[118][119]

Awards

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Main article:List of awards and nominations forFiddler on the Roof

Fiddler's originalBroadwayproduction in 1964 was nominated for tenTony Awards,winning nine, including Best Musical, score, and book, and Robbins won for best direction and choreography. Mostel and Karnilova won as best leading actor and best featured actress. In 1972, the show won a special Tony on becoming the longest-running musical in Broadway history.

Its revivals have also been honored. At the 1981 Tony Awards, Bernardi was nominated as best actor. Ten years later, the 1991 revival won for best revival, and Topol was nominated as best actor. The 2004 revival was nominated for six Tony Awards and three Drama Desk Awards but won none. The 2007 West End revival was nominated forOlivier Awardsfor best revival, and Goodman was nominated as best actor. The 2019 West End revival won the Olivier Award for best revival, and it received a further 7 nominations.

Notes

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  1. ^Paulson, Michael."Fiddler on the RoofGets a Debated Update ",The New York Times,December 18, 2015, accessed March 6, 2018; andTime,May 26, 2008, issue, p. 51 (reporting thatFiddlerranked as the seventh most frequently produced musical by U.S. high schools in 2007.)
  2. ^Joselit, Jenna Weissman."Fiddler on the RoofDistorted Sholem Aleichem ",The New Republic,June 7, 2014, accessed November 3, 2014
  3. ^abcSolomon, Alisa."HowFiddlerBecame Folklore ",The Jewish Daily Forward,September 1, 2006, accessed January 29, 2015
  4. ^abcdeBrustein, Robert. "Fiddle Shtick",The New York Review of Books,December 18, 2014, vol. 61, No. 20, pp. 82–83
  5. ^Fiddler on the Roof.Additional Facts, MTI, accessed May 6, 2010
  6. ^Wecker, Menachem."Marc Chagall: The French painter who inspired the titleFiddler on the Roof",The Washington Post,October 24, 2014
  7. ^Wark, Colin; Galliher, John F. (April 23, 2015).Progressive Lawyers under Siege: Moral Panic during the McCarthy Years.Lanham, Maryland:Lexington Books.p. 16.ISBN978-0-7391-9560-4.
  8. ^Bloom and Vlastnik, p. 98
  9. ^Fiddler on the Roof,The Guide to Musical Theatre, accessed April 29, 2018
  10. ^"Fiddler on the Roof 1964 Playbill".Playbill.RetrievedMay 14,2020.
  11. ^"Fiddler on the Roof 1967 West End Recording".Overtur.
  12. ^"Fiddler on the Roof 1976 Playbill".Playbill.RetrievedMay 14,2020.
  13. ^"Fiddler on the Roof 1981 Playbill".Playbill.RetrievedMay 14,2020.
  14. ^abcd"Fiddler on the Roof 1990 Playbill".Playbill.RetrievedMay 14,2020.
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  16. ^"Fiddler on the Roof 2004 Playbill".Playbill.RetrievedMay 14,2020.
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  23. ^He stagedJerome Robbins' Broadway,a "greatest hits" collection of some of his most famous stagings, at the Imperial Theatre on February 26, 1989, which ran for 633 performances.
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References

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Further reading

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  • Altman, Richard (1971).The Making of a Musical: Fiddler on the Roof.Crown Publishers.
  • Isenberg, Barbara (2014).Tradition!: The Highly Improbable, Ultimately Triumphant Broadway-to-Hollywood Story of Fiddler on the Roof, the World's Most Beloved Musical.New York: St. Martin's Press.ISBN978-0-312-59142-7.
  • Solomon, Alisa (2013).Wonder of Wonders: A Cultural History of Fiddler on the Roof.Metropolitan Books.ISBN0805092609.
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