Thenational flagofSwitzerland[a]displays a whitecrossin the center of a square red field. The white cross is known as theSwiss crossor thefederal cross.[1]Its arms are equilateral, and their ratio of length to width is 7:6. The size of the cross in relation to the field was set in 2017 as 5:8.[2]Alongside theflag of Vatican City,the Swiss flag is one of only two squarenational flagsin the world.[3]
 | |
| Use | National flag  |
|---|---|
| Proportion | 1:1 |
| Adopted | 1841 |
| Design | A red square flag with a white cross in the centre. |
 Civil and state ensign of Switzerland | |
| Use | Civilandstate ensign |
| Proportion | 2:3 |
| Adopted | 1882 |
| Design | Red flag with a white cross in the center and a field (in vexillology the field of the flag is the background of the flag) of red. |
The white cross has been used as thefield sign(attached to the clothing of combatants and to the cantonal war flags in the form of strips of linen) of theOld Swiss Confederacysince its formation in the late 13th or early 14th century. Its symbolism was described by theSwiss Federal Councilin 1889 as representing "at the same theChristian cross symboland the field sign of theOld Confederacy".[4]As anational ensign,it was first used during theNapoleonic Warsby generalNiklaus Franz von Bachmann,and as regimental flag of all cantonal troops from 1841. Thefederal coat of arms(eidgenössisches Wappen) was defined in 1815 for theRestored Confederacyas the white-on-red Swiss cross in a heraldic shield. The current design was used together with a cross composed of five squares until 1889, when its dimensions were officially set.[5]
Thecivil and state ensignofSwitzerland,used by Swiss ships, boats and non-governmental bodies, is rectangular in shape and has the more common proportions of 2:3.[6]The emblem of theRed Crossis the Swiss flag with switched colours.
Design
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According to the 2017 flag law (SR 232.21),[7]"the Swiss flag shows a Swiss cross on a square background". Special provisions are made for the naval ensign and for civil aircraft identification.[8]The Swiss cross is defined as
- "a white, upright, free-standing cross depicted against a red background, whose arms, which are all of equal size, are one-sixth longer than they are wide."[7]
Swiss Standard Germanconsistently usesFahne(cognate withvane) rather than the termFlaggeused for national flags in Germany. The name of the flag of the Swiss Confederation is anominal compound,Schweizerfahne.[9]
The flag isemblazonedin English as,"Gules, a cross coupée argent."
Proportions
editWhile the proportions of the cross have been fixed since 1889, the size of the cross relative to the flag (the width of the margin separating thecross coupedfrom the edge of the flag) had not been officially fixed prior to 2017.
The annex to the flag law provides an image specifying that the margin is to be of the same width as the cross arms, so that the total height of the cross is fixed at 20:32 = 5:8 of the height of the flag (in other words, the width of the margin is 6:32 = 3:16). This ratio is also given as a "vexillologicalrecommendation "in the flag regulation used by theSwiss Armed Forces.[10]Flags with a cross of larger relative widths than the prescribed 20:32 = 62.5% remain in wide use; common ratios include 20:26 ≈ 76.9% and 20:28 ≈ 71.4%.[11]
-
20:32 ratio -
20:28 ratio -
20:26 ratio -
2:3 ratio (proportions of the 1841 military flags, no longer recommended) -
3:5 ratio (regular division of the field into 25 squares, not recommended)
For the ensign, the ratio of the size of the cross to the height is likewise 5:8, so that the ratio of cross to flag width is 5:12.[12]
Colors
editThe shade of red used in the flag was not defined by law prior to 2017. Since then, the colour of the flag is defined as pure red, with the color values as follows:
| Colour Scheme | |
|---|---|
| CMYK | 0–100–100–0 |
| Pantone | 485C or 485U |
| RGB | 255–0–0 |
| Hexadecimal | #FF0000 |
| Scotchcal | 100 -13 |
| RAL | 3020 (Traffic Red) |
| NCS | S 1085-Y90R |
History
editMiddle Ages
editThe ultimate origin of the white cross is attributed by three competing legends: to theTheban Legion,to theReichssturmfahne(Imperial War Banner) attested from the 12th century, and to theArma Christithat were especially venerated in thethree forest cantons,and which they were allegedly allowed to display on the formerly uniformlyred battle flagfrom 1289 by KingRudolph Iof Habsburg at the occasion of a campaign toBesançon.
Use of a white cross as a mark of identification of the combined troops of theOld Swiss Confederacyis first attested in theBattle of Laupen(1339), where it was sewn on combatants' clothing as two stripes of textile, contrasting with the redSt. George's crossof Habsburg Austria, and with theSt. Andrew's crossused by Burgundy and Maximilian I. The first flag used as a field sign representing the confederacy rather than the individual cantons may have been used in theBattle of Arbedoin 1422 (notably without the participation of theCanton of Schwyz). This was a triangular red flag with an elongated white cross.
-
TheBattle of Arbedo(1422) as depicted in theLucerne chronicle(1513). The Swiss Confederates are shown as marching under their cantonal flags (Lucerne, Uri, Unterwalden, Zug), with the white cross attached to their garments. Reinforcements ofSchwyzare shown arriving in the top left, with a red triangular flag showing the white cross. -
Ten cantonal war flags being carried in theBattle of Nancy(1477) in the depiction of theLuzerner Chronikof 1513. All flags of theEight Cantonsare shown, but the flags of Berne and Uri omit the heraldic animal, showing only the cantonal colours. In addition, the flags of Fribourg and Solothurn are shown, at the time not yet full members, who would join the confederacy in the aftermath of this battle. Each flag has the confederate cross attached.
The white cross was thus in origin a field mark attached to combatants for identification, and later also to cantonal flags. TheLucerne chronicleof 1513, in battle scenes of theBurgundy warsof the 1470s shows cantonal flags with an added white cross. In this context, the solid-red war flag of Schwyz with the addition of the white cross appears much like the later flag of Switzerland. Other depictions in theillustrated chroniclesshow a flag of Schwyz with an asymmetrical white cross, drawn in greater detail. The symbol of the confederation as it developed during 1450-1520 was thus the white cross itself, not necessarily in a red field, but attached to existing flags, so that it appeared before a red background in those cantonal flags that contained red, notably the solid-red flag of Schwyz.
-
War flag of the Holy Roman Empire (Reichssturmfahne) during the 13th century -
Triangular field ensign used by Swiss confederate forces fromc. the 1420s -
Field ensign used fromc. 1470and during the early 16th century
Early modern
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The first explicit mention of a separate flag representing the Confederacy dates to 1540, in the context of an auxiliary force sent by the Swiss to aid their associate, the city ofRottweil,in a feud against the lords ofLandenberg. TheTagsatzungdecided that the Swiss auxiliaries sent to Rottweil should receive "a red flag with a white upright cross". The first mention of the termConfederate Cross(Eidgenossen Crütz) dates to 1533.[13]
Because of the Swiss pledge ofneutrality,there was no military conflict in which the Swiss confederate troops participated after 1540. Consequently, the confederate field sign fell out of use. At the same time, the former field sign develops into a representation of the Confederacy during this time, without achieving the full status as official heraldic emblem. The cross is shown as a symbol of the Swiss Confederacy on thePatenmedalliecast byJacob Stampferand given by the Confederacy as a baptismal gift toPrincess Claude of Francein 1547. The cross appears on similar medals and on throughout the early modern period, but most symbolic depictions of the Confederacy in the 17th century do without the federal cross.
Beginning in the later 16th century, forces of the individual cantons adopted a type of flag which was based on a white cross design. These flags usually showed a white cross drawn to the edge of the field in front of a background striped in the respective cantonal colours. From this type, theflammémilitary flag develops in the 17th century, which also came to be used bySwiss mercenaryregiments by the end of the 17th century. Theflammédesign remained popular for military flags of the 18th and 19th centuries. Aflamméflag was introduced as ordonnance for the Bernese troops in 1703.
Napoleonic period and Restored Confederacy
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The green-red-yellow banner of theHelvetic Republic,a French satellite state (1798–1803).
The first Swiss battalion flag, issued by theTagsatzungon 12 October 1815, after the design of generalNiklaus Franz von Bachmann.A red square field with a white cross in the centre containing a sword surrounded by laurels in its vertical. In the horizontal of the cross also written German words "Für Vaterland und Ehre"which means" For Fatherland and Honour ".After theFrench invasion of Swiss territory in 1798 and the subsequent collapse of the Confederation,the authorities of the newly proclaimedHelvetic Republicconfiscated all earlier flags, replacing them with a green-red-yellow tricolour. GeneralNiklaus Franz von Bachmannused the white cross in a red field his campaigns of 1800 and 1815. The termSchweizer-Fahne(later spellingSchweizerfahne) is in use for the flag from this time, recorded in a poem on theBattle of Näfelsby one J. Hottinger published in 1808.[14]
TheTagsatzung(Swiss Diet) re-introduced the white cross in the red field for theseal of the Confederacyin 1814. The commission for drafting a federal constitution on 16 May 1814 recommended the adoption of a seal of the Confederacy based on the "field sign of the old Swiss".[15] On 4 July 1815, the Diet accepted the design of the commission, adopted as the provisional seal described as "in the center, the federal red shield with the white cross as common federal heraldic emblem, surrounded by a simple circular Gothic ornament, on the outside of which the inscription 'Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft' with the year number MDCCCXV, and in an outer circle all XXII cantonal coat of arms in circular fields, according to their federal order of precedence; around all, a simple wreath".[16]
This decision remained in force after the formation of thefederal statein 1848, as was recognized by the Federal Council in 1889.[17] As opposed to the definition of an official seal or coat of arms, it was not, at the time, usual to specify a "national flag". However, the white cross in a red field had seen frequent use on flags flown by private organizations during theRegeneration period(1830s), especiallyshooting,singing and gymnastics associations which at the time were a pool for progressive or "radical"agitation. Thecanton of Aargauintroduced the flag for its troops in 1833. GeneralGuillaume-Henri Dufourproposed use of the flag for all federal forces in 1839. The Tagsatzung on 2 September 1839 passed a resolution prescribing the use of a unified flag design for all cantonal infantry regiments. In a first circular sent to the cantonal authorities, the flag was described as a red flag with a cross touching the edges, but in 1841, the Tagsatzung opted for a proposal by Carl Stauffer, which was announced to the cantons on 11 October 1841. The 1841 flag shows a bold cross suspended in the center of the square field. The proportions of the cross arm are 1:1, i.e. the cross is composed of five squares. The absolute width of the flag is given as 4.5 feet (105 cm), that of the cross as 3 feet (90 cm), for a ratio of cross to flag width of 2:3 ≈ 66.7% (as opposed to the modern 5:8 = 62.5%).
The specifications include the flag pole and the ribbon with the cantonal colours attached to the pole (the example depicted is the flag of theZürichbattalion). The flag itself is described as of goodsilkcloth, four feet five inches squared,scarlet,in the center a white cross, arms measuring one foot by three feet.
Modern Switzerland
editTheSwiss constitutionof 1848 did not name a national flag, but it prescribes the federal flag for all federal troops. The lastflamméflags still used byLandwehrunits were replaced by the modern design in 1865. In November 1889, theFederal Councilpublished a "communication regarding the federal coat of arms", detailing the history of the use of the Swiss cross since the 15th century.[18]
Seals produced from 1815 onward, and cantonal coins minted from 1826 showed the arms of the cross in the 7:6 length to width ratio. Later in the 19th century, there was a trend of depicting the cross as composed of five equal squares. The two competing designs were controversially discussed in the late 19th century, especially after the introduction of the new design for thefive franks coin,which showed theSwiss coat of armsin aBaroque-styleheraldic shield. The Federal Council in 1889 introduced the 7:6 ratio as official. The associated communication explains that "our heraldic cross is not a mathematical figure, but at the same the Christian cross symbol and the field sign of the Old Confederacy". The 1889 law explicitly avoids specification of the shape of the shield, which was to be left to the "tastes of the current time and practical necessity".[4] The proposed legislation defining theSwiss federal coat of armswas passed on 12 December 1889 (SR111).[19] The rectangular variant of the flag is used as anaval ensignonly, officially introduced with a federal law passed 23 September 1953.
The current flag law of the Swiss Confederacy is theWappenschutzgesetz(WSchG,SR232.21) of 2013 (in force since 2017).[20] This law replaced the flag law of 1931 (last revised in 2008).[21] The 2013 law for the first time defines both the Swiss flag and theSwiss coat of armsbased on an image, declared as authoritative in the text.[22]
Use in Switzerland
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Private use
editThe flag is flown around the year from private and commercial buildings as a display of patriotism, particularly in rural areas and often together with the cantonal and municipal flag. OnSwiss National Day,1 August, the streets and buildings are traditionally festooned in celebration with Swiss flags and banners.
Prominent display of the Swiss flag on clothing and apparel has become more frequent with the "Swissness" fashion trend in the first decade of the 21st century, while such use of the flag had previously been largely limited to conservative and right-wing circles. The flag and coat of arms are also often used (frequently in contravention of federal law, see below) as design elements on merchandise, particularly on high-quality goods or on merchandise aimed at tourists; for example, the emblem ofVictorinox,manufacturer ofSwiss Army knivesand the sole purveyor of these knives to theSwiss army,is based on the Swiss coat of arms.
Official use
editThe display of the flag on federal, cantonal and municipal public buildings follows no uniform pattern or regulation. Many public buildings are equipped with flag posts (most often one each for the federal, cantonal and municipal flag), but the flag(s) may only be flown during part of the year or only on National Day. InBern,the flag is flown on the cupola of theFederal Palacewhile theFederal Assemblyis in session.
Legal protection
editDestruction, removal or desecration of a Swiss, cantonal or municipal flag or coat of arms that has been installed by a public authority is punishable by a monetary penalty or imprisonment of up to three years according to the federal penal code.[23]
The commercial use of the Swiss cross, Swiss flag or Swiss coat of arms was technically prohibited by the 1931 Federal Act for the protection of public coats of arms and other public insignia,[24]but that prohibition was not enforced. Increasing commercial use of the Swiss coat of arms prompted a number of federal regulations, dubbed "Swissnessregulation "(Swissness-Verordnung), in force since 2017.[25]The "Coat of Arms Protection Act" of 2017 (Wappenschutzgesetz,Loi sur la protection des armoiries,SR232.21) now prohibits the commercial use of the Swiss coat of arms (defined as "a Swiss cross in a triangular shield" ). Use of the Swiss flag is generally permitted with the provision that such use "is neither misleading nor contrary to public policy, morality or applicable law". Provisions are made for a "right to continued use" for trademarks registered before 2010.[26]
Influence
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TheRed Cross symbolused by theInternational Committee of the Red Cross,a red cross on white background, was the original protection symbol declared at the firstGeneva Convention,theConvention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Fieldof 1864. According to the ICRC the design was based on the Swiss flag by reversing of the colours of that flag, in order to honourSwitzerland,where the first Geneva Convention was held, and its inventor and co-founder, the SwissHenry Dunant.[27]
The modern banner of thePontifical Swiss Guardwas designed in 1912–14 by commanderJules Repond.The design has a Swiss cross design based on the 18th-century regimental flags of theSwiss Guards,with thepapal coat of armsof the reigning pope in the upper hoist and theDella Roverecoat of arms of Julius II in the lower fly, and a vignette with the commander's coat of arms in the centre.[28]
See also
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Notes
editReferences
edit- ^Flag of SwitzerlandinGerman,FrenchandItalianin the onlineHistorical Dictionary of Switzerland.
- ^Appendix 2,Wappenschutzgesetz(SR 232.21), 21 June 2013 (effective 1 January 2017) [length of an arm: 7 units, width of the cross: 20 units, width of the flag: 32 units; ratio of cross width to field width: 20:32 = 5:8].
- ^The square shape is due to the shape of late medieval and early modern war flags carried by infantry regiments, while most other national flags, following the example of the BritishUnion flagand the DutchPrince's Flag,hark back to the tradition of rectangularmaritime flagsused in theAge of Sail.Thecommunesandcantonsof Switzerland also have square flags.
- ^ab"Wir haben uns bei dem nachstehenden Beschlussesvorschlag, der das Wappen der Eidgenossenschaft in unzweideutiger Weise festzustellen bestimmt ist, an das alte Herkommen gehalten, wonach unser Wappenkreuz nicht eine mathematische Figur, sondern das christliche Kreuzessymbol und zugleich das alteidgenössische Feldzeichen darstellt. Bezüglich des Wappen Schildes, dessen Gestalt auf den neuen eidgenössischen Fünffrankenstücken allermeist zu der Kritik in der Tagespresse und so indirekt zu der Stellung Ihres Postulats die Veranlassung gegeben hat, ist es durchaus unthunlich, eine offizielle Form ein für alle Mal festzustellen. Ob auch der Schild selbst ein wesentlicher Bestandteil eines jeden Wappens bildet, so ist dagegen dessen Gestalt rein nebensächlich, gleichgültig und hängt gänzlich von der Geschmacksrichtung der Zeit und dann auch von dem praktischen Bedürfniß des gegebenen Falles ab. Wir haben deßwegen unterlassen, eine diesbezügliche Bestimmung in den Beschluß aufzunehmen'. "BBl 1889 IV(12 November 1889), p. 636.
- ^"The coat of arms of the federation is, within a red field, an upright white cross, whose [four] arms of equal length are one and a sixth times as long as they are wide." ( "Das Wappen der Eidgenossenschaft ist im rothen Felde ein aufrechtes, freistehendes weißes Kreuz, dessen unter sich gleiche Arme je einen Sechstheil länger als breit sind" )Bundesbeschluss betreffend das eidgenössische Wappen vom 12. Dezember 1889
- ^"Swiss yacht flag".flagsforum. 13 September 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 11 March 2012.Retrieved3 May2011.
- ^abBundesgesetz zum Schutz öffentlicher Wappen und anderer öffentlicher Zeichen vom 5. Juni 1931 (Stand am 1. August 2008).
- ^Art. 3.3: The following remain reserved: a. the Navigation Act of 23 September 1953 [SR 747.30]; b. the Civil Aviation Act of 21 December 1948 [SR 748.0]; c. the Armed Forces Act of 3 February 1995 [SR 510.10].
- ^The compound implies genitive plural, "flag of theSwiss";other national flags are identified with adjectives, as infranzösische Fahne"French flag" (German standard:französische Flagge). Swiss Armed Forces, Reglement 51.340 d (Fahnenreglement,2008), section 4.1: "In unserem Sprachgebrauch hat sich der Begriff Schweizerflagge in diesem Sinn nicht eingebürgert. Das Reglement spricht weiter von der Schweizerfahne. […] Das ‹Aufziehen einer Fahne› wird in der Armee aber weiter zur Umgangssprache gehören." ( "In our linguistic usage, the term" Schweizerflagge "in this sense [" Flagge "for a flag attached to a pole by means of a cable]. This reglementation will continue to refer to theSchweizerfahne[...] The "raising of aFahne"will continue to remain in common usage in the army."
- ^Reglement 51.340 d (Fahnenreglement)Archived11 November 2020 at theWayback Machine(2007, 2013 edition), appendix 4: "Fahnenkundlich empfiehlt sich ein Verhältnis der Kreuzbalkenlänge zur gesamten Seitenlänge der Fahne von 20:32; das entspricht dem harmonischen Verhältnis des Goldenen Schnitts." ( "In terms of vexillology, it is advisable to use a ratio of the cross to the flag width of 20:32; this corresponds to the harmonic proportion of the golden ratio"
- ^e.g. Heimgartner Fahnen AG ofWil, St. Gallenas of October 2018 uses the 20:26 ratio(heimgartner.com),while Fahnen24 ofThal, St. Gallenuses the 20:32 ratio (fahnen24.chArchived21 October 2018 at theWayback Machine).
- ^"Anhang I. Die Schweizer Flagge zur See"(PDF),Bundesgesetz über die Seeschifffahrt unter der Schweizer Flagge (SR 747.30)(in German), The Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation, p. 65, archived fromthe original(PDF)on 6 June 2011,retrieved23 August2010.
- ^BBl 1889 IV(12 November 1889), p. 633.
- ^Helvetischer Almanach für das Jahr 1809(Zürich 1808),p. 194:"So die Schweizer-Fahne: Weisses Kreuz in Roth."
- ^Article 41 (of the draft constitution): "Das Siegel der Eidgenossenschaft ist das Feldzeichen der alten Schweizer: ein weißes freistehendes Kreuz im rothen Felde, sammt der Umschrift: Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft."
- ^"In der Mitte der eidgenössische rothe Schild mit dem weißen Kreuz als gemeineidgenössisches Wappenzeichen; ringsherum eine zirkelförmige einfache gothische Verzierung; außer derselben die Inschrift: Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft, mit der Jahreszahl MDCCCXV; in einem äußern Zirkel alle XXII Kantonswappen in runden Feldern nach ihrer eidgenössischen Rangordnung, und das Ganze mit einem einfachen Siegelkranze in unterschobenen kleinen Blättern geschlossen" (Bd. III, S. 120, G.)
- ^BBl 1889 IV(12 November 1889), p. 635.
- ^Botschaft des Bundesrates an die Bundesversammlung, betreffend das eidgenössische Wappen (BBl 1889 IV 630,12 November 1889)
- ^Bundesbeschluss betreffend das eidgenössische Wappen vom 12. Dezember 1889
- ^Federal Act on the Protection of the Swiss Coat of Arms and Other Public Signs (Coat of Arms Protection Act, CAPA)
- ^Bundesgesetz zum Schutz öffentlicher Wappen und anderer öffentlicher Zeichen vom 5. Juni 1931 (Stand am 1. August 2008).The 1931 law did not contain any definition of heraldic specifics and merely addressed the legal protection of federal, cantonal and foreign heraldic emblems.
- ^SR 232.21 "Art. 1 Swiss cross: The Swiss cross is a white, upright, free-standing cross depicted against a red background, whose arms, which are all of equal size, are one-sixth longer than they are wide. Art. 2 Swiss coat of arms: 1 The Coat of Arms of the Swiss Confederation (the Swiss coat of arms) is a Swiss cross in a triangular shield. 2 The example depicted in Annex 1 defines the shape, colour and proportions. Art. 3 Swiss flag: 1 The Swiss flag shows a Swiss cross on a square background. 2 The example depicted in Annex 2 defines the shape, colour and proportions."
- ^Swiss Penal Code, SR/RS 311.0(E·D·F·I),art. 270(E·D·F·I)
- ^Bundesgesetz zum Schutz öffentlicher Wappen und anderer öffentlicher Zeichen of 5 June 1931, SR/RS 232.21(D·F·I)
- ^Bundesrat verabschiedet Umsetzungs-verordnungen zur Swissness-Vorlage,press release, 2 September 2015.
- ^Art. 81:"The Swiss coat of arms, those of the cantons, the communes and other public authorities recognised under cantonal law, the characteristic elements of cantonal coats of arms in connection with a coat of arms shield and signs that could be confused with them may only be used by the public body to which they belong."; Art. 10: "Flags and other emblems of the Confederation, cantons, communes and other public authorities recognised under cantonal law, as well as signs that could be confused with them may be used to the extent that such use is neither misleading nor contrary to public policy, morality or applicable law."; Art. 352:"The Federal Department of Justice and Police may, on reasoned request, permit the continued use of the Swiss flag or the sign that could be confused with it where justified by particular circumstances. The request must be submitted at the latest within two years of the entry into force of this Act."
- ^"The history of the emblems"(official site). International Committee of the Red Cross, ICRC. 5 March 2010.Retrieved14 April2009.
the emblem adopted was formed by reversing the colours of the Swiss flag
- ^Paul M. Krieg, Reto Stampfli,Die Schweizergarde in Rom(1960), 446–449 (cited afterflags of the world, 7 June 2005).
Bibliography
edit- Theodor von Liebenau,Das Schweizerkreuz,Schweizer Archiv für Heraldik14.4 (1900), 121–128.
- Swiss Army (2008).Reglement 51.340 d: Der Umgang mit Fahnen, Standarten und Fanions (Fahnenreglement)(in German and French).
- Swiss crossinGerman,FrenchandItalianin the onlineHistorical Dictionary of Switzerland.
- FlagsinGerman,FrenchandItalianin the onlineHistorical Dictionary of Switzerland.
- Wappen, Siegel und Verfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft und der Kantone ", Schweizerischee Bundeskanzlei, Bern, 1948.
- Louis Mühlemann, "Wappen und Fahnen der Schweiz", Bühler-Verlag AG, Lengnau (1991)
- Peter M. Mäder, Günter Mattern, "Fahnen und ihre Symbole", Schweizerisches Landesmuseum, Bildband 4, Zürich, 1993.ISBN3-908025-24-9.
- "Schweizer Wappen und Fahnen", 5 vols. Stiftung Schweizer Wappen und Fahnen, Zug/Luzern, 1987ff.
External links
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