Wikipedia

Foreign relations of Angola

Theforeign relations of Angolaare based on Angola's strong support ofU.S. foreign policyas theAngolan economyis dependent on U.S. foreign aid. From 1975 to 1989, Angola was aligned with theEastern bloc,in particular theSoviet Union,[1]Libya,[citation needed]andCuba.[1]Since then, it has focused on improving relationships withWestern countries,cultivating links with other Portuguese-speaking countries, and asserting its own national interests in Central Africa through military and diplomatic intervention.[1]In 1993, it established formal diplomatic relations with the United States.[1]It has entered theSouthern African Development Communityas a vehicle for improving ties with its largely Anglophone neighbors to the south.[1]ZimbabweandNamibiajoined Angola in its military intervention in theDemocratic Republic of the Congo,where Angolan troops remain in support of theJoseph Kabilagovernment.[1]It also has intervened in theRepublic of the Congo(Brazzaville) in support of Denis Sassou-Nguesso in the civil war.[1]

Since 1998, Angola has successfully worked with theUnited Nations Security Councilto impose and carry out sanctions onUNITA.[2]More recently, it has extended those efforts to controls onconflict diamonds,the primary source of revenue for UNITA during the Civil War that ended in 2002.[2]At the same time, Angola has promoted the revival of the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries (CPLP) as a forum for cultural exchange and expanding ties withPortugal(its former ruler) and Brazil (which shares many cultural affinities with Angola) in particular.[1][2]Angola is a member of thePort Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa(PMAESA).

Diplomatic relations

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List of countries which Angola maintains diplomatic relations with:[3][4]

# Country Date
1 Mozambique 5 July 1975
2 Czech Republic 11 November 1975[5]
3 Guinea 11 November 1975[6]
4 Brazil 12 November 1975
5 Vietnam 12 November 1975
6 Cuba 15 November 1975
7 North Korea 16 November 1975[7]
8 Bulgaria 20 November 1975[8]
9 Poland 21 November 1975
10 Cambodia 4 December 1975[9]
11 Romania 19 December 1975[10]
12 Mongolia 10 February 1976[11]
13 France 17 February 1976
14 Botswana 18 February 1976
15 Egypt 18 February 1976
16 Netherlands 18 February 1976
17 Mexico 20 February 1976[12]
18 Portugal 9 March 1976
19 Nigeria 15 March 1976
20 Libya 30 March 1976[13]
21 Italy 4 June 1976
22 Republic of the Congo 25 July 1976
23 Japan 9 September 1976
24 Denmark 17 September 1976[14]
25 Finland 18 September 1976[15]
26 Switzerland 30 September 1976[16]
27 Ghana 8 October 1976[17]
28 Russia 8 October 1976
29 Benin 11 October 1976[18]
30 Hungary 8 April 1977
31 Serbia 13 November 1975
32 Ethiopia 13 July 1977[19]
33 Guyana 24 July 1977[20]
34 Bangladesh August 1977[21]
35 United Kingdom 14 October 1977
36 Algeria 19 October 1977[22]
37 Spain 19 October 1977
38 Pakistan 20 October 1977[23]
39 Austria 25 October 1977
40 Cape Verde 30 October 1977
41 Norway 31 October 1977
42 Yemen 2 November 1977
43 Belgium 16 December 1977
44 Canada 1 February 1978
45 São Tomé and Príncipe 19 February 1978
46 Sweden 22 March 1978
47 Democratic Republic of the Congo 17 October 1978
48 Central African Republic 22 January 1979[24]
49 Argentina 2 June 1979
50 India 2 June 1979
51 Germany 16 August 1979[25]
52 Cameroon 21 August 1979[26]
53 Zambia 19 October 1979
54 Turkey 9 July 1980
55 Laos 11 July 1980
56 Niger 28 August 1980[27]
57 Greece 30 August 1980[28]
58 Tanzania 25 August 1981
59 Senegal 16 February 1982[29]
60 Gabon 24 May 1982
61 Zimbabwe 15 October 1982
62 Equatorial Guinea 1982
63 China 12 January 1983
64 Grenada 13 March 1983[30]
65 Ivory Coast 3 June 1983[31]
66 Lesotho 1983[32]
67 Tunisia 1983[33]
68 Morocco 24 June 1985
69 Kenya 22 July 1985[34]
70 Suriname 6 September 1985[35][36]
71 Iran 8 January 1986
72 Vanuatu 16 July 1986
73 Seychelles 7 November 1986
74 Venezuela 9 December 1986
75 Uruguay 6 March 1987
76 Mauritania 2 December 1987[37]
77 Australia 30 March 1988[38]
78 Colombia 29 April 1988
79 Albania 17 August 1988[39]
80 Peru 27 August 1988[40]
81 Togo 27 September 1988[41]
82 Nicaragua 20 October 1988[41]
83 Rwanda December 1988[41]
84 Burundi December 1988[41]
85 Iceland 1988[42]
86 Panama 16 February 1989
87 Eswatini 8 November 1989[43]
88 Chile 8 August 1990
89 Namibia 18 September 1990
90 South Korea 6 January 1992
— State of Palestine 28 February 1992[44]
91 Israel 16 April 1992
92 Thailand 24 August 1992
93 United States 19 May 1993
94 Slovakia 30 September 1993
95 Malawi 9 November 1993
96 North Macedonia 10 November 1993
97 South Africa 27 May 1994
98 Moldova 30 September 1994[45]
99 Ukraine 30 September 1994
100 Armenia 3 October 1994[46]
101 Kazakhstan 3 October 1994
102 Croatia 16 November 1994[47]
103 Azerbaijan 1 December 1994
104 Belarus 24 April 1995
105 Malaysia 1995[48]
106 Qatar 1995[49]
107 Lebanon 3 July 1996
108 Bolivia 29 January 1997[50]
109 Estonia 10 March 1997
110 Georgia 10 March 1997
111 Ecuador 17 June 1997
112 Turkmenistan 18 June 1997
— Holy See 8 July 1997[51]
113 Kuwait 20 November 1997
114 United Arab Emirates 11 December 1997
115 Syria 10 February 1999
116 Bosnia and Herzegovina 24 September 1999
117 Singapore 14 September 2000
118 Cyprus 1 June 2000
119 Belize 24 January 2001
120 Ireland 24 January 2001
121 Costa Rica 13 March 2001
122 Indonesia 7 August 2001[52]
123 Philippines 14 September 2001
124 Luxembourg 14 May 2002
125 East Timor 20 May 2002
126 Uzbekistan 29 May 2002
127 Lithuania 4 June 2002
128 Jamaica 8 October 2002
129 Mali 28 October 2002[53]
130 Uganda 2002[54]
131 Burkina Faso 17 January 2003[55]
132 Mauritius 3 March 2003[56]
133 Sudan 22 October 2003[57]
134 Slovenia 20 January 2004
135 Sri Lanka 23 February 2004
136 Jordan 15 July 2004
137 Sierra Leone 1 November 2004[58]
138 Comoros 22 December 2004[59]
139 Chad 23 June 2005[60]
140 Oman 13 December 2005[61]
— Sovereign Military Order of Malta 13 December 2005[62]
141 Brunei 18 October 2006
142 Guinea-Bissau 8 January 2007
143 Paraguay 21 June 2007[63]
144 Andorra 20 March 2009
145 Saudi Arabia 24 March 2009
146 San Marino 30 March 2009
147 Dominican Republic 25 September 2009[64]
148 Liberia 3 December 2009[65]
149 Montenegro 18 December 2009
150 Malta 15 June 2010
151 Fiji 18 May 2011
152 Latvia 7 July 2011
153 Eritrea 11 March 2012[66]
154 Myanmar 19 September 2013
155 Bahrain 26 September 2013
156 New Zealand 4 October 2013[67]
157 Iraq 21 February 2014[68]
158 Monaco 31 July 2014[69]
159 South Sudan 10 June 2016[70]
160 Nepal 9 December 2017[71]
161 Tajikistan 5 October 2020
162 Maldives 10 November 2020
163 Liechtenstein 23 June 2021[72][73]
164 Somalia 31 August 2021[74]
165 Gambia 3 September 2021[75]
166 Djibouti 24 January 2022[76]
167 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 30 March 2022[77]
168 Barbados 17 August 2022
169 Trinidad and Tobago 7 December 2022
170 El Salvador 18 September 2023[78]
171 Guatemala 22 September 2023
172 Madagascar 8 July 2024[79]
173 Kyrgyzstan 26 September 2024[80]
— Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Unknown

Bilateral relations

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Africa

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Cape Verde 30 October 1977[4] SeeAngola–Cape Verde relations

Cape Verde signed a friendship accord with Angola in December 1975, shortly after Angola gained its independence. Cape Verde andGuinea-Bissauserved as stop-over points forCuban troopson their way to Angola to fightUNITArebels and South African troops. Prime MinisterPedro PiressentFARPsoldiers to Angola where they served as the personal bodyguards ofAngolan PresidentJosé Eduardo dos Santos.[81]

  • Angola has an embassy inPraia.
  • Cape Verde has an embassy in Luanda and a consulate inBenguela.
Democratic Republic of Congo 17 October 1978[4]

Many thousands of Angolans fled the country after the civil war. More than 20,000 people were forced to leave theDemocratic Republic of the Congoin 2009, an action the DR Congo said was in retaliation for regular expulsion of Congolese diamond miners who were in Angola illegally. Angola sent a delegation to DR Congo's capitalKinshasaand succeeded in stopping government-forced expulsions which had become a "tit-for-tat"[82]immigration dispute. "Congo and Angola have agreed to suspend expulsions from both sides of the border," said Lambert Mende, DR Congo information minister, in October 2009.[83]"We never challenged the expulsions themselves; we challenged the way they were being conducted – all the beating of people and looting their goods, even sometimes their clothes," Mende said.[82]

  • Angola has an embassy inKinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Luanda.
Kenya SeeAngola–Kenya relations
  • Angola has an embassy inNairobi.
  • Kenya has an embassy in Luanda.
Mozambique 5 July 1975[4] SeeAngola–Mozambique relations
  • Angola has an embassy inMaputo.
  • Mozambique has an embassy in Luanda.
Namibia 18 September 1990[4] SeeAngola–Namibia relations

Namibia borders Angola to the south. In 1999, Namibia signed a mutual defense pact with its northern neighborAngola.[84] This affected theAngolan Civil Warthat had been ongoing since Angola's independence in 1975. Namibia's ruling partySWAPOsought to support the ruling partyMPLAin Angola against the rebel movementUNITA,whose stronghold is in southern Angola, bordering to Namibia. The defence pact allowed Angolan troops to use Namibian territory when attackingJonas Savimbi's UNITA.

Nigeria 15 March 1976[4] SeeAngola–Nigeria relations

Angolan-Nigerian relations are primarily based on their roles as oil exporting nations. Both are members of theOrganization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries,theAfrican Unionand other multilateral organizations.

  • Angola has an embassy inAbuja.
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Luanda.
South Africa 17 May 1994[4] SeeAngola–South Africa relations

Angola-South Africa relations are quite strong as the ruling parties in both nations, the African National Congress in South Africa and the MPLA in Angola, fought together during the Angolan Civil War and South African Border War. They fought against UNITA rebels, based in Angola, and the apartheid-era government in South Africa who supported them. Nelson Mandela mediated between the MPLA and UNITA factions during the last years of Angola's civil war.

Zimbabwe 15 October 1982[4] SeeAngola–Zimbabwe relations

Americas

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Argentina 2 June 1979 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 June 1979[85]

SeeAngola–Argentina relations

Brazil 12 November 1975[4] SeeAngola–Brazil relations

Commercial and economic ties dominate the relations of each country. Parts of both countries were part of thePortuguese Empirefrom the early 16th century until Brazil's independence in 1822. As of November 2007, "trade between the two countries is booming as never before"[86]

Canada 1 February 1978

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 February 1978[87]

Canada-Angola relations were established in 1978, and Canada is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe. Ties have grown since the end of the civil war in 2002, with increased engagement in areas of mutual interest. As Chair of the United Nations Security Council's Angola Sanctions Committee, Canada limited the ability ofUNITAto continue its military campaign, sanctions helped to bring a ceasefire agreement to end Angola's conflict.

  • Angola is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Canada is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe and maintains an honorary consulate in Luanda.
Cuba 15 November 1975[4] SeeAngola–Cuba relations

DuringAngola's civil warCuban forces fought to install a Marxist–Leninist MPLA-PT government, against Western-backedUNITAandFLNAguerrillas and the South-African army.[88]

  • Angola has an embassy inHavana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Luanda.
Mexico 20 February 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 February 1976[89]

SeeAngola–Mexico relations

  • Angola is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Mexico is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa and maintains an honorary consulate in Luanda.
United States 14 July 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 July 1994[90]

SeeAngola–United States relations

Embassy of Angola in Washington, D.C.

From the mid-1980s through at least 1992, the United States was the primary source of military and other support for theUNITArebel movement, which was led from its creation through 2002 byJonas Savimbi.The U.S. refused to recognize Angola diplomatically during this period.

Relations between the United States of America and theRepublic of Angola(formerly thePeople's Republic of Angola) have warmed since Angola's ideological renunciation ofCommunismbefore the1992 elections.

  • Angola has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and consulates-general inHoustonand New York City.
  • United States has an embassy in Luanda.[91]
Uruguay 6 March 1987 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1987[92]

SeeAngola–Uruguay relations

  • Angola has a consulate-general inMontevideo.
  • Uruguay is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.

Asia

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
China 12 January 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 January 1983[93]

SeeAngola–China relations

Chinese prime ministerWen Jiabaovisited Angola in June 2006, offering a US$9 billion loan for infrastructure improvements in return for petroleum. The PRC has invested heavily in Angola since the end of the civil war in 2002.[94]João Manuel Bernardo,the current ambassador ofAngolato China, visited the PRC in November 2007.[95]

  • Angola has an embassy in Beijing and a consulate-general inMacau.
  • China has an embassy in Luanda.
India 2 June 1979 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 June 1979[96]

SeeAngola–India relations

  • Angola has an embassy in New Delhi.
  • India has an embassy in Luanda.
Israel 16 April 1992[4] SeeAngola–Israel relations

Angola-Israel relations, primarily based on trade and pro-United States foreign policies, are excellent. In March 2006, the trade volume between the two countries amounted to $400 million. In 2005, President José Eduardo dos Santos visited Israel.

Japan September 1976 SeeAngola–Japan relations

Diplomatic relations between Japan and Angola were established in September 1976. Japan has donated towards demining following the civil war.[97]

  • Angola has an embassy in Tokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Luanda.
Pakistan 20 October 1977

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 October 1977[23]

The Government of Angola called for the support of Pakistan for the candidature of Angola to the seat of non-permanent member of the UN Security Council, whose election is set for September this year, during the 69th session of the General Assembly of United Nations. On the fringes of the ceremony, the Angolan diplomat also met with officials in charge of the economic and commercial policy of Pakistan, to assess the business opportunities between the two states. It asked to discuss aspects related to the cooperation on several domains of common interest.

Philippines 14 September 2001 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 September 2001.
  • Angola has an embassy inManila.
  • Philippines is accredited to Angola from its embassy inLisbon,Portugal.
Turkey 9 July 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 July 1980[98]

SeeAngola–Turkey relations

Vietnam 12 November 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 November 1975[100]

SeeAngola–Vietnam relations

Angola-Vietnam relations were established on 12 November 1975 afterAngola gained its independence,when future president of AngolaAgostinho Netovisited Vietnam.[101]Angolaand Vietnam have steadfast partners as both transitioned fromCold War-era foreign policies ofinternational communismto pro-Western pragmatism following the fall of theSoviet Union.

  • Angola has an embassy inHanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy in Luanda.

Europe

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
France 17 February 1976[4] SeeAngola–France relations

Relations between the two countries have not always been cordial due to the formerFrench government's policy of supporting militant separatists in Angola'sCabinda provinceand the internationalAngolagatescandal embarrassed both governments by exposing corruption and illicit arms deals. Following French presidentNicolas Sarkozy's visit in 2008, relations have improved.

  • Angola has an embassy in Paris.
  • France has an embassy in Luanda.
Germany 16 August 1979 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 August 1979[102]

SeeAngola–Germany relations

  • Angola has an embassy inBerlin.
  • Germany has an embassy in Luanda.
Holy See 14 April 1975
Italy 4 June 1976[104]

SeeAngola–Italy relations

  • Angola has an embassy inRome.
  • Italy has an embassy in Luanda.
Netherlands 18 February 1976[4]
  • Angola has an embassy inThe Hagueand a consulate-general inRotterdam.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Luanda.
Portugal 9 March 1976[4] SeeAngola–Portugal relations

Angola-Portugal relations have significantly improved since the Angolan government abandoned communism and nominally embraced democracy in 1991, embracing a pro-U.S.and to a lesser degree pro-Europe foreign policy. Portugal ruled Angola for 400 years,[105]colonizing the territory from 1483 until independence in 1975. Angola's war forindependencedid not end in a military victory for either side, but was suspended as a result of acoup in Portugalthat replaced theCaetano regime.

  • Angola has an embassy inLisbonand a consulate-general inPorto.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Luanda and a consulate-general inBenguela.
Russia 11 November 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 November 1975[106]

SeeAngola–Russia relations

  • Angola has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Luanda.
Serbia 12 November 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 November 1975[107]

SeeAngola–Serbia relations

The defence minister of Serbia,Dragan Šutanovac,stated in a 2011 meeting in Luanda that Serbia would negotiate with the Angolan military authorities for the construction of a new military hospital in Angola.[108]

Angola supports Serbia's stance onKosovo,and recognizes Serbia's territorial integrity.[109]

  • Angola has an embassy inBelgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Luanda.
Spain 19 October 1977 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 October 1977[110]

SeeAngola–Spain relations

  • Angola has an embassy inMadrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Luanda.
United Kingdom 14 October 1977 Angola established diplomatic relations with the UK on 14 October 1977.[111]
  • Angola maintains anembassyin London.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Angola through its embassy inLuanda.[112]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,[113]and theWorld Trade Organization.

See also

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References

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