Forestry in Ethiopia

In the late nineteenth century, about 30% ofEthiopiawas covered withforest.The clearing of land for agricultural use and the cutting of trees for fuel gradually changed the scene, and today forest areas have dwindled to less than 4% of Ethiopia's total land. The northern parts of the highlands are almost devoid of trees. However, about 45,000 square kilometres of denseforestexist in the southern and southwestern sections of the highlands. Some of these includeconiferousforests, found at elevations above 1,600 meters, but a majority of the forestland consists primarily of woodlands found in drier areas of the highlands and in the drier areas bordering the highlands.

Lumberfrom the coniferous forests is important to the construction industry. The broadleaf evergreen forests furnish timber that is used in construction and in the production ofplywood.The woodlands are a major source of firewood and charcoal. Certain trees --boswelliaand species ofcommiphora—are of special economic significance. Both grow in the arid lowlands and produce gums that are the bases forfrankincenseandmyrrh.A species ofacaciafound in several parts of the country is a source ofgum arabicused in the manufacture of adhesives, pharmaceutical products, and confectionery. Theeucalyptus,an exotic tree introduced in the late nineteenth century and grown mainly near urban areas, is a valuable source of telephone and telegraph poles, tool handles, furniture, and firewood. It is also a major source of the material from which fiberboard and particleboard are made.

Data on forestry's contribution to the economy are not readily available, largely because mostGDPtables aggregate data on forestry,fishing,and hunting. In 1980/81 forestry accounted for 2.5% of GDP at constant 1960/61 factor cost and 5.4% of the share attributable to the agricultural sector.

Before 1974 about half of the forestland was privately owned or claimed, and roughly half was held by the government. There was little government control of forestry operations prior to theEthiopian revolution.The 1975 land reform nationalized forestland andsawmills,which existed mostly in the south. The government controlled harvesting of forestland, and in some cases individuals had to secure permits from local peasant associations to cut trees. But this measure encouraged illegal logging and accelerated the destruction of Ethiopia's remaining forests. To ensure that conservation activity conformed with government policy and directives on land use, reforestation programs were organized through theMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Developmentor district offices that planned, coordinated, and monitored all work. The local peasant associations lacked decision-making authority.

Reforestation

Reforestationprograms resulted in the planting of millions of seedlings in community forests throughout Ethiopia. A variety ofNon Governmental Organizations,which had to organize their activities through the local peasant association, supplemented government efforts to rehabilitate Ethiopia's forests. However, critics maintain that both systems caused communal resources to be developed at the expense of private needs. As a result, reforestation programs did not perform well. Seedling survival rates varied from as low as 5 to 20% in some areas to 40% in others, largely because of inadequate care and premature cutting by locals. In late 1990,Addis Ababawas in the process of launching the Ethiopian Forestry Action Plan (EFAP) to improve woodland conservation, increase public participation in reforestation projects, and prevent further depletion of existing forest resources. It remained to be seen whether this plan would improve the state of Ethiopia's forests.

Some protected and reforested areas in Ethiopia have been documented:

• Addi LihtsiExclosure, near the village ofAddi Lihtsi
• Addi MelesExclosure, near the village ofMigichi
• AddilalExclosure, near the village ofAddilal
• AfedenaExclosure, near the village ofAfedena
• Ch'elaqoExclosure, near the village ofCh'elaqo
• Des’a Forest
• GemgemaExclosure, near the village ofTsigaba
• Guassa Community Conservation Area
• Harenna Forest
• Hugumburda Forest
• Kidmi GestetExclosure, near the village ofGestet
• LafaExclosure, near the village of Lafa inMizane Birhanmunicipality
• May Anishti Forest
• May Be'atiExclosure, near the village ofMay Be'ati
• May GenetExclosure, near the village ofMay Genet
• May Hib'oExclosure, near the village ofAddi Lihtsi
• Menagesha Forest
• Mi'am AtaliExclosure, near the village ofMi'am Atali
• SesematExclosure, near the village ofTahtay Sesemat
• Sheka Forest
• TogogwaExclosure, near the village ofTogogwa
• TukhulExclosure, near the village of Tukhul, inAddi Azmeramunicipality
• Yayu Biosphere Reservation
• Ziban DakeExclosure, near the village ofDidibenmaniqqe jikaany

Deforestation

Main article:Deforestation in Ethiopia

It is estimated that in 2000 Ethiopia had 4,344,000 ha of natural forest area, which is 4% of its total land area.Compared to other East African countries Ethiopia's deforestation rate is about average.However, the deforestation rates in East Africa are second highest of the continent. Moreover, it has the smallest fraction of its forest area designated primarily for conservation. Apart from Northern Africa, East African countries show the second highest decline rates of conservation forests in the continent.

See also

• Agriculture in Ethiopia
• Economy of Ethiopia
• Church forests of Ethiopia
• EthioTrees