Afortune cookieis a crisp and sugarycookiewafermade fromflour,sugar,vanilla,andsesame seed oilwith a piece of paper inside, a "fortune", anaphorism,or a vagueprophecy.The message inside may also include aChinesephrase with translation and/or a list of lucky numbers used by some aslotterynumbers. Fortune cookies are often served as a dessert inChinese restaurants in the United States,Canada,Australia,and other countries, but they are not Chinese in origin.[2]The exact origin of fortune cookies is unclear, though various immigrant groups inCaliforniaclaim to have popularized them in the early 20th century. They most likely originated from cookies made byJapaneseimmigrants to the United States in the late 19th or early 20th century. The Japanese version did not have the Chinese lucky numbers and were eaten withtea.
 Unopened fortune cookies | |
| Type | Cookie(wafer[1]) |
|---|---|
| Place of origin | Japan
United States |
| Main ingredients | Flour,sugar,vanilla,andoil |
| Other information | Unicodeemoji🥠 |
Translations of the name
editThere is no single accepted Chinese name for the cookies, with a large variety of translations being used to describe them in theChinese language,all of which being more-or-less literal translations of the English "fortune cookie". Examples include: Hạnh vận thiêm bínhxìngyùn qiān bǐng"good lucklotcookie ", thiêm ngữ bínhqiān yǔ bǐng"fortune wordscookie ", hạnh vận bínhxìngyùn bǐng"good luck cookie", hạnh vận thiêm ngữ bínhxìngyùn qiān yǔ bǐng"luckyfortune wordscookie ", hạnh vận điềm bínhxìngyùn tián bǐng"good luck sweet cookie", hạnh phúc bính cànxìngfú bǐnggān"good luck biscuit", or chiêm bặc bínhzhānbǔ bǐng"divining cookie".
History
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As far back as the 19th century, a cookie very similar in appearance to the modern fortune cookie was made inKyoto, Japan,and there is a Japanese temple tradition of random fortunes, calledomikuji.The Japanese version of the cookie differs in several ways: they are a little bit larger; are made of darker dough; and their batter contains sesame and miso rather than vanilla and butter. They contain a fortune; however, the small slip of paper was wedged into the bend of the cookie rather than placed inside the hollow portion. This kind of cookie is calledtsujiurasenbei(Thập chiêm tiên bính)and is still sold in some regions of Japan, especially inKanazawa, Ishikawa.[3]It is also sold in the neighborhood ofFushimi Inari-taishashrine in Kyoto.[4]
Makoto HagiwaraofGolden Gate Park'sJapanese Tea GardeninSan Franciscois reported to have been the first person in the U.S. to have served the modern version of the cookie when he did so at the tea garden in the early 1900s. The fortune cookies were made by a San Francisco bakery, Benkyodo.[5][6][7]
David Jung, founder of theHong Kong Noodle CompanyinLos Angeles,made a competing claim that he invented the cookie in 1918.[8]San Francisco'sCourt of Historical Reviewattempted to settle the dispute in 1983. During the proceedings, a fortune cookie was introduced as a piece of evidence with a message reading, "S.F. Judge who rules for L.A. Not Very Smart Cookie". A federal judge of the Court of Historical Review, from San Francisco themselves, determined that the cookie originated with Hagiwara and the court ruled in favor of San Francisco. Subsequently, the city of Los Angeles condemned the decision.[8]
Seiichi Kito, the founder of Fugetsu-do ofLittle Tokyoin Los Angeles, also claims to have invented the cookie. Kito claims to have gotten the idea of putting a message in a cookie fromOmikuji(fortune slip) which are sold at temples and shrines in Japan. According to his story, he sold his cookies to Chinese restaurants where they were greeted with much enthusiasm in both the Los Angeles and San Francisco areas, before spreading.[9]
Up to aroundWorld War II,fortune cookies were known as "fortune tea cakes" —likely reflecting their origins in Japanese tea cakes.[3]
Fortune cookies moved from being a confection dominated by Japanese-Americans to one dominated by Chinese-Americans sometime around World War II. One theory for why this occurred is because of theJapanese American internmentduring World War II, which forcibly put over 100,000 Japanese-Americans in internment camps, including those who had produced fortune cookies. This gave an opportunity for Chinese manufacturers.[3]
Fortune cookies before the early 20th century were all made by hand. Fortune cookies are made from a simple batter of sugar, flour, water, and eggs. When heated, the dough stays flexible, allowing it to be shaped. As it cools, the sugar crystallizes, creating a crisp, glossy cookie. Traditionally, bakers would bake 3-inch circles of dough, insert a fortune while still warm, and use chopsticks to fold the cookie into its iconic shape before it hardened.[10]The fortune cookie industry changed dramatically after the fortune cookie machine was invented by Edward Louie in the late 1960s.[11]The machine allowed for mass production of fortune cookies which subsequently allowed the cookies to drop in price to become the novelty and courtesy dessert many Americans are familiar with after their meals at most Chinese restaurants today.
Manufacturers
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There are approximately 3 billion fortune cookies made each year globally, the majority of them consumed in the US.[3]The largest manufacturer of the cookies isWonton Food, Inc.,headquartered inBrooklyn,New York. They make over 4.5 million fortune cookies per day. Other large manufacturers areBaily Internationalin theMidwestandPeking NoodleinLos Angeles.There are other smaller, local manufacturers includingTsue Chong Co.inSeattle,Keefer Court FoodinMinneapolis,Sunrise Fortune CookieinPhiladelphia,andGolden Gate Fortune Cookie FactoryinSan Francisco.Many smaller companies will also sell custom fortunes.
Manufacturing processes vary, but they generally follow the same procedure. The ingredients (typically made with a base offlour,sugar,vanilla,andsesame seed oil) are mixed in a large tank and squirted onto fast moving trays. These function like a conveyor belt and are heated to cook the dough. Cookies are compressed with round hot plates to shape and cook them. The cookies bake for approximately one minute and are reshaped. They can be mechanically shaped or folded by hand. When automated, a machine folds the cookie into the correct orientation with the fortune inside. Cooled and hardened cookies are sealed in plastic wrappers, which are inspected before being shipped. Today, most cookies are produced in the United States with the biggest factory located in Brooklyn.[12]
Marketing
editThe message inside may include a list of lucky numbers used by some aslotterynumbers; since relatively few distinct messages are printed, in the recorded case where winning numbers happened to be printed, the lottery had an unexpectedly high number of winners sharing a prize.[13]Authorities briefly investigated Wonton Food in 2005, after 110 Powerball lottery players won about $19 million after using the "lucky numbers" on the back of fortunes.[14][15]
Fortune cookies are sometimes used for special marketing promotions. For example, the filmKung Fu Panda 3was promoted by putting quotations from the protagonist of the film on fortune cookie slips.[16]
In 1989, fortune cookies were reportedly imported intoHong Kongand sold as "genuine American fortune cookies".[17]Wonton Food attempted to expand its fortune cookie business into China in 1992, but gave up after fortune cookies were considered "too American".[17]
Nutrition
editCookies from different manufacturers have different ingredients and nutritional content. One cookie typically contains around 80 to 130 kilojoules (20 to 30 kilocalories) offood energyand 5–7 g of total carbohydrates. A cookie may have sugar varying from 0–3 g, between 2–8 mg of sodium, and may have significant (compared to their size) amounts of iron or protein. The small size means they have little overall nutritional value.[18][19][20][21]
Around the world
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Fortune cookies, while largely an American item, have been served in Chinese restaurants in Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, India, Italy, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and the United Arab Emirates, among others.[3]In Peru, they are served inchifas,Chinese-Peruvian fusion food restaurants.[citation needed]
There are also multi-cultural versions of the fortune cookie. For instance, the Mexican version of the fortune cookie, called the "Lucky Taco", is a red taco-shaped cookie with a fortune inside.[22]The same company that makes the Lucky Taco also makes a "Lucky Cannoli", inspired by Italiancannolis.[22]
See also
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- Golden Gate Fortune Cookie Company
- List of American foods
- Aleuromancy
- Barquillo
- Kuih kapit
- Shortbread,a similar cookie made withbutterinstead of sesame oil
Notes
edit- ^Goldstein, Darra (2015).The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets.Oxford University Press. p. 266.ISBN978-0-19-931339-6.
- ^Yating, Yang (March 1, 2024)."Canadian influencer's amazement at absence of fortune cookies in China restaurants triggers amusing online discussion about origins of snack".South China Morning Post.RetrievedMay 1,2024.
- ^abcdeLee, Jennifer (January 16, 2008)."Solving a Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery Inside a Cookie".The New York Times.RetrievedMay 10,2012.
- ^Lee, Jennifer 8.(January 16, 2008)."Fortune Cookies are really from Japan".The Fortune Cookie Chronicleswebsite.Archived fromthe originalon July 25, 2011.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^Nagata, Erik."A Brief History of The Fortune Cookie".Archived fromthe originalon August 20, 2008.
- ^Ono, Gary (October 31, 2007)."Japanese American Fortune Cookie: A Taste of Fame or Fortune -- Part II".Archived fromthe originalon April 4, 2009.RetrievedApril 5,2008.
- ^(Martin 2004)
- ^ab(Brunner 2005).
- ^"History of Fugetsu-Do".www.fugetsu-do.com.RetrievedMay 30,2017.
- ^"How do fortunes get inside of fortune cookies?".Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA.RetrievedAugust 12,2024.
- ^"Edward Louie, 69, Inventor of Fortune-Cookie Machine".Chicago Tribune.May 30, 1990.
- ^Bratskeir, Kate (September 2, 2014)."This Is How Fortune Cookies Are Made".Huffington Post.RetrievedApril 6,2017.
- ^"Lottery Numbers from Fortune Cookie".Snopes.January 11, 2010.RetrievedMay 30,2017.
- ^Jennifer Lee (May 12, 2005)."Who Needs Giacomo? Bet on the Fortune Cookie".The New York Times.RetrievedFebruary 2,2017.
- ^Oliver B. Waxman (January 27, 2017)."Go Behind the Scenes as Fortune Cookie History Gets Made".Time.RetrievedFebruary 2,2017.
- ^"Kung Fu Panda 3 Fortune Cookies – Fortune Cookie Advertising".Fortune Cookie Advertising.December 5, 2015. Archived fromthe originalon April 10, 2017.RetrievedApril 10,2017.
- ^ab"Origin of Fortune Cookies".Snopes. June 9, 2008.RetrievedMay 30,2017.
- ^"Fortune Cookies | Desserts".www.pandaexpress.com.
- ^"Calories in Pf Chang Chinese Fortune Cookie – Calories and Nutrition Facts".www.myfitnesspal.com.
- ^"Calories in Pei Wei Fortune Cookie – Calories and Nutrition Facts | MyFitnessPal.com".www.myfitnesspal.com.Archived fromthe originalon July 30, 2018.RetrievedDecember 21,2018.
- ^"Calories in Golden Bowl Fortune Cookies – Calories and Nutrition Facts".www.myfitnesspal.com.
- ^ab"Re-racializing the fortune cookie… again – Sociological Images".thesocietypages.org.RetrievedApril 6,2017.
References
edit- Martin, James (2004),"Fortune Cookies: A San Francisco Invention",About.com,archived fromthe originalon August 18, 2004,retrievedAugust 11,2004.
- Brunner, Borgna (2005),"The History of the Fortune Cookie",Infoplease,retrievedMay 10,2005
- Lee, Jennifer 8.(2008).The Fortune Cookie Chronicles.New York City:Twelve Books.ISBN978-0-446-58007-6.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Parvin, Ellie (1995),"Fortune cookie US invention",Golden Gater,archived fromthe originalon April 27, 2006,retrievedMay 24,2006.
External links
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- Cookie Master– Article detailing the job of a cookie fortunes writer
- A Brief History of The Fortune Cookie– An account by Erik S. Nagata, the great, great-grandson of Makoto Hagiwara