Wikipedia

Fox Conner

Fox Conner(November 2, 1874 – October 13, 1951) was amajor generalof theUnited States Army.He served as operations officer for theAmerican Expeditionary Forces(AEF) duringWorld War I,and is best remembered as a mentor to the generation of officers who led the army inWorld War II,particularly as "the man who madeEisenhower".

Fox Conner
Born(1874-11-02)November 2, 1874
Slate Springs, Mississippi,United States
DiedOctober 13, 1951(1951-10-13)(aged 76)
Washington, D.C.,United States
AllegianceUnited States
Service/ branchUnited States Army
Years of service1898–1938
RankMajor general
Service number0-85
UnitField Artillery Branch
CommandsFirst Army
First Corps Area
Hawaiian Department
1st Division
20th Infantry Brigade
Battles / warsSpanish–American War
Pancho Villa Expedition
World War I
AwardsArmy Distinguished Service Medal
Purple Heart
Companion of the Order of the Bath(United Kingdom)
Commander of the Legion of Honour(France)
Croix de Guerre(France)
Commander of the Order of the Crown(Belgium)
RelationsAndrew F. Fox(uncle)

Early life

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Conner was born on November 12, 1874, atSlate Springs,inCalhoun County,Mississippi.[1]His father, Robert Herbert Conner, was a soldier in theConfederate States Armywho was wounded several times during theAmerican Civil War.[1]In his final engagement, theBattle of Atlanta,Robert Conner was shot in the head and lost his sight. After the war he was nicknamed "Blind Bob". He learned to gauge the grades of cotton by touch, and became a successful cotton trader. In addition, he began teaching at the Slate Springs Academy.[1]The school had been founded by Conner's uncleFuller Foxin 1872, and several members of the Fox family were on the faculty. Robert Conner met Nancy (Nannie) Hughes Fox when both were teaching at the academy, and they married on 30 December 1873.[1]

Conner was educated in Slate Springs, and was an avid reader ofThe Youth's Companionmagazine.[2]After turning eighteen, and "captivated by military history at a young age",[3]he wanted to embark on a career in the armed forces, so his uncle recommended him to RepresentativeHernando Moneyfor appointment to theUnited States Military Academy(USMA) atWest Point, New York.Money nominated Conner on 31 May 1893.[4]He entered the following year.[3]

Early career

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Fox Conner at West Point in 1898

"During his final year at West Point, Conner's company tactical officer was First LieutenantPershing",a man who would play a significant part in Conner's future military career. Despite possessing a" towering intellect ", his" overall academic record at West Point was only slightly better than average ", [3]which resulted in him graduating in 1898 ranked 17th of 59 students.[5]At graduation, Conner received his commission as asecond lieutenantofField Artillery.[5]He was assigned to the1st Artillery Regiment,and the army denied his numerous requests for transfer to theCavalry.[3][6]

Conner's first posting was toFort AdamsinNewport, Rhode Island.After brief assignments inHuntsville, Alabama,andSavannah, Georgia,he was sent toCubain January 1899 to serve with the United States occupation force following theSpanish–American War.[3][6]

In August 1900, Conner was reassigned to Washington Barracks (today namedFort McNair) inWashington, D.C.He was promoted tocaptainin 1901 and was transferred toFort Hamilton,New Yorkin November 1901 as commander of the 123rdCoast ArtilleryCompany. He held this assignment until August 1905 when he began attendance at theArmy Staff CollegeatFort Leavenworth,Kansas.He then served as adjutant of the Artillery sub-post atFort Riley,Kansas from July 1906 to May 1907.[7]Here, "he was assigned the task of revising the curriculum for the artillery officer course to incorporate the lessons of theSpanish–AmericanandRusso–Japanesewars ".[3]

In September 1907, Conner was assigned to the Army's General Staff and also as a student at theArmy War Collegefrom which he graduated in July 1911. He was then attached to the French 22nd Field Artillery Regiment inVersailles,France from October 1911 to October 1912.[8][9]

Following his return to the United States, Conner commanded Artillery batteries in the Western states and on the Mexican border. In July 1916, Conner was promoted tomajorand assigned to theInspector General's office in Washington.[8]He was in this position when theUnited States declared war on Germanyin April 1917.[10]

World War I

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General Pershing and members of his staff at Headquarters,Chaumont,France. Standing to Pershing's left in the center is Brigadier General Fox Conner.

In June, Conner was selected by Major GeneralJohn J. Pershingto be a member of the operations section (G3) for theAmerican Expeditionary Forces(AEF) staff in France. He was promoted tolieutenant colonelon May 15, 1917, and to temporarycolonelon August 5.[8]In November Conner was selected as Pershing's Assistant Chief of Staff for Operations (G3); his subordinates includedJohn McAuley PalmerandGeorge C. Marshall.Conner developed an immense respect for both men, and later referred to Marshall as the ideal soldier and a military genius.

Conner was promoted to temporarybrigadier generalon August 8, 1918.[8][11]After theArmisticewas signed in November, Conner was assigned to the Army General Staff in Washington and was promoted to permanent colonel on August 22, 1919.[12]

Conner gained Pershing's respect and admiration during the war, causing Pershing to write to Conner that:

Your broad conception of our task and your able counsel in all our organization, as well as your clear vision of the strategy of our operations, stand out vividly in my memory. None the less vividly do I recall your constant solicitude and aid in the trying days of battle and your unyielding support in times of difficulty with ourAllies.Can I say more? Yes! One thing more. I could have spared any man in the AEF better than you.[13]

In 1920, a subcommittee of theHouse of Representativeslaunched an investigation in the losses among United States Army personnel that had occurred in the hours between the time when theArmistice of 11 November 1918had been signed and the time when it came into effect. During the hearings, Conner drew heavy criticism from CongressmanOscar E. Blandand was named by Brigadier GeneralJohn H. Sherburne,of the Massachusetts National Guard and the former commander of the artillery of theAfrican American92nd Division,as the individual most responsible for not stopping a scheduled attack by the 92nd Division of Lieutenant GeneralRobert Lee Bullard'sSecond Army.[14]The panel members rejected Sherburne's assertion and the final report of the subcommittee held no one person accountable for the losses.[15][16]

For his service as the "brain" of the AEF, Conner was awarded theArmy Distinguished Service Medaland the FrenchCroix de Guerre.After the war, Conner and Palmer received credit for writing the after-action report on World War I operations which influenced the content of theNational Defense Act of 1920and set the course for the interwar army.

Army Distinguished Service Medal citation

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The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Brigadier General Fox Conner, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. As Assistant Chief of Staff in charge of the Operations Section, General Conner has shown a masterful conception of all the tactical situations which have confronted the American forces in Europe. By his high professional attainments and sound military judgment he has handled with marked skill the many details of the complex problems of organization and troop movements that were necessitated by the various operations of the American Expeditionary Forces. Service:ArmyRank:Brigadier GeneralDivision:American Expeditionary ForcesGENERAL ORDERS:War Department, General Orders No. 12 (1919)[17]

Conner and Eisenhower

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General of the Armies John J. Pershing and members of his staff standing outside theState, War, and Navy BuildinginWashington, D. C.,September 23, 1919. Standing to Pershing's right is Brigadier General Fox Conner.

Conner's most remembered contribution to the army was his mentorship of promising subordinates, most notably MajorDwight D. Eisenhower.Conner first met Eisenhower "in Autumn of 1920, introduced by Lieutenant ColonelGeorge S. Pattonat a Sunday dinner at the Pattons. "Eisenhower would later note that perhaps the greatest reward of his friendship with Patton was being introduced to Conner. Conner and Eisenhower immediately developed a great mutual respect:" Conner became Eisenhower's teacher and a father figure whom he admired above all others. "Following his promotion to permanent brigadier general in 1921, Conner took command of the 20th Infantry Brigade inPanama.[16]He invited Eisenhower to join his staff and for three years Conner conducted a systematic course of study for Eisenhower that ranged from extensive readings in military history to daily practical experience writing field orders for every aspect of the command. "As Eisenhower later told it, the next two years under Conner were the most intense period of military education he ever experienced. Conner recognized that Eisenhower had a great but underdeveloped talent, which Conner set out to fix".[16]

Conner had three principles or rules of war for a democracy that he imparted to both Eisenhower and Marshall. They were:

  • Never fight unless you have to;
  • Never fight alone; and
  • Never fight for long.[18][19]

Of particular importance to Eisenhower's later career, Conner emphasized the importance of coalition command in preparation for the inevitable war. Said Eisenhower,

One of the subjects on which [Conner] talked to me most was allied command, its difficulties and its problems. Another was George C. Marshall. Again and again General Conner said to me, 'We cannot escape another great war. When we go into that war it will be in company with allies.... We must insist on individual and single responsibility—leaders will have to learn how to overcome nationalistic considerations in the conduct of campaigns. One man who can do it is Marshall—he is close to being a genius.'[20]

Conner pulled strings to get his protégé admitted to theU.S. Army Command and Staff SchoolatFort Leavenworth,Kansas, where Eisenhower graduated first in his class thanks in no small part to his comprehensive Panamanian tutelage, in addition to the class notes Eisenhower received from Patton, who had attended the school earlier.[19]

Eisenhower later commented on Conner's abilities: "Outside of my parents he had more influence on me and my outlook than any other individual, especially in regard to the military profession."[21]

Later service

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Conner left Panama in late 1924 to assume his duties in Washington as the Army's Assistant Chief of Staff for Logistics (G-4), which started on December 1, 1924.[12]

Conner was promoted to major general on October 20, 1925, and assigned as Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army on March 9, 1926. He commanded the 1st Division at Fort Hamilton from May 1 to September 1, 1927, and the Hawaiian Department inHonolulufrom January 25, 1928, to August 5, 1930.[19]He was assigned as commander of the First Corps Area inBostonon October 7, 1930.[12]

Conner was Pershing's preference forArmy Chief of Staffin 1930, but was passed over in favor of Major GeneralDouglas MacArthur."According to some sources, Conner took himself out of the running. He hated Washington, and he did not want to go back there. Nonetheless, one can only speculate how differently the course of U.S. Army history might have run if Conner rather than MacArthur had replacedSummerall".[19]

On March 12, 1936,The [Calhoun County] Monitor-Heraldpublished a "Biographical Sketch of General Fox Conner" written by Louise Ligon, which includes this assignment:

"When President Roosevelt, in April 1933, instituted his Civilian Conservation Corps, he assigned to General Conner the tremendous task of mobilizing approximately 24,000 young men and World War veterans for the 125 companies in the six New England states. This was the largest contingent ever mobilized during peace times, but the momentous task of building the 125 camps with 500 barracks from Connecticut to Maine, and across the Berkshire Hills to Lake Champlain, was carried out promptly as scheduled."[22]

Conner was assigned to command theFirst Armyin 1936 and retired on November 4, 1938, after forty years of service.[23]

Conner's lasting legacy was as a role model and inspiration toWorld War IIhigh commanders including Marshall, Eisenhower, and Patton. Eisenhower considered Conner to be the greatest soldier he ever knew, saying: "In sheer ability and character, he was the outstanding soldier of my time."[24]

Conner died atWalter Reed Army Medical Centeron October 13, 1951.[25]His ashes were scattered at Brandreth Park in theAdirondack MountainsofNew York.In addition, there is a cenotaph to his memory at Dale Cemetery inOssining, New York.

Family

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In 1902, Conner married Virginia Brandreth, the daughter of Franklin Brandreth, a successfulpatent medicinemaker from New York, and granddaughter ofBenjamin Brandreth.[26]They had three children: daughter Betty Virginia Vida (1903–2000), the wife of Colonel Frank Joseph Vida (1894–1970); son Fox Brandreth (1905–2000), a 1927 graduate of West Point who served as an army lieutenant before pursuing a business career as president of the Brandreth family business, the Allcock Manufacturing Company, a maker of humane animal traps; and daughter Florence Slocum Gans (1910–1964), the wife of Colonel Edgar A. Gans (1902–1965).[27]

Military awards

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American awards

Foreign awards

Dates of rank

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No insignia Cadet,United States Military Academy:June 15, 1894
No pin insignia in 1898 Second lieutenant,Regular Army:April 26, 1898
First lieutenant,Regular Army: January 25, 1901
Captain,Regular Army: September 23, 1901
Major,Regular Army: July 1, 1916
Lieutenant colonel,Regular Army: May 15, 1917
Colonel,Temporary: August 5, 1917
Brigadier General,National Army:August 8, 1918
Colonel, Regular Army: August 22, 1919
Brigadier General, Regular Army: July 3, 1920
Colonel, Regular Army: March 4, 1921
Brigadier General, Regular Army: April 27, 1921
Major General,Regular Army: October 20, 1925
Major General, Retired List: September 30, 1938

References

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  1. ^abcdRabalais 2016,pp. 1–3.
  2. ^Rabalais 2016,pp. 3–4.
  3. ^abcdefZabecki & Mastriano 2020,p. 165.
  4. ^Rabalais 2016,pp. 5–6.
  5. ^abRabalais 2016,pp. 15–16.
  6. ^abCullum's Register of Graduates of the USMA.Vol. IV. p. 646.;Rabalais 2016,p. 17
  7. ^Cullum's Register of Graduates of the USMA.Vol. V. p. 600.
  8. ^abcdCullum's Register of Graduates of the USMA.Vol. VI A. p. 833.
  9. ^Zabecki & Mastriano 2020,p. 166.
  10. ^Zabecki & Mastriano 2020,p. 166–167.
  11. ^Zabecki & Mastriano 2020,p. 169.
  12. ^abcCullum's Register of Graduates of the USMA.Vol. VII. pg. 463.
  13. ^Rabalais 2016,pp. 147−48.
  14. ^Rabalais 2016,pp. 158–160.
  15. ^Persico, Joseph E. (2004).Eleventh Month, Eleventh Day, Eleventh Hour: Armistice Day, 1918, World War I and its violent climax.New York: Random House Publishing Group. p. 380.ISBN978-1-61200-397-9.
  16. ^abcZabecki & Mastriano 2020,p. 172.
  17. ^"Valor awards for Fox Conner".
  18. ^Gates, Robert(Summer 2008)."Reflections on Leadership"(PDF).Parameters(Winter 2010–11).United States Army War College:185–191.RetrievedAugust 25,2012.
  19. ^abcdZabecki & Mastriano 2020,p. 173.
  20. ^Dwight D. Eisenhower (1997).Crusade in Europe.JHU Press.ISBN978-0-8018-5668-6.
  21. ^Bassford, Christopher (1994).Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America 1818–1945.New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 158.ISBN978-0-19-508383-5.
  22. ^Nail, Ken (June 1975).A History of Calhoun County.Calhoun County School District. pp. 164–165.
  23. ^Davis 1998,p. 81.
  24. ^Carlo D'Este (2003).Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life.Macmillan.ISBN978-0-8050-5687-7.
  25. ^Davis 1998,p. 82.
  26. ^Rabalais 2016,pp. 18–23.
  27. ^Davis 1998,pp. 81–82.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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  • Cox, Edward L. (2011).Grey eminence: Fox Conner and the art of mentorship.Stillwater, Okla.: New Forums.ISBN978-1-58107-203-7.
  • Bigelow, Michael E. (1984).Brigadier General Fox Conner and the American Expeditionary Forces.Temple University Press.
  • Perry, Mark (2007).Partners in command: George Marshall and Dwight Eisenhower in war and peace.New York, NY: Penguin.ISBN978-1-59420-105-9.
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