Wikipedia

Fred Trump

This article is about Donald Trump's father. For Fred Trump's father, seeFrederick Trump.For his son, seeFred Trump Jr.For his grandson, seeFred Trump III.For the Arizona politician, seeFred Trump (politician).

Frederick Christ Trump Sr.(October 11, 1905 – June 25, 1999) was an Americanreal-estate developerand businessman. He was the father of the 45th and 47th (presumptive) U.S. president,Donald Trump.

Fred Trump
Photographic portrait of a balding blondish older man with a mustache. He is smiling, and his prominent eyebrows and lower eyelids nearly conceal his blue eyes. His right cheekbone is sunken in around the upper area of that side of the jawbone. His perfect teeth are just off-white. He is wearing a blue suit and tie.
Trump,c. 1986
Born
Frederick Christ Trump

(1905-10-11)October 11, 1905
New York City,U.S.
DiedJune 25, 1999(1999-06-25)(aged 93)
New Hyde Park, New York,U.S.
Burial placeLutheranAll Faiths Cemetery,New York City
EducationPratt Institute
OccupationHead ofThe Trump Organization
Political partyRepublican
Spouse
​
(m.1936)​
Children
Parent(s)Frederick Trump
Elizabeth Christ Trump
RelativesSeeTrump family
AwardsHoratio Alger Award

Born inthe BronxinNew York CitytoGermanimmigrant parents, Trump began working inhome constructionand sales in the 1920s before heading the real-estate business started by his parents (later known asthe Trump Organization).[a]His company rose to success, building and managing single-family houses inQueens,apartments for war workers on theEast CoastduringWorld War II,and more than 27,000 apartments in New York overall. Trump was investigated forprofiteeringby aU.S. Senatecommittee in 1954 and again byNew York Statein 1966. Donald Trump became the president of his father's real-estate business in 1971. Two years later, they were sued by theU.S. Justice Department's Civil Rights Divisionforracial discriminationagainst black people.

Contradicting Donald Trump's claim that he built a multibillion-dollar company using "a small loan of a million dollars" from his father, in 2018The New York Timesreported that Fred and his wife,Mary Trump,provided over $1 billion (in 2018 currency) to their children overall,avoidingover $500 million ingift taxes.In 1992, Fred and Donald set up a subsidiary which was used to funnel Fred's finances to his surviving children; shortly before his death, Fred transferred the ownership of most of his apartment buildings to his children, who several years later sold them for over 16 times their previously declared worth.

In 1927, Trump was arrested at aKu Klux Klandemonstration; there is noconclusive evidencethat he supported the organization.[b][c]From World War II onwards, to avoid associations withNazism,Trump denied his German ancestry and also supportedJewishcauses.[d][e][f]

Early life and career

See also:Trump family
Fred Trump (far left) with his family,c. 1915

Trump's father, the German AmericanFriedrich Trump,amassed considerable wealth during theKlondike Gold Rushby running a restaurant and brothel for miners. Friedrich returned toKallstadtin 1901, and, by the next year, met and marriedElizabeth Christ.[17]They moved toNew York City,where their first child, Elizabeth, was born in 1904.[18]Later that year, the family returned to Kallstadt.[19]Fred was conceived inBavaria,where his parents wished tore-establishresidency, but Friedrich was banished fordodging the draft.[20][19]The family returned to New York on July 1, 1905, and moved tothe Bronx,where Frederick Christ Trump was born on October 11.[21]Fred's younger brother,John G. Trump,was born in 1907. All three children were raised speakingGerman.[22]In September 1908, the family moved toWoodhaven, Queens.[23]

Many details of Trump's childhood come from autobiographical accounts and emphasize independence, learning and especiallyhard work– to the point of being somewhat fictionalized.[24][g]At the age of 10, Trump worked as a delivery boy for a butcher.[27]About two years later, onMemorial Day,his father died in the1918 flu pandemic,[28]according to Fred quite suddenly.[29][30]From 1918 to 1923, Fred attendedRichmond Hill High Schoolin Queens,[31]while working as acaddy,curbwhitewasher,delivery boy, andnewspaper hawker.[32][33]Meanwhile, his mother continued thereal-estatebusiness Friedrich had begun. Interested in becoming a builder, Fred put up a garage for a neighbor and took night classes incarpentryand reading blueprints; he reputedly studiedplumbing,masonry,andelectrical wiringviacorrespondence courses,[32]although other biographical sources limit his construction education to the period after high school when he was also working in the field.[34][35][36][37]

After graduating in January 1923, Trump obtained full-time work pulling lumber to construction sites.[38]He studied carpentry and became a carpenter's assistant.[h]Trump's mother held the business in her name until he reached 21, theage of majority.[35]The company name "E. Trump & Son"appeared in advertising by 1924,[42]by which year Trump ostensibly used an $800 loan from his mother to complete and sell his first house.[43][35][44]Public records, however, do not support him building until 1927,[45]the year the company wasincorporated[46](and following Trump's 21st birthday). Trump purportedly built 19 more homes by 1926 inHollis, Queens,selling some before they were finished to finance others.[44]Investigative journalistWayne Barrettposits that Trump exaggerated the length of his career in 1934 while arguing infederal courtwhy he should deserve a dissolved company'smortgage servicer.[45] In 1927, Trump was arrested at aKu Klux Klandemonstration, although there is noconclusive evidencethat he supported the organization.[b]

Rise to success

In 1933, Trump built one of New York City's first modernsupermarkets,called Trump Market, in Woodhaven, Queens. It was modeled onLong Island'sKing Kullen,a self-service supermarket chain. Trump's store advertised "Serve Yourself and Save!" and quickly became popular. After six months, Trump sold it to King Kullen.[43][47]

In federal court in 1934, Trump and a partner acquired the mortgage-servicing subsidiary ofBrooklyn'sJ. Lehrenkrauss Corporation,[48]which had gone bankrupt and had subsequently been broken up. This gave Trump access to the titles of many properties nearingforeclosure,which he bought at low cost and sold at a profit. This and similar real-estate ventures quickly brought him fame as one of New York City's most successful businessmen.[49][34]

Trump made use of loansubsidiescreated by theFederal Housing Administration(FHA) not long after the program was initiated via theNational Housing Act of 1934,[27]which also enabled thediscriminatorypractice ofredlining.[50]By 1936, Trump had 400 workers[i]digging foundations for houses that would be sold at prices ranging from $3,000 to $6,250.[51]Trump used his father'spsychological tacticof listing properties at prices ending in "... 9.99".[27]In the late 1930s, he used aboat to advertiseoffConey Island's shore; it playedpatriotic musicand floated outswordfish-shaped balloons which could be redeemed for $25 or $250 towards one of his properties.[27]In 1938, theBrooklyn Daily Eaglereferred to Trump as "theHenry Fordof the home building industry ".[27][52]During this period, Trump predicted that he would profit fromWorld War II.[49]By 1942, he had built 2,000 homes in Brooklyn using FHA funds.[53]

During the war, the federalOffice of Production Management(established in 1941) allowed the use of FHA funding for defense housing inBensonhurst, Brooklyn,owing to the proximity of theBrooklyn Navy Yard.Trump planned to build 700 houses there, which would have been both his and the state FHA office's biggest project to date, but following theattack on Pearl Harborand theUnited States's declaration of war on Japan,the project was dissolved in favor of defense housing at theEast Coast's naval nexus,Hampton Roads'sNorfolk, Virginia,where Trump was already working on an apartment complex.[54]Congressadded a provision to the National Housing Act generatingmortgage insurancefor defense apartments, through which Trump was allowed to own the properties he built for war workers. By 1944, he had constructed 1,360 wartime apartments, almost 10% of the total created in Norfolk.[54]He also builtbarracksand garden apartments forU.S. Navypersonnel near majorshipyardsin Norfolk andNewport News, Virginia,as well asChester, Pennsylvania.[28]

Following the war, Trump expanded into middle-income housing for the families of returning veterans. From 1947 to 1949, he built Shore Haven in Bensonhurst, which included 32 six-story buildings and a shopping center, covering some 30 acres (12 hectares) and procuring him $9 million in FHA funding.[55]In 1950, he built the 23-building Beach Haven Apartments over 40 acres (16 ha) near Coney Island, procuring him $16 million in FHA funds.[56]The total number of apartments included in these projects exceeded 2,700.[28][j]

Decades after hiring PR man Howard Rubenstein to generate press about his life story mirroring therags-to-richesnovels of 19th-century authorHoratio Alger,[59]in 1985, Fred was awarded theHoratio Alger Award(for "distinguished Americans" ).[60]Radio and television personalityArt Linkletterintroduced Trump at the ceremony, with Peale's wife (and previous award recipient),Ruth Peale,presenting him the award.[61]During his speech, Trump stated that the key to his success was enthusiasm for his work and that he "used to watch other successful people... that did good and that did bad and... followed the good qualities that they had". He then (apparently erroneously)[62]attributed toWilliam Shakespearethe saying "Never follow an empty wagon because", pointing to his cranium, "nothing ever falls off". He went on to introduce his survivingnuclear family.[61]

Further enterprises

Trumpc. 1950

In early 1954, PresidentDwight D. Eisenhowerand other federal leaders began denouncing real-estateprofiteers.That June,The New York Timesincluded Trump on a list of 35 city builders accused of profiteering from government contracts.[63]He and others were investigated by aU.S. Senate banking committeeforwindfall gains.Trump and his partner William Tomasello[k]were cited as examples of how profits were made by builders using the FHA.[69]The two paid $34,200 for a piece of land which they rented to their corporation for $76,960 annually in a 99-year lease, so that if the apartment they built on it ever defaulted, the FHA would owe them $1.924 million. Trump and Tomasello evidently obtained loans for $3.5 million more than Beach Haven Apartments had cost.[70][71]Trump argued that because he had not withdrawn the money, he had not literally pocketed the profits.[63][72]He further argued that due to rising costs, he would have had to invest more than the 10% of themortgage loannot provided by the FHA, and therefore suffer a loss if he built under those conditions.[73]

In 1961, Trump donated $2,500 to the re-election campaign of New York mayorRobert F. Wagner Jr.,helping him gain favor for the construction ofTrump Village,a large apartment complex in Coney Island.[74]The project was constructed in 1963–64 for $70 million. It was one of Trump's biggest and last major projects,[43][75]and the only one to bear his name.[74]He built more than 27,000low-income apartmentsandrow housesin the New York area altogether, including Brooklyn (in Coney Island, Bensonhurst,Sheepshead Bay,Flatbush,andBrighton Beach) and Queens (inFlushingandJamaica Estates).[28][76]

In 1966, Trump was again investigated for windfall profiteering, this time by New York Stateinvestigators.After Trump overestimated building costs sponsored by a state program, he profited $598,000 on equipment rentals in the construction of Trump Village, which was then spent on other projects. Under testimony on January 27, 1966, Trump said that he had personally done nothing wrong and praised the success of his building project.[77]The commission called Trump "a pretty shrewd character" with a "talent for getting every ounce of profit out of his housing project", but noindictmentswere made. Instead, tighter administration protocols and accountability in the state's housing program were called for.[78]

Steeplechase Park

Illustration ofSteeplechase Park,with the Pavilion of Fun's "Funny Face"mascot in the middle of its facade

On July 1, 1965, Trump purchased Coney Island's recently closedSteeplechase Parkfor $2.3 million, intending to build luxury apartments.[79][80][81]The next year, he announced plans for a 160-foot-high (49-meter) enclosed dome with recreational facilities and a convention center.[82]At a highly publicized ceremony in September 1966, Trump demolished the park's Pavilion of Fun, a large glass-enclosed amusement center.[83][84]He reportedly sold bricks to ceremony guests to smash the remaining glass panels, which included an iconic representation of the park's mascot, the "Funny Face".[85][86][87]The next month, New York City announced plans to acquire the former park grounds for recreational use.[88]Trump filed a series of court cases related to the proposed rezoning, ultimately winning $1.3 million.[81]After the site sat vacant for several years, Trump started subleasing it to a manager of fairground amusement park rides.[83][81]Over another decade, the city eventually succeeded in reclaiming the property.[89][90][91]

In July 2016, theConey Island History Projectheld a special exhibit for the "50th Anniversary of Fred Trump's Demolition of Steeplechase Pavilion".[92]

Son becomes company president

See also:§ Wealth and death,andThe Trump Organization § Valuation disputes
Fred and his sonDonaldatCentral Park'sWollman Ice Rink(c. 1986), which was renovated by their company between 1980 and 1986

Fred's son,Donald,joined his father's real-estate business around 1968, initially working in Brooklyn.[93]That year, Fred reputedly secured Donald adeferment from the Vietnam Warby prioritizing maintenance for a tenant who, ostensibly in exchange, diagnosed Donald withbone spurs.[94][95]In 1971, Donald became president of the company,[96]with Fred becomingchairman.[97]Donald began calling the company 'the Trump Organization' around 1973.[98][a]The younger Trump entered the real-estate business inManhattan,while his father operated primarily in Brooklyn, Queens, andStaten Island.[35]Some sources state that Fred planned the expansion of the business to Manhattan.[35][99][100]His granddaughterMary L. Trumpstates that he was "intimately involved in all aspects of Donald's early forays into the Manhattan market"[101]whileLouise Sunshine(organization vice president from 1973 to 1985) claims Fred was "behind [Donald] in every way, shape and form [including] financing of these developments".[102]Fred reputedly stated: "I gave Donald free rein. He has great vision and everything he touches seems to turn to gold.... [He] is the smartest person I know."[103]Donald said, "It was good for me. You know, being the son of somebody, it could have been competition to me. This way, I got Manhattan all to myself."[28]

In the mid-1970s, Donald received loans from his father exceeding $14 million.[104]In 2015–16, duringhis campaign for U.S. president,Donald claimed that his father had given him "a small loan of a million dollars" which he used to build "a company that's worth more than $10 billion".[105][106]An October 2018New York Timesexposé on Fred and Donald Trump's finances revealed that Fred created 295 income streams for Donald and concludes that the latter "was a millionaire by age 8", receiving $413 million (adjusted for inflation; $483.6 million in 2023 currency)[107]from Fred's business empire over his lifetime, including over $60.7 million (unadjusted for inflation; $163.9 million in 2023 currency)[108]in loans, which were largely unreimbursed.[109][l]

According to Trump construction vice presidentBarbara Res,Fred seated business guests in an off-balance chair and advised Donald to arrange his office so that adversaries could be forced to face the sun.[111]

Federal civil rights lawsuit

Minority applicants turned away from renting apartments complained to the New York CityCommission on Human Rightsand theUrban League,leading these groups to send test applicants to Trump-owned complexes in July 1972. They found thatwhite peoplewere offered apartments, whileblack peoplewere generally turned away (by being told there were no vacancies);[m]according to the superintendent of Beach Haven Apartments, this was at the direction of his boss.[113]Both of the aforementioned advocacy organizations then raised the issue with theJustice Department.[97]In October 1973, theCivil Rights Division of the U.S. Department of Justice(DoJ) filed a civil rights lawsuit against the Trump Organization (Fred Trump, chair, and Donald Trump, president) for infringing theFair Housing Act of 1968.[97]In response, Trump attorneyRoy Cohncountersued for $100 million in damages, accusing the DoJ of false accusations.[97][114]

Some three dozen former Trump employees were interviewed by theFederal Bureau of Investigation(FBI).[114]Some testified that they had no knowledge of anyracial profilingpractices, and that a small percentage of their apartments were rented to blacks orPuerto Ricans.[n]A former doorman testified that his supervisor had instructed him to tell prospective black tenants that the rent was double its actual amount.[115]Four landlords or rental agents confirmed that applications sent to the Trump organization's head office for approval were coded by the race of the applicant.[116]One former employee testified that a code – which he believed was used throughout the Brooklyn branch of the company – referred to "low lifes" such as "blacks, Puerto Ricans, apparent drug users, or any other type of undesirable applicant", and nine times out of ten it meant the applicant was black; blacks were also falsely told there were no vacancies.[114]A rental agent who had worked with the company for two weeks said that when he asked Fred Trump if he should rent to blacks, he was told that it was "absolutely against the law to discriminate",[117]but after asking again, he was instructed "not to rent to blacks", and was further advised to:[118]

get rid of the blacks that were in the building by telling them cheap housing was available for them at only $500 down payment, which Trump would offer to pay himself. Trump didn't tell me where this housing was located. He advised me not to rent to persons onwelfare.

Meanwhile, Trump acquired up to 20% of Brooklyn'sStarrett City,a large, federally subsidized housing complex which opened in 1974 with the stateddesegregationgoal of renting 70% of its units to white people and the rest to minorities.[119][120]

Aconsent decreebetween the DoJ and the Trump Organization was signed on June 10, 1975, with both sides claiming victory – the Trump Organization because thesettlementdid not require them "to accept persons on welfare as tenants", and the head of DoJ's housing division for the decree being "one of the most far-reaching ever negotiated".[97][116]It personally and corporately prohibited the Trumps from "discriminating against any person in the... sale or rental of a dwelling", and "required Trump to advertise vacancies in minority papers [for two years], promote minorities to professional jobs, and list vacancies on a preferential basis".[116]Finally, it ordered the Trumps to "thoroughly acquaint themselves personally on a detailed basis with... the Fair Housing Act of 1968".[97][121]

In 1975, tenants of two of Trump's Norfolk tower complexes held a monthlongrent strikedue to rodent and insectinfestations,as well as problems withwater heating,air conditioning,andelevatorservice.[122]In early 1976, Trump was ordered by a county judge to correctcodeviolations in a 504-unit property inSeat Pleasant, Maryland.According tothe county's housing department investigator, violations included broken windows, dilapidated gutters, and missing fire extinguishers.[o]After a court date and a series of phone calls with Trump, he was invited to the property to meet with county officials in September 1976 and arrested on site.[124]Trump was released on $1,000 bail.[123]

In 1987, when Donald's loan debt to his father exceeded $11 million, Fred invested $15.5 million inTrump Palace Condominiums;in 1991, he sold these shares to his son for $10,000, thus appearing toevademillions of dollars ingift taxesby masking a hidden donation, and also benefiting from a legally questionablewrite-off.[109]In late 1990, when an $18.4 million bond payment forAtlantic City'sTrump's Castlewas due, Fred sent abookkeeperto buy $3.5 million incasino chips,which were not used. Trump's Castle quickly made its bond payment. The state'sCasino Control Commissionfound the transaction to constitute an illegal loan and fined the casino $65,000.[109][125][126]

In 1992, Fred and Donald set up a subsidiary company which each of Fred's living children owned a 20% stake in. As detailed in 2018 byThe New York Times,the business entity had no apparent legitimate purpose and was evidently used to conduct tax fraud by funneling millions of dollars of Fred's wealth to his progeny without paying gift taxes. This was accomplished by billing Fred much more than the actual cost of maintenance work and goods such asboilers.[109][127]

Wealth and death

In 1976, Trump set uptrust fundsof $1 million ($5.3 million in 2023)[128]for each of his five children and three grandchildren, which paid out yearlydividends.[106]Trump appeared on the initialForbes400list of richest Americans in 1982 with an estimated $200 million fortune split with his son Donald.[129]That same year, Fred sold two Norfolk towers and some Hampton Roads military housing, the latter for $8–9 million, with perhaps $6.6 million pledged inpromissory notes(which were apparently outstanding as of 2019). In 1998, a year before Fred's death, while he was suffering fromAlzheimer's diseaseand his sonRoberthadpower of attorney,the notes were transferred tolimited liability companiesconnected to Trump Organization subsidiaries.[122]

In December 1990, Donald Trump sought toamendhis father'swill,which according to Fred's daughterMaryanne Trump Barry,"was basically taking the whole estate and giving it to Donald", allowing him to "sell, do anything he wants... with the properties".[130]The Washington Postwrote that this "was designed to protect Donald Trump's inheritance from efforts to seize it by creditors andIvana",whom he divorced that month.[130]Fred rejected the proposal, and in 1991, composed his own final will, which made Donald, Maryanne, and Robert Trumpco-executorsof his estate.[131][132]Trump's lawyer noted thatFred Jr.'s children,Fred IIIand Mary L. Trump, would be treated unequally because they would not receive their deceased father's share, and wrote to Trump that "Given the size of your estate, this is tantamount to disinheriting them. You may wish to increase their participation in your estate to avoid ill will in the future."[131][p]In October 1991, Trump was diagnosed with "mild seniledementia",with his physician citing symptoms of" obvious memory decline in recent years "and" significant memory impairment ". A few months later, another physician reported that Trump" did not know his birth date [or] age ", amongst other difficulties.[130][135]Mary L. Trump recounted that as her grandfather's dementia progressed, he failed to recognize people he had known for decades, including her and Donald.[136][135]According to Fred III, his grandfather needed to be reminded why he was at Donald's 1993 wedding (toMarla Maples) despite being designated thebest man.[137]Donald claimed that he first noticed his father exhibit symptoms of Alzheimer's in the mid-1990s.[138][135]

In 1993, the anticipated shares of Trump's estate amounted to $35 million for each surviving child.[106][139][q]Most of his buildings were transferred to twograntor-retained annuity trustsunder his and his wife's names, which were used to give about two-thirds of the assets to their four surviving children, who bought the remaining third viaannuitypayments between 1995 and November 1997.[140][109]The collective assets were valued at $41.4 million and in 2004 were sold for over 16 times this value, avoiding hundreds of millions of dollars in gift taxes.[109]

Trump finally fell ill withpneumoniaand was admitted toLong Island Jewish Medical Center(LIJMC) for a few weeks, where he died at age 93 on June 25, 1999.[141]Awakewas held atFrank E. Campbell Funeral Chapelahead of his funeral at theMarble Collegiate Church,[28][141]which was attended by over 600 people.[142][r]His body was buried in a family plot at theLutheran-ChristianAll Faiths CemeteryinMiddle Village, Queens.[145][s]Upon his death, Trump's estate was estimated by his family at $250 million to $300 million,[28]though he had only $1.9 million in cash.[148]His will divided over $20 million after taxes among his surviving children and grandchildren.[106][132]His widow, Mary, died on August 7, 2000, at age 88, also at LIJMC.[149]Her and Fred's combined estate was then valued at $51.8 million.[148]

Following Trump's death, Fred Jr.'s children contested their grandfather's will, citing his dementia and claiming that the will was "procured by fraud and undue influence" by Donald, Maryanne, and Robert Trump.[132][131]These three had claimed in theirlegal depositionsthat Fred Trump was "sharp as a tack" until just before his death,[150]but otherwise stated that they were aware of his cognitive decline.[130][135][138]

In December 2003, it was reported that Trump's four surviving children would sell the apartments they acquired in 1997 to an investment group led byRubin Schron,priced at $600 million;[151]the sale occurred in May 2004. The 2016 leak ofDonald Trump's tax informationfrom 2005, which showed an income of $153 million, promptedThe New York Timesto investigate, leading to the 2018 exposé.[127][t]TheTimesreported that the properties sold in 2004 were valued over 16 times their previously declared worth.[109]Fred and Mary reportedly provided their children with over $1 billion altogether, which should have been taxed at the rate of 55% for gifts and inheritances (over $550 million), but records show that a total of only $52.2 million (about 5%) was paid.[109]According to New York State law, individuals can be prosecuted on the basis of intentional tax evasion if a fraudulent return form can be produced as evidence; thestatute of limitationsdoes not apply in such cases.[153]By February 1, 2019, Maryanne Trump Barry was being investigated for possiblejudicial misconductregarding the schemes, but this was mooted later in the month due to her retirement.[154]

Personal life

See also:Trump family
A group of defiantKu Klux Klanmembers is accosted by police in Queens on Memorial Day 1927; others stand by.
Trump's ranging disposition over a decade
c. 1940
c. 1941
c. 1950
Portraits published in theBrooklyn Eagle

In May 1927, over 1,000 robed members of theKu Klux Klan(KKK)[c]and 400 non-robed KKK supporters infiltrated a Memorial Day parade in Queens, prompting stern police intervention.[155][156]Eight men were arrested,[156]including the 21-year old Trump, whose charge of "refusing to disperse from a parade when ordered to do so" was dismissed.[5][157][158][159]One man, arrested on the same charge, was released on the basis of having been a bystander whose foot was injured by a police car.[160][157][156]Some newspaper articles on the incident list Trump's address (inJamaica, Queens),[157][159]which he is recorded as living at on various documents from 1928 to 1940.[158][157][161][162][b]Despite this arrest, there is noincontrovertible evidencethat Trump was a supporter of the KKK.[163]

Trump met his future wife,Mary Anne MacLeod,an immigrant fromTong, Lewis,Scotland,at adance partyin the early to mid-1930s.[164][49]Trump told his mother the same evening that he had met his future wife.[165]Trump, a Lutheran, married Mary, aPresbyterian,on January 11, 1936,[165]at theMadison Avenue Presbyterian ChurchwithGeorge Arthur Buttrickofficiating.[166]A wedding reception was held at theCarlyle Hotelin Manhattan, and they had a single-night honeymoon in Atlantic City.[164]The couple settled in Jamaica, Queens,[167]and had five children: Maryanne Trump Barry (1937–2023),[168]Fred Trump Jr. (1938–1981; an airline pilot withTrans World Airlines),[169]Elizabeth Trump Grau(born 1942; a retired executive ofChase Manhattan Bank),[170]Donald Trump (born 1946), and Robert Trump (1948–2020;[171]a top executive of his father's property management company until his retirement).[172][173]

During World War II, Trump began concealing his German ancestry.[57][d]Notwithstanding hisGerman accent(later replaced by aNew York one),[61]he denied that he spoke the language.[174][175]Partly due to the prominence ofJews in New York,he supported Jewish causes, with contributions (apparently starting in 1941 two weeks after the U.S. entered the war) convincing some he practicedJudaism.[175][e][u]He also omitted the "h" from his middle name (sidestepping the potential implication he could beanti-Semitic as a Christian).[178]Trump later falsely claimed that he was ofSwedish(Northern European) descent,[175][28]and in 1973 wrongly stated that he was born in New Jersey;[35]these deceptions were sustained in the 1980s by Donald Trump and the author of Donald's first biography.[179][180][181][f]During the 1980s, Fred became friends with theIsraeli ambassador to the United Nations,Benjamin Netanyahu,later theprime minister of Israel.[182]

After Elizabeth's birth, and with the U.S. becoming more involved in the war, Trump moved his family to Hampton Roads'sVirginia Beach.[27][183]In 1944, as Trump's FHA funding lulled, they returned toJamaica Estates, Queens,where Mary suffered a miscarriage.[184]By 1946, they were living ina five-bedroomTudor-stylehouse Trump built in Jamaica Estates,[185]and Trump purchased a neighboring 0.5-acre (0.2 ha) lot,[184]where he built a 23-room, 9-bathroom mansion. The family moved in during 1950–1951, and Fred and Mary remained there until their deaths.[186][187][188][189]The couple was also given an apartment on the 55th (labelled the 63rd)[190]floor of Donald'sTrump Tower(c. 1983), which they rarely if ever used.[191][192][59]

Trump was ateetotaler[v]and anauthoritarian parent,imposing stricttable mannersand curfews, as well as forbidding cursing, lipstick, and snacking between meals.[112][193][194]At the end of his day, Trump would receive a report from Mary on the children's actions and, if necessary, decide upon disciplinary actions.[193]Additionally, the mansion featured a surveillance system and anintercom,which Trump used to censure his children.[195]He took his children to building sites to collect empty bottles to return for the deposits.[196]The boys hadpaper routes,and when weather conditions were poor, their father would let them make their deliveries in a limousine.[196]According to Fred Jr.'s daughter, Mary L. Trump, Fred Sr. wanted his oldest son to be "invulnerable" in personality so he could take over the family business, but Fred Jr. was the opposite.[197]Trump instead elevated Donald to become his business heir, teaching him to "be a killer", and telling him, "You are a king."[198][199]Mary L. Trump states that Fred Sr. "dismantled [Fred Jr.] by devaluing and degrading every aspect of his personality" and mocked him for his decision to become an airline pilot.[200]In 1981, Fred Jr. died at age 42 from complications due to hisalcoholism.[201][202]

According to Donald Trump, while his mother was watching the 1953coronation of Elizabeth IIon television, Fred said while pacing around, "For Christ's sake, Mary. Enough is enough, turn it off. They're all a bunch ofcon artists."[203]Also in the 1950s, Fred became an admirer ofProtestantministerNorman Vincent Peale,the author ofThe Power of Positive Thinking(1952), due to his businesslike approach to life and Christianity.[204][205][w]Trump and his family attended sermons by Peale at Manhattan'sMarble Collegiate Church.[204]Trump was also a supporter ofSouthern BaptistevangelistBilly Graham,whom he took his family to see speak atYankee Stadium(c. 1957).[206][207]

Philanthropy

Trump (far left) and other realtors at a New York–Brooklyn Jewish charityfundraisingdinner in 1941[175]

Fred and Mary Trump supported medical charities by donating buildings. After Mary received medical care at theJamaica Hospital Medical Center,they donated the Trump Pavilionrehabilitation building;[28][149]Fred was also atrusteeof the hospital.[208]The couple donated a two-building complex in Brooklyn as a home for "functionallyretardedadults ", a New Jersey building valued at $4.75 million toUnited Cerebral Palsy(which Donald took credit for),[209]and other buildings to theNational Kidney Foundation(NKF).[28][149]Trump donated one of his least profitable properties to the NKF, which according toThe New York Timeswas "one of the largest charitable donations he ever made", with adeductionproportional to its stated value, claimed in his 1992 tax return as $34 million.[109]

Particularly after U.S. entry into World War II in late 1941, Trump backed both Jewish and Israeli causes.[175][e][u]This includedIsrael Bonds,[210][211]donating the land for the Beach Haven Jewish Center, asynagoguein Flatbush, Brooklyn,[212]and in 1952 serving as the treasurer of an Israel benefit concert featuring Americaneasy-listeningperformers.[208]

Fred supported the privateKew-Forest School,[28]where his children attended and he served on the board of directors.[213]The Trumps were active inThe Salvation Army,theBoy Scouts of America,and the Lighthouse for the Blind.[149]Fred reportedly also supported theLong Island Jewish Hospitaland Manhattan's Hospital for Special Surgery;[28]at the latter, he was a patient of orthopedistPhilip D. Wilson Jr.,the hospital's lead surgeon from 1972 to 1989.[214]

Although he was registered as aRepublican Partyvoter, Trump developed ties with theDemocratic Partyin New York,[59][215]contributingto city politicians (including $2,500 to Mayor Wagner's 1961 campaign, enabling the construction of Trump Village).[74]Together with Donald in the 1980s, Fred provided over $350,000 to city politicians including MayorEd Koch,Council presidentAndrew Stein,ControllerHarrison J. Goldin,and four of the five borough presidents.[4]

In October 2018,The New York Timesreported in an exposé on Trump's financial records that they had found no evidence that he had made any significant financial contributions to charities.[109]

Legacy

See also:New York investigations of The Trump Organization
SingerWoody Guthrie(1943)

Folk singerWoody Guthriewas a tenant of Beach Haven Apartments from 1950 to 1951.[70][216]In his unrecorded song "Old Man Trump",he complains about the rent and accused Trump of stirring upracial hate"in the bloodpot of human hearts".[217][216]Similarly, in an unreleased version of "Ain't Got No Home",Guthrie states:[216][218]

Beach Haven is Trump's Tower
Where no Black folks come to roam
No, no, Old Man Trump!
Old Beach Haven ain't my home!

Trump was indirectly claimed as a relative of Republican politicianFred J. Trump,a candidate in the1956 Arizona gubernatorial election[219]and correspondent ofRichard Nixonduring his1960presidential campaign againstJohn F. Kennedy.[220]

Jerome Tuccille's 1985 biography of Donald Trump repeats Fred's fabrication that he was born in New Jersey and erroneously states that his middle name was Charles (not Christ).[180]Donald'sThe Art of the Deal(1987) also alleges that Fred was born in New Jersey and further that he was the son of an immigrant from Sweden (not Germany).[179]TheNew York Postrepeated the latter claim in its eulogy for Fred.[143]As U.S. president, Donald falsely stated at least three times that his father was born in Germany.[14][221]According toa 2021 bookabout Donald's last year as president, he once spoke disparagingly of German ChancellorAngela Merkel,stating, "I know the fuckingkrauts,"and pointing to his father's portrait, continued," I was raised by the biggest kraut of them all. "[15]Krautis an ethnic slur for a German (particularly a soldier of either world war).[16][x]

In his 1993 biography of Donald Trump,Harry Hurt IIIasserts that Fred was aphilanderer,with his alleged Floridianaffairsleading him to be known as the "King ofMiami Beach".In 1989 (while Donald was married to Ivana buttabloids had begun reportingabout his affair with future wife Marla Maples), Fred reputedly lectured Donald that he could "have a thousand mistresses" but not to get caught in a single specific extramarital affair.[223][224]According to Hurt, after Donald decided to accompany Ivana to her father's funeral inCzechoslovakia(amid their pending divorce), Fred told a longtime secretary and confidant, "I hope their plane crashes. Then all my problems will be solved."[199][225][226][x]

During Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, his father's 1927 arrest at a KKK march resurfaced.[b]In mid-February 2017, a liberal Israeli newspaper asserted that both Donald Trump (who had called Fred his only 'hero') and Benjamin Netanyahu had inherited racism from their fathers, Trump againstbrown peopleand Netanyahuagainst Arabs.[227]Three days later, the FBI declassified 389 pages from its early 1970s investigation of alleged racial discrimination by the Trump Organization.[117]In his 2018 psychological profile of Donald,Justin A. Frankasserts that Fred was anti-Semitic.[12]In 2020, Mary L. Trump supported this claim and said Fred could have been sympathetic to the KKK.[13]

In May 2016, in an article aboutDonald Trump's pseudonyms,Fortunereported that his father had used the false name "Mr. Green" to anonymously inquire about property values.[228]In October 2016, in response to numerousFreedom of Information Actrequests, the FBI released a small file it had on Fred; it includes a 1986 news article concerning political donations by Trump Management, an amply redacted 1991 memo implying the bureau received intel regarding ties toorganized crime,and abackground reporton Trump Construction Corp.[4] In 2018, writing forNew Yorkmagazinein response to theNew York Timesexposé,Jonathan Chaitopined that many of Fred's contributions to Donald were by definition criminal in nature.[229]

In mid-2020, liberal political action committee (PAC)MeidasTouchcited the "empty wagon" quote from Trump's Horatio Alger Association speech in arguing that Donald Trump both squandered the fortune he inherited from his father and the "booming economy" left to him by theObama administration.[230][231]Mary L. Trump, in her 2020 book,Too Much and Never Enough,claims that "Donald, Fred Trump's favorite son, dismissed and derided him when he began to succumb to Alzheimer's".[199]In the book, Mary, aclinical psychologist,asserts that Fred was a high-functioningsociopath.[232]A 2024 article in thepsychohistoricaljournalClio's Psycheclaims that the "cruel" and "mendacious" Fred denied Donald of "basic, life-affirming emotional nourishment" (while repeating that he was a "killer" and a "king" ), resulting in Donald's "absence of moral responsibility".[233]

FollowingDonald Trump's arrest in New Yorkin 2023, some media outlets pointed out that his father had been arrested twice.[234]

In the 2011Comedy Central Roastof Donald Trump, the comedianSeth MacFarlanecredited Donald's fortune to his father, mocking the former's "self-starter bullshit" and comparing their relationship to that ofJadenandWill Smith.[235]

In late 2016, writing forEsquire,Nell Scovelldetailed her attempt to visit the Trump family grave, noting her surprise at an online photo of theheadstone,[s]which depicts a "modest—and crowded—grave" given that it is for the family that produced Donald. Despite the cemetery's website listing the grave as one it would show "upon request", Scovell was told to return "after the election" and elusively jawboned by the cemetery's president, leading her to quip that the headstone could be embarrassingly located between those of twoAdolphs.[236][237]

Following the release of the 2018New York Timesexposé,Nylon.cominvoked a photograph of the elderly Trump with mandibular damage to opine that the exposé "led people to know, perhaps for the first time, what Fred Trump looks like—and it turns out he bears resemblance to no shortage of fictional villains".[238][239]Since 2018, Trump has been portrayed in various motion pictures.[y]In an episode ofJimmy Kimmel Live!,Fred Willardplays him as a ghost proud of taking his crimes to his grave but vexed at Donald's failures.[245]In 2024, theLincoln ProjectPAC released twoartificial intelligence-generated videos similarly depicting Fred chastising Donald.[246][247]

In 2019, the American journalist and conspiracy theoristWayne Madsenaccused Fred of being aNazi sympathizeron the basis of theGerman American Bund's presence in New York.[248]In mid-2020, fact-checking companyLogicallyconcluded that there was a lack of clear evidence that Trump was a Nazi supporter.[249][z]

Notes

  1. ^abPreviously, it had no single name but had been called the Fred (C.) Trump Organization[1][2]and operated subsidiaries such as Trump Management and Trump Construction Corp.[3][4]
  2. ^abcdIn September 2015,Boing Boingreproduced theNew York Timesarticle about Fred's 1927 arrest specifying his address,[5]and his son Donald, then a candidate for U.S. president, told theTimes,"that's where my grandmother lived and my father." Then, when asked about the 1927 story, he denied that his father had ever lived there, and said the arrest "never happened", and, "There was nobody charged."[6]Donald reputedly argued, "You don't even know it's the same person!"[7]
  3. ^abThe KKK was then a far-rightwhite nationalistProtestantgroup in the U.S. that specifically targetedblackandbrown people,Jews,Catholics,andimmigrants.(It also opposedbirth control,consuming alcohol,andthe public teaching of evolution.)[8]
  4. ^abTrump wore atoothbrush mustachefromc. 1940to 1950, just around when it fell out of fashion due to associations withAdolf Hitler.[9][10]
  5. ^abcSeveralfraternitybrothers at the historically JewishSigma Alpha Muclaimed that fellow memberFred Trump Jr.said his father was Jewish.[11]In 2018, psychoanalystJustin A. Frankasserted that Fred Jr. joined such a fraternity to rebel against his father, whom Frank alleges wasanti-Semitic.[12]Fred Jr.'s daughter,Mary L. Trump,later also claimed her grandfather was "quite anti-Semitic".[13]
  6. ^abAs U.S. president, Donaldfalsely claimedat least three times that his father was born in Germany.[14]While speaking ofthe German Chancellor,he reportedly said, "I was raised by the biggestkrautof them all, "[15]invoking an ethnic slur for a German, particularly a soldier ofWorld War IorWorld War II.[16]
  7. ^In her Trump family biography,Gwenda Blairdraws on these accounts and additional interviews with Fred and his kin.[25]Blair only met Fred around the early 1990s, when she says he was "semi out of it".[26]
  8. ^Older newspaper sources say that Trump took his courses at theYMCA,[34][35]while later books name onlyPratt Institute.[39][40]In her 21st-century biography, Blair says Trump took YMCA courses during high school and Pratt studies after.[41]
  9. ^Blair notes that these were allwhitebut of varying national origin.[51]
  10. ^The same year, he authored an article advertising his apartments in the real-estate section of theBrooklyn Eagle,[57]which frequently featured him and his company.[58]
  11. ^Tomasello, who hadmafiaties,[64][65]owned 25% of Beach Haven Apartments and Trump described as "a brick contractor [and] an old-time property owner".[66]In addition to money, Trump may have worked with Tomasello to avoid problems with the mafia or unions.[64][65]From 1959 to 1961, Tomasello sued Trump in theNew York Supreme Courtas a stockholder of 25% of ten of Trump's corporations, as well as 14 subsidiaries and 4 sub-subsidiaries.[67][68]
  12. ^When Donald Trump renovated theGrand Hyatt New Yorkin the late 1970s, Fred provided $2 million to help repay the construction loan. He further assisted his son with a $35 millionline of credit,a $30 millionmortgage,and an additional corporate loan.[110]
  13. ^Mary L. Trump wrote in 2020 that Fred called people of color who wished to rent from him "die Schwarze"('the Black[s]').[112]
  14. ^Trump personally requested that a lease agreement not be made unless the tenant had a monthly income four times the rent.[114][115]Former employees were asked whether Jewish applicants were shown preference; one former employee felt that such applicants "had an easier time of getting an apartment than anyone else".[114]
  15. ^According to the vice president of the subsidiary company responsible for the property, it had recently seen an increase in low-income tenants.[123]
  16. ^Fred Jr.'s children both received $200,000, the same amount given to each grandchild,[133]but were excluded from Mary Trump's will.[134]
  17. ^Having taken heavy losses by this time, Donald asked his siblings to lend him $10 million from their shares, and soon asked for $20 million more.[139]
  18. ^In his eulogy, Donald Trump promoted his own business success.[142]Other attendees included New York mayorRudy Giuliani,who spoke,[143][144]and Trump family biographer Gwenda Blair.[142]
  19. ^abAs of 2014, the plot was located near the abrupt end of a uniquely maintained paved path.[146][147]
  20. ^Sparked by the 2017 publication ofDonald Trump's tax informationfrom 2005, this drew from 2,200 pages of U.S. federal judge Maryanne Trump Barry'sfinancial disclosureforms,[127]interviews with former Trump advisers and employees, and over 100,000 pages of tax returns and financial records from Trump businesses.[109]Mary L. Trumpprovided 19 boxes of these financial records.[152]
  21. ^abWhile Hitler'santi-Semitismwas well known,[176]the Holocaustdid not start in earnest until 1941, with U.S. reports first published in late 1942.[177]
  22. ^According toTimothy L. O'Brien's review ofToo Much and Never Enough(2020) by Trump's granddaughter Mary L. Trump, "Fred Sr., a teetotaler, kept an elegant bar outfitted with everything but alcohol... guarded" by a number ofcigar store Indians.[112]
  23. ^Peale was involved in variousright-wingpolitical groups, including a coalition of ministers and industrialists opposed to theNew Dealand associated with theAmerica Firstpolicy opposing U.S. entry into World War II. Peale was also an associate of Republican presidentsRichard NixonandRonald Reagan.[204]
  24. ^abIn 1990, Ivana Trump said that Fred's nephew, family historian and organization executiveJohn Walter,greeted Donald at work by clicking his heels and saying "HeilHitler,"possibly as afamily joke.[222]
  25. ^E.g., Trump is depicted in episodes ofOur Cartoon President(2018–2020)[240]and a racist character apparently based on him appears inan episodeof the 2019 television seriesWatchmen.[241][242]John Diehlplays him in the 2022 filmArmageddon Time,based on directorJames Gray's recollection of him while attending Kew-Forest.[243]He is portrayed byMartin Donovanin the Donald Trump biopicThe Apprentice(2024).[244]
  26. ^Duringhis 2024 campaign,Donald Trump said his father had told him to never say "Nazi" or "Hitler".[250]

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