Functional zoning,functional cityzoning,oruse-based zoningis a method used for dividingland useby its function.[1]Typically, land use is divided in two ways, by its function and by its physical characteristics.[2]An example of functional zoning would be an area that has designated zones based on a function such as an industrial zone, a recreational zone and a residential zone.[1]An example of an area zoned by its physical characteristics is defined in terms of characteristics like development density, minimum lot size, and building coverage, placement and height.[1]
Functional zoning tends to create or increasecar dependency,whilemixed-usezoning tends to enable walking, making it moresustainable.[3]It has been criticized for causing the squandering of land, energy, and time.[4]
Single-use zoning
editSeparation between uses is a feature of manyplanned citiesdesigned before the advent of zoning.[5]A notable example isAdelaidein South Australia, whose city centre, along with the suburb ofNorth Adelaide,is surrounded on all sides by a park, theAdelaide Park Lands.[6]: 22 The park was designed byColonel William Lightin 1836 in order to physically separate the city centre from its suburbs.[6]: 22 Low density residential areas surround the park.[6]: 61
Sir Ebenezer Howard,founder of thegarden city movement,cited Adelaide as an example of how green open space could be used to prevent cities from expanding beyond their boundaries and coalescing.[7]: 94 His design for an ideal city, published in his 1902 bookGarden Cities of To-morrow,envisaged separate concentric rings of public buildings, parks, retail space, residential areas and industrial areas, all surrounded by open space and farmland.[7]All retail activity was to be conducted within a single glass-roofed building, an early concept for the modernshopping centreinspired bythe Crystal Palace.[7]: 23
In 1916,New York Cityenacted the first city-wide zoning ordinance.[8]Zoning ordinances like this one went beyond the earlier city plans to create a process for setting guidelines for what could be built where.[8]
The application of single-use zoning has led to the distinctive form of many cities in theUnited States,Canada,AustraliaandNew Zealand,in which a very denseurban core,often containingskyscrapers,is surrounded by low density residentialsuburbs,characterised by largegardensandleafy streets.[9]Some metropolitan areas such asMinneapolis–St Paul,theSan Francisco Bay Area,andSydneyhave several such cores.[10][11][12]
Mixed-use zoning
editMixed-use zoning combines residential, commercial, office, and public uses into a single space.[13]Mixed-use zoning can be vertical, within a single building, or horizontal, involving multiple buildings.[13]
Examples of mixed-use zoning include:
- Melbourne,Victoria, Australia[14]
- Baltimore,MarylandBaltimore, MD City Code, Art. 32 § 6-201 (2017).
- Saint Anthony,IdahoSt. Anthony, ID Municipal Code §§ 17.06.090-17.06.120
References
edit- ^abcDubrova, Stanislav; Podlipskiy, Ivan; Kurilenko, Vitaliy; Siabato, Willington."Functional city zoning. Environmental assessment of eco-geological substance migration flows (PDF Download Available)".ResearchGate.Retrieved2017-05-21.
- ^Tyler, Norman (2011).Planning and Community Development.New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company Inc. p. 188.ISBN978-0-393-73292-4.
- ^Carmona, Mathew (2010).Public places urban spaces: the dimensions of urban design(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 222.ISBN9781856178273.
- ^Krier, Léon (2009).The architecture of community.Washington: Island Press. p. 105.ISBN9781597265782.
- ^Hirt, S.A. (2018). Split Apart: How Regulations Designated Populations to Different Parts of the City. In: Lehavi, A. (eds) One Hundred Years of Zoning and the Future of Cities. Springer, Cham.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66869-7_1
- ^abcAdelaide Park Lands and City Layout: National Heritage Management Plan(PDF)(Report). Adelaide, Australia: Swanbury Penglase. October 1, 2023. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2024-03-25.Retrieved2024-03-25.
- ^abcHoward, Ebenezer (1902).Garden Cities of To-morrow.S Sonnenschein & Co, reprinted by Dodo Press.ISBN9781409950318.
- ^abJulian Conrad Juergensmeyer; Thomas E. Roberts (1998).LAND USE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT REGULATION LAW § 4.2, at 80.ISBN978-1634593069.
in 1916 New York became the first city to implement this type of zoning law, later upheld inVillage of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co.,272 U.S. 365 (1926). "Operating from the premise that everything has its place, [Euclidean] zoning is the comprehensive division of a city into different use zones."
- ^Whittemore, Andrew H.; Curran-Groome, William (2022-07-03)."A Case of (Decreasing) American Exceptionalism: Single-Family Zoning in the United States, Australia, and Canada".Journal of the American Planning Association.88(3): 335–351.doi:10.1080/01944363.2021.1985591.ISSN0194-4363.
- ^"What does the phrase 'The Twin Cities' refer to?".MPR News.2021-12-08.Retrieved2024-03-26.
- ^"The Evolving Urban Form: The San Francisco Bay Area | Newgeography.com".www.newgeography.com.Retrieved2024-03-26.
- ^Falconer, Delia (2018-04-10)."The radical plan to split Sydney into three".The Guardian.ISSN0261-3077.Retrieved2024-03-26.
- ^abMandelker, Daniel R., Zoning for Mixed-Use Development (July 14, 2023). 58 Real Property, Trust and Estate Law Journal, Spring 2023, Washington University in St. Louis Legal Studies Research Paper No. 23-07-01, Available at SSRN:https://ssrn.com/abstract=4510458
- ^"Commercial 3 – Victoria's new zone for mixed use and creative industries".The Fifth Estate. 2018.
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