Fusariumis a largegenusoffilamentousfungi,part of a group often referred to ashyphomycetes,widely distributed in soil and associated with plants. Most species are harmlesssaprobes,and are relatively abundant members of the soil microbial community. Some species producemycotoxinsin cereal crops that can affect human and animal health if they enter the food chain. The main toxins produced by theseFusariumspecies arefumonisinsandtrichothecenes.Despite most species apparently being harmless (some existing on the skin ascommensalmembers of theskin flora), someFusariumspecies and subspecific groups are among the most important fungal pathogens ofplantsandanimals.
| Fusarium | |
|---|---|
| |
| Fusarium verticillioides | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Hypocreales |
| Family: | Nectriaceae |
| Genus: | Fusarium Link(1809)[1] |
| Species | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
|
List
| |
The name ofFusariumcomes from Latinfusus,meaning aspindle.
Taxonomy
editThe taxonomy of the genus is complex. A number of different schemes have been used, and up to 1,000 species have been identified at times, with approaches varying between wide and narrow concepts of speciation (lumpers and splitters).[3][4][5]
Phylogeneticstudies seven major clades within the genus.[5]
There is a proposed concept – widely subscribed by specialists – that would include essentially the genus as it now stands, including especially all agriculturally significantFusaria.[6][7]There is a counterproposal (unrelated toWatanabe 2011) that goes far in the other direction, with seven entirely new genera.[8]
Subdivision
editVarious schemes have subdivided the genus into subgenera and sections. There is a poor correlation between sections and phylogeneticclades.[5]
Sections previously described include:
- Arachnites
- Arthrosporiella
- Discolour
- Elegans
- Eupionnotes
- Gibbosum
- Lateritium
- Liseola
- Martiella
- Ventricosum
- Roseum
- Spicarioides
- Sporotrichiella
Species
editSelected species include:
- Fusarium acaciae
- Fusarium fujikuroi
- Fusarium acaciae-mearnsii
- Fusarium acuminatum
- Fusarium acutatum
- Fusarium aderholdii
- Fusarium acremoniopsis
- Fusarium affine
- Fusarium arthrosporioides
- Fusarium avenaceum
- Fusarium bubigeum
- Fusarium circinatum
- Fusarium crookwellense
- Fusarium culmorum
- Fusarium graminearum
- Fusarium incarnatum
- Fusarium langsethiae
- Fusarium mangiferae
- Fusarium merismoides
- Fusarium oxysporum
- Fusarium pallidoroseum
- Fusarium poae
- Fusarium proliferatum
- Fusarium pseudograminearum
- Fusarium redolens
- Fusarium sacchari
- Fusarium solani
- Fusarium sporotrichioides
- Fusarium sterilihyphosum
- Fusarium subglutinans
- Fusarium sulphureum
- Fusarium tricinctum
- Fusarium udum
- Fusarium venenatum
- Fusarium verticillioides
- Fusarium virguliforme
- Fusarium xyrophilum
Pathogen
edit
The genus includes a number of economically important plantpathogenicspecies.
Fusarium graminearumcommonly infects barley if there is rain late in the season. It is of economic impact to the malting and brewing industries, as well as feed barley.Fusariumcontamination in barley can result inhead blight,and in extreme contaminations, the barley can appear pink.[9]The genome of this wheat and maize pathogen has been sequenced.F. graminearumcan also cause root rot and seedling blight. The total losses in the US of barley and wheat crops between 1991 and 1996 have been estimated at $3 billion.[9]
Fusarium oxysporumf.sp.cubenseis a fungal plant pathogen that causesPanama diseaseofbanana(Musaspp.), also known as fusarium wilt of banana. Panama disease affects a wide range of bananacultivars,which are propagated asexually from offshoots and therefore have very little genetic diversity. Panama disease is one of the most destructive plant diseases of modern times, and caused the commercial disappearance of the once dominantGros Michelcultivar. A more recent strain also affects theCavendishcultivars which commercially replaced Gros Michel. It is considered inevitable[by whom?]that this susceptibility will spread globally and commercially wipe out the Cavendish cultivar, for which there are currently no acceptable replacements.
Fusarium oxysporumf. sp.narcissicauses rotting of the bulbs (basal rot) and yellowing of the leaves of daffodils (Narcissi).
In 2021 it was discovered thatFusarium xyrophilumwas able to hijack a South American species of yellow-eyedXyrisgrass, creating fake flowers, fooling bees and other pollinating insects into visiting them, taking fungal spores to other plants.[10]
In humans
editSome species may cause a range ofopportunistic infectionsin humans. In humans with normal immune systems, fusarial infections may occur in thenails(onychomycosis) and in thecornea(keratomycosisor mycotic keratitis).[11]In humans whose immune systems are weakened in a particular way, (neutropenia,i.e., very lowneutrophilscount), aggressive fusarial infections penetrating the entire body and bloodstream (disseminated infections) may be caused by members of theFusarium solanicomplex,Fusarium oxysporum,Fusarium verticillioides,Fusarium proliferatumand, rarely, other fusarial species.[12]
Research
editTheisolation mediumforFusariais usuallypeptone PCNB agar(peptonepentachloronitrobenzeneagar, PPA).[13]: 7 [14]ForF. oxysporumspecifically,Komada's mediumis most common.[13]: 7 Differential identification is difficult in some strains.[14]Vegetative compatibility groupanalysis is best for some, is one usable method for others, and requires such a large number of assays that it is too complicated for yet others.[14]
Use as human food
editFusarium venenatumis produced industrially for use as a human food by Marlow Foods, Ltd., and is marketed under the nameQuorninEuropeandNorth America.
Fusarium strain flavolapisis also produced as a human food by Nature's Fynd under the name Fy in North America.[15]It is used as a part ofLe Bernardinmenu in several dishes.[16]
Some consumers of fusarium products have shownfood allergiessimilar in nature topeanutand other food allergies. People with known sensitivities to molds should exercise caution when consuming such products.[17]
Biological warfare
editMass casualties occurred in theSoviet Unionin the 1930s and 1940s whenFusarium-contaminated wheat flour was baked into bread, causingalimentary toxic aleukiawith a 60% mortality rate. Symptoms began withabdominal pain,diarrhea,vomiting,andprostration,and within days,fever,chills,myalgiasandbone marrowdepression withgranulocytopeniaand secondarysepsisoccurred. Further symptoms includedpharyngealorlaryngealulcerationand diffuse bleeding into the skin (petechiaeandecchymoses),melena,bloody diarrhea,hematuria,hematemesis,epistaxis,vaginal bleeding,pancytopeniaandgastrointestinalulceration.Fusarium sporotrichoidescontamination was found in affected grain in 1932, spurring research for medical purposes and for use inbiological warfare.The active ingredient was found to betrichotheceneT-2 mycotoxin,and it was produced in quantity and weaponized prior to the passage of theBiological Weapons Conventionin 1972. The Soviets were accused of using the agent, dubbed "yellow rain",to cause 6,300 deaths inLaos,Kampuchea,andAfghanistanbetween 1975 and 1981.[18][19]The "biological warfare agent" was later purported to be merely beefeces,[20][21]but the issue remains disputed.
Pest
editFusarium has posed a threat to the ancient cave paintings inLascauxsince 1955, when the caves were first opened to visitors. The caves subsequently closed and the threat subsided, but the installation of an air conditioning system in 2000 caused another outbreak of the fungus which is yet to be resolved.[22]
Microbiota
editFusarium may be part of microbiota including digestive as well as oral/dental, there have been rare cases ofFusariosispresenting as a necrotic ulceration of the gingiva, extending to the alveolar bone has been reported in a granulocytopenic patient.[23]
References
edit- ^Link, Johann Heinrich Friedrich(1809)."Observationes in ordines plantarum naturales. Dissertatio I."Magazin der Gesellschaft Naturforschenden Freunde Berlin(in Latin).3(1): 10.
- ^"Synonymy. Current Name:FusariumLink, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1-2): 10 (1809) ".Species Fungorum.Retrieved7 October2024.
- ^Nelson 1994.
- ^Moretti 2009.
- ^abcWatanabe 2011.
- ^Geiser, David M; et al. (2020-11-17). "Phylogenomic analysis of a 55.1 kb 19-gene dataset resolves a monophyleticFusariumthat includes theFusarium solaniSpecies Complex ".Phytopathology.111(7).American Phytopathological Society:PHYTO-08-20-033.doi:10.1094/phyto-08-20-0330-le.hdl:2434/797012.ISSN0031-949X.PMID33200960.S2CID226991166.
- ^Geiser, David M.; Aoki, Takayuki; Bacon, Charles W.; Baker, Scott E.; Bhattacharyya, Madan K.; Brandt, Mary E.; Brown, Daren W.; Burgess, Lester W.; Chulze, Sofia; Coleman, Jeffrey J.; Correll, James C.; Covert, Sarah F.; Crous, Pedro W.; Cuomo, Christina A.; De Hoog, G. Sybren; Di Pietro, Antonio; Elmer, Wade H.; Epstein, Lynn; Frandsen, Rasmus J. N.; Freeman, Stanley; Gagkaeva, Tatiana; Glenn, Anthony E.; Gordon, Thomas R.; Gregory, Nancy F.; Hammond-Kosack, Kim E.; Hanson, Linda E.; Jímenez-Gasco, María del Mar; Kang, Seogchan; Kistler, H. Corby; Kuldau, Gretchen A.; Leslie, John F.; Logrieco, Antonio; Lu, Guozhong; Lysøe, Erik; Ma, Li-Jun; McCormick, Susan P.; Migheli, Quirico; Moretti, Antonio; Munaut, Françoise; O'Donnell, Kerry; Pfenning, Ludwig; Ploetz, Randy C.; Proctor, Robert H.; Rehner, Stephen A.; Robert, Vincent A. R. G.; Rooney, Alejandro P.; bin Salleh, Baharuddin; Scandiani, Maria Mercedes; Scauflaire, Jonathan; Short, Dylan P. G.; Steenkamp, Emma; Suga, Haruhisa; Summerell, Brett A.; Sutton, Deanna A.; Thrane, Ulf; Trail, Francis; Van Diepeningen, Anne; VanEtten, Hans D.; Viljoen, Altus; Waalwijk, Cees; Ward, Todd J.; Wingfield, Michael J.; Xu, Jin-Rong; Yang, Xiao-Bing; Yli-Mattila, Tapani; Zhang, Ning (2013)."One Fungus, One Name: Defining the Genus Fusarium in a Scientifically Robust Way That Preserves Longstanding Use".Phytopathology.103(5).American Phytopathological Society:400–408.doi:10.1094/phyto-07-12-0150-le.hdl:2263/31751.ISSN0031-949X.PMID23379853.
- ^Lombard, L.; van der Merwe, N.A.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Crous, P.W. (2015)."Generic concepts inNectriaceae".Studies in Mycology.80.ElsevierBV: 189–245.doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2014.12.002.ISSN0166-0616.PMC4779799.PMID26955195.
- ^abBrewing Microbiology,3rd edition. Priest and Campbell,ISBN0-306-47288-0[page needed]
- ^Simons, Paul (17 February 2021)."Plantwatch: fungus creates fake fragrant flowers to fool bees".the Guardian.Retrieved18 February2021.
- ^Walsh TJ, Dixon DM (1996). "Spectrum of Mycoses". In Baron S, et al. (eds.).Spectrum of Mycoses.In:Baron's Medical Microbiology(4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch.ISBN978-0-9631172-1-2.PMID21413276– via NCBI Bookshelf.
- ^Howard DH (2003).Pathogenic Fungi in Humans and Animals(2nd ed.). Marcel Dekker.ISBN978-0-8247-0683-8– via Google Books.
- ^abLeslie, John F.; Summerell, Brett A. (2006).TheFusariumLaboratory Manual.Ames, Iowa:Blackwell Publishing.pp. ix-388.doi:10.1002/9780470278376.ISBN978-0-470-27837-6.OCLC608623925.S2CID82470396.
- ^abcSummerell, Brett A.; Salleh, Baharuddin; Leslie, John F. (2003). "A Utilitarian Approach toFusariumIdentification ".Plant Disease.87(2).American Phytopathological Society:117–128.doi:10.1094/pdis.2003.87.2.117.ISSN0191-2917.PMID30812915.
- ^Watson, Elaine (2021-06-18)."Nature's Fynd receives GRAS no questions letter from FDA for 'Fy' nutritional fungi protein".foodnavigator-usa.com.Retrieved2022-12-31.
- ^Axworthy, Nicole."This Vegan Fungi Protein Makes Fine-Dining Debut at NYC's Le Bernardin".VegNews.com.Retrieved2022-12-31.
- ^Katona SJ, Kaminski ER (November 2002)."Sensitivity to Quorn mycoprotein (Fusarium venenatum) in a mould allergic patient".Journal of Clinical Pathology.55(11): 876–7.doi:10.1136/jcp.55.11.876-a.PMC1769805.PMID12401831.
- ^Peraica M, Radic B, Lucic A, Pavlovic M (September 1999)."Toxic effects of mycotoxins in humans"(PDF).Bulletin of the World Health Organization.77(7): 754–66.PMC2557730.PMID10534900.
- ^"Repeating mistakes of the past: another mycoherbicide research bill"(PDF).Drug Policy Alliance. 2006. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 4 February 2009.Retrieved2007-05-27.
- ^Earl C (1984)."Yellow rain: Thai bees' faeces found".Nature.308(5959): 485.Bibcode:1984Natur.308..485..doi:10.1038/308485b0.PMID6709055.
- ^Marshall E (July 1986). "Yellow rain evidence slowly whittled away".Science.233(4759): 18–19.Bibcode:1986Sci...233...18M.doi:10.1126/science.3715471.PMID3715471.
- ^Rinaldi A (November 2006)."Saving a fragile legacy. Biotechnology and microbiology are increasingly used to preserve and restore the world's cultural heritage".EMBO Reports.7(11): 1075–79.doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400844.PMC1679785.PMID17077862.
- ^Deepa, A. G.; Nair, Bindu J.; Sivakumar, T. T.; Joseph, Anna P. (2014-05-01)."Uncommon opportunistic fungal infections of oral cavity: A review".Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology.18(2): 235–243.doi:10.4103/0973-029X.140765.ISSN0973-029X.PMC4196293.PMID25328305.
Bibliography
edit- Nelson PE, Dignani MC, Anaissie EJ (October 1994)."Taxonomy, biology, and clinical aspects ofFusariumspecies ".Clinical Microbiology Reviews.7(4): 479–504.doi:10.1128/cmr.7.4.479.PMC358338.PMID7834602.
- Moretti A (2009)."Taxonomy ofFusariumgenus: A continuous fight between lumpers and splitters ".Zbornik Matice Srpske Za Prirodne Nauke(117): 7–13.doi:10.2298/ZMSPN0917007M.
- Watanabe M, Yonezawa T, Lee K, Kumagai S, Sugita-Konishi Y, Goto K, Hara-Kudo Y (November 2011)."Molecular phylogeny of the higher and lower taxonomy of theFusariumgenus and differences in the evolutionary histories of multiple genes ".BMC Evolutionary Biology.11(1): 322.Bibcode:2011BMCEE..11..322W.doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-322.PMC3270093.PMID22047111.
- Summerell BA, Laurence MH, Liew EC, Leslie JF (14 September 2010). "Biogeography and phylogeography ofFusarium:a review ".Fungal Diversity.44(1): 3–13.doi:10.1007/s13225-010-0060-2.S2CID37051295.
External links
edit- FusariumandVerticilliumWilts of Tomato, Potato, Pepper, and Eggplant
- FusariumRoot Rot in Container Tree Nurseries
- FusariumBlight on Turfgrass
- FusariumKeratitis
- Evolution ofFusariumtaxonomy. FAO 2014
- FusariumComparative Database
- Asan A (2011)."Checklist ofFusariumSpecies Reported from Turkey "(PDF).Mycotaxon.116:479.
- Simple explanation ofFusarium.FAO 2014