Galicia(/ɡəˈlɪʃ(i)ə/gə-LISH(-ee)-ə;[3]Galician:Galicia(officially)[ɡaˈliθjɐ]orGaliza[ɡaˈliθɐ];[a][b]Spanish:Galicia) is anautonomous communityofSpainandhistoric nationalityunder Spanish law.[4]Located in the northwestIberian Peninsula,it includes theprovincesofA Coruña,Lugo,Ourense,andPontevedra.
Galicia
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|---|---|
| Anthem: "Os Pinos"( "The Pine Trees" ) | |
 Location of Galicia within Spain and the Iberian Peninsula | |
| Coordinates:42°48′N7°54′W/ 42.8°N 7.9°W | |
| Country |  Spain |
| Capital | Santiago de Compostela |
| Largest cities | Vigo,A Coruña |
| Provinces | A Coruña,Lugo,Ourense,andPontevedra |
| Government | |
| • Type | Devolved governmentin aconstitutional monarchy |
| • Body | Xunta de Galicia |
| •President | Alfonso Rueda(PP) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 29,574.42 km2(11,418.75 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 7th(5.8% of Spain) |
| Population (2020) | |
| • Total |  2,701,819 |
| • Rank | 5th(6% of Spain) |
| • Density | 91/km2(240/sq mi) |
| Demonyms | Galician galego,-ga(gl) gallego,-ga(es) |
| GDP | |
| • Total | $75.93 billion (2022) |
| • Per capita | $28,170 (2022) |
| Time zone | UTC+1(CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2(CEST) |
| ISO 3166 code | ES-GA |
| Area code | +34 98- |
| Statute of Autonomy | 1936 28 April 1981 |
| Official languages | |
| Internet TLD | .gal |
| Patron saint | St. James |
| Parliament | Parliament of Galicia |
| Congress | 23 deputies (out of 350) |
| Senate | 19 senators (out of 265) |
| HDI(2021) | 0.900[2] very high·9th |
| Website | xunta.gal |
 | |
Galicia is located inAtlantic Europe.It is bordered byPortugalto the south, the Spanish autonomous communities ofCastile and LeónandAsturiasto the east, theAtlantic Oceanto the west, and theCantabrian Seato the north. It had a population of 2,701,743 in 2018[5]and a total area of 29,574 km2(11,419 sq mi). Galicia has over 1,660 km (1,030 mi) of coastline,[6]including its offshore islands and islets, among themCíes Islands,Ons,Sálvora,Cortegada Island,which together form theAtlantic Islands of Galicia National Park,and the largest and most populated,A Illa de Arousa.
The area now called Galicia was first inhabited by humans during theMiddle Paleolithicperiod, and takes its name from theGallaeci,theCeltic people[7][8]living north of theDouroRiver during the last millennium BC. Galicia was incorporated into theRoman Empireat the end of theCantabrian Warsin 19 BC, and was made aRoman provincein the 3rd century AD. In 410, the GermanicSuebiestablished akingdomwith its capital inBraga;this kingdom was incorporated into that of theVisigothsin 585. In 711, theIslamicUmayyad Caliphateinvaded the Iberian Peninsula conquering theVisigoth kingdom of Hispaniaby 718,[9]but soon Galicia was incorporated into the Christiankingdom of Asturiasby 740. During theMiddle Ages,thekingdom of Galiciawas occasionally ruledby its own kings,[10]but most of the time it was leagued to thekingdom of Leonand later to that ofCastile,while maintaining its own legal and customary practices and culture. From the 13th century on, the kings of Castile, as kings of Galicia, appointed anAdiantado-mór,whose attributions passed to theGovernorandCaptain Generalof the Kingdom of Galizafrom the last years of the 15th century.[11]The Governor also presided theReal Audienciado Reino de Galicia,a royal tribunal and government body. From the 16th century, the representation and voice of the kingdom was held by an assembly of deputies and representatives of the cities of the kingdom, theCortesorJunta of the Kingdom of Galicia.[11]This institution was forcibly discontinued in 1833 when the kingdom was divided into four administrative provinces with no legal mutual links. During the 19th and 20th centuries, demand grew for self-government and for the recognition of the culture of Galicia. This resulted in theStatute of Autonomy of 1936,soon frustrated by Franco'scoup d'étatand subsequent long dictatorship. After democracy was restored the legislature passed theStatute of Autonomy of 1981,approved in referendum and currently in force, providing Galicia with self-government.
The interior of Galicia is characterized by a hilly landscape; mountain ranges rise to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in the east and south. The coastal areas are mostly an alternate series ofriasand beaches. The climate of Galicia is usually temperate and rainy, with markedly drier summers; it is usually classified asOceanic.Its topographic and climatic conditions have madeanimal husbandryand farming the primary source of Galicia's wealth for most of its history, allowing for a relatively high density of population.[12]Except shipbuilding and food processing, Galicia was based on a farming and fishing economy until after the mid-20th century, when it began to industrialize. In 2018, thenominal gross domestic productwas €62.900 billion,[5]with a nominalGDP per capitaof €23,300.[5]Galicia is characterised, unlike other Spanish regions, by the absence of a metropolis dominating the territory. Indeed, the urban network is made up of 7 main cities: the four provincial capitalsA Coruña,Pontevedra,OurenseandLugo,the political capitalSantiago de Compostelaand the industrial citiesVigoandFerrol.The population is largely concentrated in two main areas: fromFerroltoA Coruñaon the northern coast, and in theRías Baixasregion in the southwest, including the cities ofVigo,Pontevedra,and the interior city ofSantiago de Compostela.There are smaller populations around the interior cities ofLugoandOurense.The political capital isSantiago de Compostela,in theprovince of A Coruña.Vigo,in theprovince of Pontevedra,is the largest municipality[13]andA Coruñathe most populated city in Galicia.[14]Two languages are official and widely used today in Galicia: the nativeGalician;andSpanish,usually calledCastilian.While most Galicians are bilingual, a 2013 survey reported that 51% of the Galician population spoke Galician most often on a day-to-day basis, while 48% most often used Spanish.[15]
Toponymy
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The nameGaliciaderives from the Latin toponym Callaecia, laterGallaecia,related to the name of an ancient Celtic tribe that resided north of theDouroriver, theGallaeci or CallaeciinLatin,orΚαλλαϊκoί(Kallaïkoí) inGreek.[16]TheseCallaeciwere the first tribe in the area to help theLusitaniansagainst the invading Romans. The Romans applied their name to all the other tribes in the northwest who spoke thesame languageand lived the same life.[17]
The toponymy of the name has been studied since the 7th century by authors such asIsidore of Seville,who wrote that "Galicians are called so, because of their fair skin, as the Gauls", relating the name to the Greek word for milk. (See theetymology of the wordgalaxy.) In the 21st century, some scholars (J.J. Moralejo, Carlos Búa) have derived the name of the ancient Callaeci either fromProto-Indo-European*kl(H)-no- 'hill',[18]through a local relationalsuffix-aik-, also attested inCeltiberian,so meaning 'the hill (people)'; or fromProto-Celtic*kallī- 'forest', so meaning 'the forest (people)'.[19][16]In any case,Galicia,beingper sea derivation of the ethnic nameKallaikói,means 'the land of the Galicians'.
Another recent proposal comes from linguistFrancesco Benozzoafter identifying the rootgall-/kall-in a number of Celtic words with the meaning "stone" or "rock", as follows:gall(old Irish),gal(Middle Welsh),gailleichan(Scottish Gaelic),kailhoù(Breton),galagh(Manx) andgall(Gaulish). Hence, Benozzo explains the ethnonymCallaecias being "the stone people" or "the people of the stone" ( "those who work with stones" ), about the builders of the ancientmegalithsand stone formations so common in Galicia.[20]
The name evolved during the Middle Ages fromGallaecia,sometimes writtenGalletia,toGallicia.In the 13th century, with the written emergence of the Galician language,Galizabecame the most usual written form of the name of the country, being replaced during the 15th and 16th centuries by the current form,Galicia,which is also the spelling of the name inSpanish.The historical denominationGalizabecame popular again during the end of the 19th and the first three-quarters of the 20th century and is still used with some frequency today. TheXunta de Galicia,the localdevolved government,usesGalicia.TheRoyal Galician Academy,the institution responsible for regulating the Galician language, whilst recognizingGalizaas a legitimate current denomination, has stated that the only official name of the country isGalicia.[21]
Due to Galicia's history and culture with mythology, the land has been called "Terra Meiga"(land of the witches/witch(ing) land).[22][23]
History
editPrehistory and antiquity
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The oldest attestation of human presence in Galicia has been found in the Eirós Cave, in the municipality ofTriacastela,which has preserved animal remains andNeanderthalstone objects from theMiddle Paleolithic.The earliest culture to have left significant architectural traces is theMegalithicculture, which expanded along the western European coasts during theNeolithicandCalcolithiceras. Thousands of Megalithictumuliare distributed throughout the country, mostly along the coastal areas.[24]Within each tumulus is a stone burial chamber known locally asanta(dolmen), frequently preceded by a corridor. Galicia was later influenced by the BellBeaker culture.Its rich mineral deposits oftinandgoldled to the development ofBronze Agemetallurgy,and the commerce of bronze and gold items all along the Atlantic coast of Western Europe. A shared elite culture evolved in this region during theAtlantic Bronze Age.
Dating from the end of theMegalithicera, and up to theBronze Age,numerous stone carvings (petroglyphs) are found in open air. They usually representcup and ring marks,labyrinths,deer,Bronze Age weapons, and riding and hunting scenes.[25]Large numbers of these stone carvings can be found in the Rías Baixas regions, at places such as Tourón andCampo Lameiro.
TheCastro culture[26]('Culture of the Castles') developed during theIron Age,and flourished during the second half of the first millennium BC. It is usually considered a local evolution of the Atlantic Bronze Age, with later developments and influences overlapping into the Roman era. Geographically, it corresponds to the people the Romans calledGallaeci,which were composed of a large series of nations or tribes, among them theArtabri,Bracari,Limici,Celtici,AlbionesandLemavi.They were capable fighters:Strabodescribed them as the most difficult foes the Romans encountered in conqueringLusitania,whileAppian[27]mentions their warlike spirit, noting that the women bore their weapons side by side with their men, frequently preferring death to captivity. According toPomponius Melaall the inhabitants of the coastal areas wereCeltic people.
Gallaeci lived incastros.These were usually annular forts, with one or more concentric earthen or stony walls, with a trench in front of each one. They were frequently located on hills, or in seashore cliffs and peninsulas. Some well knowncastroscan be found on the seashore at: Fazouro, Santa Tegra, Baroña, and O Neixón; and inland at:San Cibrao de Lás,Borneiro, Castromao, and Viladonga. Some other distinctive features, such as temples, baths, reservoirs, warrior statues, and decorative carvings have been found associated with this culture, together with rich gold and metalworking traditions.
The Roman legions first entered the area underDecimus Junius Brutusin 137–136 BC,[28]but the country was only incorporated into theRoman Empireby the time ofAugustus(29 BC – 19 BC). The Romans were interested in Galicia mainly for its mineral resources, most notably gold. Under Roman rule, most Galician hillforts began to be – sometimes forcibly – abandoned, andGallaeciserved frequently in the Roman army as auxiliary troops. Romans brought new technologies, new travel routes, new forms of organizing property, and a new language:Latin.TheRoman Empireestablished its control over Galicia through camps (castra) asAquis Querquennis,Ciadella camp orLucus Augusti(Lugo), roads (viae) and monuments as the lighthouse known asTower of Hercules,inCorunna,but the remoteness and lesser interest of the country since the 2nd century AD, when the gold mines stopped being productive, led to a lesser degree ofRomanization.In the 3rd century, it was made a province, under the name Gallaecia, which included also northern Portugal,Asturias,and a large section of what today is known asCastile and León.
Early Middle Ages
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In the early 5th century, the deep crisis suffered by theRoman Empireallowed different tribes of Central Europe (Suebi,VandalsandAlani) to cross theRhineand penetrate the rule on 31 December 406. Its progress towards theIberian Peninsulaforced the Roman authorities to establish a treaty (foedus) by which the Suebi would settle peacefully and govern Galicia as imperial allies. So, from 409 Galicia was taken by the Suebi, forming the first medieval kingdom to be created in Europe, in 411, even before the fall of the Roman Empire, being also the first Germanic kingdom to mint coinage in Roman lands. During this period aBritoncolony and bishopric (seeMailoc) was established in Northern Galicia (Britonia), probably asfoederatiand allies of the Suebi.[30]In 585, theVisigothicKing Leovigildinvaded the Suebic kingdom of Galicia and defeated it, bringing it under Visigoth control.
Later theMuslimsinvaded Spain (711), but the Arabs andMoorsnever managed to have any real control over Galicia, which was later incorporated into the expanding ChristianKingdom of Asturias,usually known as Gallaecia or Galicia (YillīqiyaandGalīsiya) by Muslim chroniclers,[31]as well as by many European contemporaries.[32]This era consolidated Galicia as a Christian society which spoke aRomance language.During the next century Galician noblemen took northern Portugal, conqueringCoimbrain 871, thus freeing what was considered the southernmost city of ancient Galicia.
High and Low Middle Ages
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In the 9th century, the rise of the cult of theApostle JamesinSantiago de Compostelagave Galicia particular symbolic importance among Christians, an importance it would hold throughout theReconquista.As the Middle Ages went on, Santiago became a major pilgrim destination and theWay of Saint James(Camiño de Santiago) a major pilgrim road, a route for the propagation ofRomanesque artand the words and music of thetroubadors.During the 10th and 11th centuries, a period during which Galician nobility become related to the royal family, Galicia was at times headed by its ownnative kings,whileVikings(locally known asLeodemanesorLordomanes) occasionally raided the coasts. The Towers ofCatoira[33](Pontevedra) were built as a system of fortifications to prevent and stop the Viking raids on Santiago de Compostela.
In 1063,Ferdinand I of Castiledivided his realm among his sons, and the Kingdom of Galicia was granted toGarcia II of Galicia.In 1072, it was forcibly annexed by Garcia's brotherAlfonso VI of León;from that time Galicia was united with theKingdom of Leónunder the same monarchs. In the 13th centuryAlfonso X of Castilestandardized the Castilian language (i.e. Spanish) and made it the language of court and government. Nevertheless, in his Kingdom of Galicia theGalician languagewas the only language spoken, and the most used in government and legal uses, as well as inliterature.
During the 14th and 15th centuries, the progressive distancing of the kings from Galician affairs left the kingdom in the hands of the local knights, counts, and bishops, who frequently fought each other to increase their fiefs, or simply to plunder the lands of others. At the same time, the deputies of the Kingdom in theCortesstopped being called. The Kingdom of Galicia, slipping away from the control of the King, responded with a century of fiscal insubordination.
On the other hand, the lack of an effective royal justice system in the Kingdom led to the social conflict known as theGuerras Irmandiñas('Wars of the brotherhoods'), when leagues of peasants and burghers, with the support of several knights, noblemen, and under legal protection offered by the remote king, toppled many of the castles of the Kingdom and briefly drove the noblemen into Portugal and Castile. Soon after, in the late 15th century, in the dynastic conflict betweenIsabella I of CastileandJoanna La Beltraneja,part of the Galician aristocracy supported Joanna. After Isabella's victory, she initiated an administrative and political reform which the chroniclerJeronimo Zuritadefined as "doma del Reino de Galicia": 'It was then when the taming of Galicia began, because not just the local lords and knights, but all the people of that nation were the ones against the others very bold and warlike'. These reforms, while establishing a local government and tribunal (theReal Audiencia del Reino de Galicia), and bringing the nobleman under submission, also brought most Galician monasteries and institutions under Castilian control, in what has been criticized as a process of centralisation. At the same time the kings began to call theXuntaorCortesof the Kingdom of Galicia,an assembly of deputies or representatives of the cities of the Kingdom, to ask for monetary and military contributions. This assembly soon developed into the voice and legal representation of the Kingdom, and the depositary of its will and laws.
Early Modern
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The modern period of theKingdom of Galiciabegan with the defeat of some of the most powerful Galician lords, such as Pedro Álvarez de Sotomayor, calledPedro Madruga,and Rodrigo Henriquez Osorio, at the hands of the Castilian armies sent to Galicia between the years 1480 and 1486.Isabella I of Castile,considered a usurper by many Galician nobles, defeated all armed resistance and definitively established the royal power of the Castilian monarchy. Fearing a general revolt, the monarchs ordered the banishing of the rest of the great lords like Pedro de Bolaño, Diego de Andrade, or Lope Sánchez de Moscoso, among others.
The establishment of theSanta Hermandadin 1480, and theReal Audienciadel Reino de Galicia in 1500—a tribunal and executive body directed by theGovernor-Captain Generalas a direct representative of the King—implied initially the submission of the Kingdom to the Crown,[34]after a century of unrest and fiscal insubordination. As a result, from 1480 to 1520 the Kingdom of Galicia contributed more than 10% of the total earnings of theCrown of Castille,including the Americas, well over its economic relevance.[35]Like the rest of Spain, the 16th century was marked by population growth up to 1580, when the simultaneous wars with the Netherlands, France, and England hampered Galicia's Atlantic commerce, which consisted mostly in the exportation of sardines, wood, and some cattle and wine.
In the late years of the 15th century the written form of the Galician language began a slow decline as it was increasingly replaced by Spanish, which would culminate in theSéculos Escuros"the Dark Centuries" of the language, roughly from the 16th century through to the mid-18th century, when written Galician almost completely disappeared except for private or occasional uses but the spoken language remained the common language of the people in the villages and even the cities.
From that moment Galicia, which participated to a minor extent in the American expansion of theSpanish Empire,found itself at the center of the Atlantic wars fought by Spain against the French and the Protestant powers of England and the Netherlands, whoseprivateersattacked the coastal areas, but major assaults were not common as the coastline was difficult and the harbors easily defended. The most famous assaults were upon the city of Vigo bySir Francis Drakein 1585 and 1589, and the siege ofA Coruñain 1589 by theEnglish Armada.Galicia also suffered occasional slave raids byBarbary pirates,but not as frequently as the Mediterranean coastal areas. The most famous Barbary attack was the bloody sack of the town ofCangasin 1617.[36]At the time, the king's petitions for money and troops became more frequent, due to the human and economic exhaustion of Castile; theJunta of the Kingdom of Galicia(the localCortesorrepresentative assembly) was initially receptive to these petitions, raising large sums, accepting the conscription of the men of the kingdom, and even commissioning a new naval squadron which was sustained with the incomes of the Kingdom.[37]
After the rupture of the wars withPortugalandCatalonia,theJuntachanged its attitude, this time due to the exhaustion of Galicia, now involved not just in naval or oversea operations, but also in an exhausting war with the Portuguese, war which produced thousands of casualties and refugees and was heavily disturbing to the local economy and commerce. So, in the second half of the 17th century theJuntafrequently denied or considerably reduced the initial petitions of the monarch, and though the tension did not rise to the levels experienced in Portugal or Catalonia, there were frequent urban mutinies and some voices even asked for the secession of the Kingdom of Galicia.[38]
Late Modern and Contemporary
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During thePeninsular Warthe successful uprising of the local people against the new French authorities, together with the support of theBritish Army,limited the occupation to six months in 1808–1809. During the pre-war period the Supreme Council of the Kingdom of Galicia (Junta Suprema del Reino de Galicia), auto-proclaimed interim sovereign in 1808, was the sole government of the country and mobilized near 40,000 men against the invaders.
The1833 territorial division of Spainput a formal end to the Kingdom of Galicia, unifying Spain into a single centralized monarchy. Instead of seven provinces and a regional administration, Galicia was reorganized into the current four provinces. Although it was recognized as a "historical region", that status was strictly honorific. In reaction,nationalistandfederalistmovements arose.
TheliberalGeneralMiguel Solís Cuetosled aseparatist coup attemptin 1846 against theauthoritarianregime ofRamón María Narváez.Solís and his forces were defeated at theBattle of Cacheiras,23 April 1846, and the survivors, including Solís himself, were shot. They have taken their place in Galician memory as the Martyrs of Carral or simply the Martyrs of Liberty.
Defeated on the military front, Galicians turned to culture. TheRexurdimentofocused on the recovery of the Galician language as a vehicle of social and cultural expression. Among the writers associated with this movement areRosalía de Castro,Manuel Murguía,Manuel Leiras Pulpeiro,andEduardo Pondal.
In the early 20th century came another turn toward nationalist politics withSolidaridad Gallega(1907–1912) modeled onSolidaritat CatalanainCatalonia.Solidaridad Gallega failed, but in 1916Irmandades da Fala(Brotherhood of the Language) developed first as a cultural association but soon as a full-blown nationalist movement.Vicente RiscoandRamón Otero Pedrayowere outstanding cultural figures of this movement, and the magazineNós('Us'), founded in 1920, its most notable cultural institution,Lois Peña Novothe outstanding political figure.
TheSecond Spanish Republicwas declared in 1931. During the republic, thePartido Galeguista(PG) was the most important of a shifting collection ofGalician nationalistparties. Following a referendum on aGalician Statute of Autonomy,Galicia was granted the status of an autonomous region.
Galicia was spared the worst of the fighting in that war: it was one of the areas where the initial coup attempt at the outset of the war was successful, and it remained in Nationalist hands (Franco's army) throughout the war. While there were no pitched battles, there was repression and death: all political parties were abolished, as were all labor unions and Galician nationalist organizations as theSeminario de Estudos Galegos.Galicia's statute of autonomy was annulled (as were those ofCataloniaand theBasqueprovinces once those were conquered). According toCarlos Fernández Santander,at least 4,200 people were killed either extrajudicially or after summary trials, among them republicans, communists, Galician nationalists, socialists, and anarchists. Victims included the civil governors of all four Galician provinces;Juana Capdevielle,the wife of the governor of A Coruña; mayors such asÁnxel Casalof Santiago de Compostela, of the Partido Galeguista; prominent socialists such asJaime QuintanillainFerrolandEmilio Martínez GarridoinVigo;Popular FrontdeputiesAntonio Bilbatúa,José Miñones,Díaz Villamil,Ignacio Seoane,and former deputyHeraclio Botana); soldiers who had not joined the rebellion, such as GeneralsRogelio Caridad PitaandEnrique Salcedo Molinuevoand AdmiralAntonio Azarola;and the founders of the PG,Alexandre BóvedaandVíctor Casas,[39]as well as other professionals akin to republicans and nationalists, as the journalistManuel Lustres Rivasor physicianLuis Poza Pastrana.Many others were forced to escape into exile, or were victims of other reprisals and removed from their jobs and positions. GeneralFrancisco Franco– himself a Galician fromFerrol– ruled as dictator from the civil war until he died in 1975. Franco's centralizing regime suppressed any official use of the Galician language, including the use of Galician names for newborns, although its everyday oral use was not forbidden. Among the attempts at resistance were small leftist guerrilla groups such as those led byJosé Castro Veiga( "O Piloto" ) andBenigno Andrade( "Foucellas" ), both of whom were ultimately captured and executed.[40][41]In the 1960s, ministers such asManuel Fraga Iribarneintroduced some reforms allowingtechnocratsaffiliated withOpus Deito modernize administration in a way that facilitatedcapitalisteconomic development. However, for decades Galicia was largely confined to the role of a supplier of raw materials and energy to the rest of Spain, causing environmental havoc and leading to a wave of migration toVenezuelaand to various parts of Europe.Fenosa,the monopolistic supplier of electricity, built hydroelectric dams, flooding many Galician river valleys.
The Galician economy finally began to modernize with a FrenchCitroënfactory in Vigo, the modernization of the canning industry and the fishing fleet, and eventually a modernization of small peasant farming practices, especially in the production of cows' milk. In the province of Ourense, businessman and politicianEulogio Gómez Franqueiragave impetus to the raising of livestock and poultry by establishing theCooperativa Orensana S.A.(Coren).
During the last decade of Franco's rule, there was a renewal of nationalist feeling in Galicia. The early 1970s were a time of unrest among university students, workers, and farmers. In 1972, general strikes in Vigo and Ferrol cost the lives of Amador Rey and Daniel Niebla.[42]Later, the bishop ofMondoñedo-Ferrol,Miguel Anxo Araúxo Iglesias,wrote a pastoral letter that was not well received by the Franco regime, about a demonstration inBazán(Ferrol) where two workers died.[43]
As part of thetransition to democracyupon the death of Franco in 1975, Galicia regained its status as an autonomous region within Spain with the Statute of Autonomy of 1981, which begins, "Galicia, historical nationality, is constituted as an Autonomous Community to access to its self-government, in agreement with theSpanish Constitutionand with the present Statute (…) ". Varying degrees ofnationalistor independentist sentiment are evident at the political level. TheBloque Nacionalista Galegoor BNG, is a conglomerate ofleft-wingparties and individuals that claims Galician political status as a nation.
From 1990 to 2005, Manuel Fraga, former minister and ambassador in the Franco dictatorship, presided over the Galician autonomous government, theXunta de Galicia.Fraga was associated with thePartido Popular('People's Party', Spain's main nationalconservativeparty) since its founding. In 2002, when the oil tankerPrestigesank and covered the Galician coast in oil, Fraga was accused by the grassroots movementNunca Mais( "Never again" ) of having been unwilling to react. In the 2005 Galician elections, the 'People's Party' lost its absolute majority, though remaining (barely) the largest party in the parliament, with 43% of the total votes. As a result, power passed to a coalition of thePartido dos Socialistas de Galicia(PSdeG) ('GalicianSocialists' Party'), a federal sister-party of Spain's main social-democratic party, thePartido Socialista Obrero Español(PSOE, 'Spanish Socialist Workers Party') and the nationalistBloque Nacionalista Galego(BNG). As the senior partner in the new coalition, the PSdeG nominated its leader,Emilio Pérez Touriño,to serve as Galicia's new president, withAnxo Quintana,the leader of BNG, as its vice president.
In 2009, the PSdG-BNG coalition lost the elections, and the government went back to the People's Party (conservative), even though the PSdG-BNG coalition obtained the most votes.
Geography
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Galicia has a surface area of 29,574 square kilometres (11,419 sq mi).[44]Its northernmost point, at 43°47′N, isEstaca de Bares(also the northernmost point of Spain); its southernmost, at 41°49′N, is on the Portuguese border in theBaixa Limia-Serra do Xurés Natural Park.[44]The easternmost longitude is at 6°42′W on the border between the province ofOurenseand theCastilian-Leoneseprovince of Zamora) its westernmost at 9°18′W reached in two places: the A Nave Cape inFisterra(also known as Finisterre), and Cape Touriñán, both in the province of A Coruña.[44]
Topography
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The interior of Galicia is a hilly landscape, composed of relatively low mountain ranges, usually below 1,000 m (3,300 ft) high, without sharp peaks, rising to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in the eastern mountains. There are many rivers, most (though not all) running down relatively gentle slopes in narrow river valleys, though at times their courses become far more rugged, as in the canyons of theSilriver, Galicia's second most important river after theMiño.
Topographically, a remarkable feature of Galicia is the presence of manyfirth-like inlets along the coast,estuariesthat were drowned with rising sea levels after theice age.These are calledríasand are divided into the smallerRías Altas( "High Rías" ), and the largerRías Baixas( "Low Rías" ). TheRías Altasinclude Ribadeo, Foz, Viveiro, O Barqueiro, Ortigueira, Cedeira, Ferrol, Betanzos, A Coruña, Corme e Laxe and Camariñas. The Rías Baixas, found south of Fisterra, include Corcubión, Muros e Noia,Arousa,Pontevedra and Vigo. The Rías Altas can sometimes refer only to those east ofEstaca de Bares,with the others being calledRías Medias( "Intermediate Rías" ).
Erosion by theAtlantic Oceanhas contributed to the great number ofcapes.Besides the aforementioned Estaca de Bares in the far north, separating the Atlantic Ocean from the Cantabrian Sea, other notable capes areCape Ortegal,Cape Prior, Punta Santo Adrao, Cape Vilán, Cape Touriñán (westernmost point in Galicia),Cape Finisterreor Fisterra, considered by theRomans,along withFinistèreinBrittanyandLand's EndinCornwall,to be the end of the known world.
All along the Galician coast are variousarchipelagosnear the mouths of therías.These archipelagos provide protected deepwater harbors and also provide habitat for seagoing birds. A 2007 inventory estimates that the Galician coast has 316 archipelagos, islets, and freestanding rocks.[45]Among the most important of these are the archipelagos ofCíes,Ons,andSálvora.Together withCortegada Island,these make up theAtlantic Islands of Galicia National Park.Other significant islands are Islas Malveiras, Islas Sisargas, and, the largest and holding the largest population,Arousa Island.
The coast of this 'green corner' of the Iberian Peninsula, some 1,500 km (930 mi) in length, attracts great numbers of tourists, although real estate development in the 2000–2010 decade has degraded it partially.
Galicia is quitemountainous,a fact which has contributed to isolate the rural areas, hampering communications, most notably in the inland. The main mountain range is theMacizo Galaico(Serra do Eixe,Serra da Lastra,Serra do Courel), also known asMacizo Galaico-Leonés,located in the eastern parts, bordering withCastile and León.Noteworthy mountain ranges areO Xistral(northernLugo), theSerra dos Ancares(on the border withLeónandAsturias),O Courel(on the border with León),O Eixe(the border betweenOurenseandZamora),Serra de Queixa(in the center of Ourense province),O Faro(the border between Lugo and Pontevedra),Cova da Serpe(border of Lugo and A Coruña),Montemaior(A Coruña),Montes do Testeiro,Serra do Suído,andFaro de Avión(between Pontevedra and Ourense); and, to the south,A Peneda,O XurésandO Larouco,all on the border of Ourense andPortugal.
The highest point in Galicia isTrevincaor Pena Trevinca (2,124 metres or 6,969 feet), located in the Serra do Eixe, at the border between Ourense and León and Zamora provinces. Other[46]tall peaks are Pena Survia (2,112 metres or 6,929 feet) in the Serra do Eixe, O Mustallar (1,935 metres or 6,348 feet) inOs Ancares,and Cabeza de Manzaneda (1,782 metres or 5,846 feet) in Serra de Queixa, where there is a ski resort.
Hydrography
edit
Galicia is poetically known as the "country of thethousand rivers"(" o país dos mil ríos "). The largest and most important of these rivers is theMiño,poetically known asO Pai Miño(Father Miño), which is 307.5 km (191.1 mi) long and discharges 419 m3(548 cu yd) per second, with its affluent theSil,which has created a spectacular canyon. Most of the rivers in the inland are tributaries of this river system, which drains some 17,027 km2(6,574 sq mi). Other rivers run directly into theAtlantic Oceanor theCantabrian Sea,most of them having short courses. Only theNavia,Ulla,Tambre,andLimiahave courses longer than 100 km (62 mi).
Galicia's manyhydroelectricdams take advantage of the steep, deep, narrow rivers and their canyons. Due to their steep course, few of Galicia's rivers are navigable, other than the lower portion of the Miño and the portions of various rivers that have been dammed into reservoirs. Some rivers are navigable by small boats in their lower reaches: this is taken great advantage of in several semi-aquatic festivals and pilgrimages.
Environment
edit
Galicia has preserved some of its dense forests. It is relatively unpolluted, and its landscapes composed of green hills, cliffs, andriasare generally different from what is commonly understood as Spanish landscape. Nevertheless, Galicia has some important environmental problems.
Deforestation and forest fires are a problem in many areas, as is the continual spread of theeucalyptustree, a species imported from Australia, actively promoted by the paper industry since the mid-20th century. Galicia is one of the more forested areas of Spain, but the majority of Galicia's plantations, usually growing eucalyptus or pine, lack any formal management.[47]Massive eucalyptus plantation, especially ofEucalyptus globulus,began in theFrancisco Francoera, largely on behalf of the paper company Empresa Nacional de Celulosas de España (ENCE) inPontevedra,which wanted it for its pulp. Galician photographerDelmi Álvarezbegan documenting the fires in Galicia in 2006 in a project calledQueiman Galiza (Burn Galicia).[48]Wood products figure significantly in Galicia's economy. Apart from tree plantations, Galicia is also notable for the extensive surface occupied by meadows used for animal husbandry, especiallycattle,an important activity. Hydroelectric development in most rivers has been a serious concern for local conservationists during the last decades.
Fauna, most notably theEuropean wolf,has suffered because of the actions of livestock owners and farmers, and because of the loss of habitats, whilst the native deer species have declined because of hunting and development.
Oil spills are a major issue. ThePrestige oil spillin 2002 spilled more oil than theExxon ValdezinAlaska.[49]
Biodiversity
edit
Galicia has more than 2,800 plant species and 31 endemic plant taxa. Plantations and mixed forests of eucalyptus predominate in the west and north; a few oak forests (variously known locally asfragasordevesas) remain, particularly in the north-central part of the province of Lugo and the north of the province of A Coruña (Fragas do Eume). In the interior regions of the country, oak and bushland predominate. Galicia has 262 inventoried species ofvertebrates,including 12 species of freshwater fish, 15amphibians,24reptiles,152 birds, and 59 mammals.[50]
The animals most often thought of as being "typical" of Galicia are the livestock raised there. TheGalician horseis native to the region, as is theGalician Blondcow and the domesticfowlknown as thegaliña deMos.The last is anendangered species,although it is showing signs of a comeback since 2001.[51]
Galicia is home to one of the largest populations ofwolvesin western Europe. Galicia's woodlands and mountains are also home torabbits,hares,wild boars,androe deer,all of which are popular with hunters. Several important bird migration routes pass through Galicia, and some of the community's relatively few environmentally protected areas areSpecial Protection Areas(such as on the Ría de Ribadeo) for these birds. From a domestic point of view, Galicia has been credited by the authorManuel Rivasas the "land of one million cows".Galician BlondandHolstein cattlecoexist on meadows and farms.
Climate
edit
Being located on the Atlantic coastline, Galicia has a very mild climate for the latitude and the marine influence affects most of the province to various degrees. In comparison to similar latitudes on the other side of the Atlantic, winters are exceptionally mild, with consistent rainfall. At sea level snow is exceptional, with temperatures just occasionally dropping below freezing; on the other hand, snow regularly falls in the eastern mountains from November to May. Overall, the climate of Galicia is comparable to thePacific Northwest;the warmest coastal station of Pontevedra has a yearly mean temperature of 14.8 °C (58.6 °F).[52]Ourense located somewhat inland is only slightly warmer with 14.9 °C (58.8 °F).[53]Lugo, to the north, is colder, with 12 °C (54 °F),[54]similar to the 12.45 °C (54.41 °F) ofPortland, Oregon.
In coastal areas summers are tempered, with daily maximums averaging around 25 °C (77 °F) in Vigo.[55]Temperatures are further cooler in A Coruña, with a subdued 22.8 °C (73.0 °F) normal.[56]Temperatures are much higher in inland areas such as Ourense, where days above 30 °C (86 °F) are regular.
The lands of Galicia are ascribed to two different areas in theKöppen climate classification:[57]a south area (roughly, theprovince of OurenseandPontevedra) with appreciable summer drought, classified as awarm-summer Mediterranean climate(Csb), with mild temperatures and rainfall usual throughout the year; and the western and northern coastal regions, the provinces ofLugoandA Coruña,which are characterized by theirOceanic climate(Cfb), with a more uniform precipitation distribution along the year, and milder summers.[58]However, precipitation in southern coastal areas are often classified as oceanic since the averages remain significantly higher than a typical Mediterranean climate.
As an example,Santiago de Compostela,the capital city, has an average[59]of 129 rainy days (> 1 mm) and 1,362 millimetres (53.6 in) per year (with just 17 rainy days in the three summer months) and 2,101 sunlight hours per year, with just 6 days with frosts per year. But the colder city ofLugo,to the east, has an average of 1,759 sunlight hours per year,[60]117 days with precipitations (> 1 mm) totalling 901.54 millimetres (35.5 in), and 40 days with frosts per year. The more mountainous parts of the provinces of Ourense and Lugo receive significant snowfall during the winter months. The sunniest city isPontevedrawith 2,223 sunny hours per year.
Climate data for some locations in Galicia (average 1981–2010):[61]
| Cities | July av. T | January av. T | Rain | Days with rain (year/summer) | Days with frost | Sunlight hours |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A Coruña | 19.0 °C (66.2 °F) | 10.8 °C (51.4 °F) | 1,014 mm (39.9 in) | 130 / 18 | 0.1 | 2,010 |
| Lugo | 18.2 °C (64.8 °F) | 6.2 °C (43.2 °F) | 1,052 mm (41.4 in) | 126 / 16 | 50 | 1,821 |
| Ourense | 22.5 °C (72.5 °F) | 8.0 °C (46.4 °F) | 811 mm (31.9 in) | 97 / 11 | 27 | 2,054 |
| Pontevedra | 20.4 °C (68.7 °F) | 9.6 °C (49.3 °F) | 1,613 mm (63.5 in) | 129 / 17 | 2 | 2,247 |
| Santiago de Compostela | 18.6 °C (65.5 °F) | 7.7 °C (45.9 °F) | 1,787 mm (70.4 in) | 139 / 19 | 13 | 1,911 |
| Vigo | 19.6 °C (67.3 °F) | 8.6 °C (47.5 °F) | 1,791 mm (70.5 in) | 131 / 18 | 4 | 2,169 |
Government and politics
editLocal government
editGalicia has partial self-governance, in the form of adevolved government,established on 16 March 1978 and reinforced by theGalician Statute of Autonomy,ratified on 28 April 1981. There are threebranches of government:theexecutive branch,theXunta de Galicia,consisting of the President and the other independently elected councillors;[62]thelegislative branchconsisting of theGalician Parliament;and thejudicial branchconsisting of theHigh Court of Galiciaand lower courts.
Executive
edit
The Xunta de Galicia is a collective entity with executive and administrative power. It consists of thePresident,a vice president, and twelve councillors. Administrative power is largely delegated to dependent bodies. The Xunta also coordinates the activities of the provincial councils (Galician:deputacións) located inA Coruña,Pontevedra,OurenseandLugo.
The President of the Xunta directs and coordinates the actions of the Xunta. The president is simultaneously the representative of theautonomous communityand of the Spanish state in Galicia. The president is a member of the parliament and is elected by its deputies and then formally named by themonarch of Spain.
Legislative
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TheGalician Parliament[63]consists of 75 deputies elected byuniversal adult suffrageunder a system ofproportional representation.The franchise includes also Galicians who reside abroad. Elections occur every four years.
The last elections, held 12 July 2020, resulted in the following distribution of seats:[64]
- Partido Popular de Galicia(PPdeG): 42 deputies (47.96% of popular vote)
- Bloque Nacionalista Galego(BNG): 19 deputies (23.79% of popular vote)
- Partido Socialista de Galicia(PSdeG-PSOE): 14 deputies (19.39% of popular vote)
Judicial
editMunicipal governments
edit
There are 314municipalities(Galician:concellos) in Galicia, each of which is run by amayor–council governmentknown as aconcello.
There is a further subdivision of local government known as anEntidade local menor;each has its own council (xunta veciñal) and mayor (alcalde da aldea). There are nine of these in Galicia: Arcos da Condesa, Bembrive, Camposancos, Chenlo, Morgadáns, Pazos de Reis, Queimadelos,Vilasobrosoand Berán.
Galicia is also traditionally subdivided in some 3,700 civilparishes,each one comprising one or morevilas(towns),aldeas(villages),lugares(hamlets) orbarrios(neighbourhoods).
National government
editGalicia's interests are represented at the national level by 25 electeddeputiesin theCongress of Deputiesand 19 senators in theSenate– of these, 16 are elected and 3 are appointed by the Galician parliament.
Administrative divisions
editBefore the1833 territorial division of Spain,Galicia was divided into seven administrativeprovinces:[65]
From 1833, the seven original provinces of the 15th century were consolidated into four:
- A Coruña,capital:A Coruña
- Pontevedra,capital:Pontevedra
- Ourense;capital:Ourense
- Lugo;capital:Lugo
- Provinces of Galicia (location maps)
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A Coruña -
Lugo -
Ourense -
Pontevedra
Galicia is further divided into 53comarcas,315municipalities(93 in A Coruña,67 in Lugo,92 in Ourense,62 in Pontevedra) and 3,778parishes.Municipalities are divided into parishes, which may be further divided intoaldeas( "hamlets" ) orlugares( "places" ). This traditional breakdown into such small areas is unusual when compared to the rest of Spain. Roughly half of the named population entities of Spain are in Galicia, which occupies only 5.8 percent of the country's area. It is estimated that Galicia has over a million named places, over 40,000 of them being communities.[66]
Economy
edit
Textiles, fishing, livestock, forestry, and car manufacturing are the most dynamic sectors of the Galician economy.
The companies based in theprovince of Coruñagenerate 70% of the entrepreneurial output of Galicia.[67]Arteixo,an industrial municipality in the A Coruña metropolitan area, is the headquarters ofInditex,the world's largest fashion retailer. Of their eight brands,Zarais the best-known; indeed, it is the best-known Spanish brand of any sort on an international basis.[68]In 2022, Inditex reported €32.6 billion in sales and net income of €4.1 billion.[69]The company president,Amancio Ortega,is the richest person in Spain[70]and indeed Europe[71]with a net worth of 45 billion euros.
A major economic sector of Galicia is its fishing Industry; the main ports areA Coruña,Marín-Pontevedra,VigoandFerrol.Related to this fact, theEuropean Fisheries Control Agency,which coordinates fishing controls inEuropean Unionwaters, is based in Vigo.
Galicia is a land of economic contrast. While the western coast, with its major population centers and its fishing and manufacturing industries, is prosperous and increasing in population, the rural hinterland—the provinces ofOurenseandLugo—is economically dependent on traditional agriculture, based on small landholdings calledminifundios.However, the rise of tourism, sustainable forestry, and organic and traditional agriculture are bringing other possibilities to the Galician economy without compromising the preservation of the natural resources and the local culture.
Traditionally, Galicia depended mainly on agriculture and fishing. Nonetheless, today thetertiary sectorof the economy (the service sector) is the largest, with 582,000 workers out of a regional total of 1,072,000 (as of 2002).
Thesecondary sector(manufacturing) includesshipbuildingin Vigo,Marín-Pontevedraand Ferrol, textiles and granite work in A Coruña. A Coruña also manufacturesautomobiles.The FrenchCentro de Vigo dePSA Peugeot Citroën,founded in 1958, makes about 450,000 vehicles annually (455,430 in 2006);[72]aCitroën C4 Picassomade in 2007 was their nine-millionth vehicle.[73]
Other companies with a large number of workers and a significantturnoverareSan José,based inPontevedra,belonging to theconstructionsector, and Gadisa and Vego, based inA CoruñaandFroiz,based inPontevedra,linked to theretailsector.[67]
Galicia is home to thesavings bank,and to Spain's two oldest commercial banksBanco Etcheverría(the oldest) andBanco Pastor,owned since 2011 byBanco Popular Español.
Galicia was late to catch the tourism boom that has swept Spain in recent decades, but the coastal regions (especially theRías BaixasandSantiago de Compostela) are now significant tourist destinations and are especially popular with visitors from other regions in Spain, where the majority of tourists come from. In 2007, 5.7 million tourists visited Galicia, an 8% growth over the previous year, and part of a continual pattern of growth in this sector.[74]85% of tourists who visit Galicia visit Santiago de Compostela.[74]Tourism constitutes 12% of GalicianGDPand employs about 12% of the regional workforce.[74]
TheGross domestic product(GDP) of the autonomous community was 62.6 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 5.2% of Spanish economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 24,900 euros or 82% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 95% of the EU average.[75]
The unemployment rate stood at 15.7% in 2017 and was lower than the national average.[76]
| Year | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unemployment Rate |
8.3% | 7.6% | 8.6% | 12.4% | 15.3% | 17.3% | 20.5% | 22.0% | 21.7% | 19.3% | 17.2% | 15.7% |
Transportation
edit
Galicia's main airport isSantiago de Compostela Airport.Having been used by 2,083,873 passengers in 2014, it connects the Galician capital with cities in Spain as well as several major European cities. There are two other domestic airports in Galicia:A Coruña Airport– Alvedro andVigo-Peinador Airport.
The most important Galician fishing port is thePort of Vigo;It is one of the European's leading fishing ports, with an annual catch worth 1,500 million euros.[77][78]In 2007 the port took in 732,951 metric tons (721,375 long tons; 807,940 short tons) of fish and seafood, and about 4,000,000 metric tons (3,900,000 long tons; 4,400,000 short tons) of other cargoes. Other important ports areA Coruña,Marín-Pontevedra,Ferroland the smaller port ofVilagarcía de Arousa,as well as important recreational ports inPontevedracapital city andBurela.Beyond these, Galicia has 120 other organized ports.
The Galician road networkincludesautopistasandautovíasconnecting the major cities, as well as national and secondary roads to the rest of the municipalities. TheAutovía A-6connectsA CoruñaandLugotoMadrid,entering Galicia atPedrafita do Cebreiro.TheAutovía A-52connects O Porriño,OurenseandBenavente,and enters Galicia atA Gudiña.Two more autovías are under construction.Autovía A-8enters Galicia on the Cantabrian coast, and ends inBaamonde(Lugo province).Autovía A-76enters Galicia inValdeorras;it is an upgrade of the existingN-120to Ourense.
Within Galicia are theAutopista AP-9fromFerroltoPortugaland theAutopista AP-53(also known as AG-53, because it was initially built by the Xunta de Galicia) fromSantiagoto Ourense. Additional roads under construction includeAutovía A-54from Santiago de Compostela to Lugo, theAutovía A-57that will pass throughPontevedraandAutovía A-56from Lugo to Ourense. The Xunta de Galicia has built roads connectingcomarcalcapitals, such as the before mentioned AG-53,Autovía AG-55connecting A Coruña toCarballoor AG-41 connectingPontevedratoSanxenxo.
The first railway line in Galicia was inaugurated on 15 September 1873. It ran fromO Carril,Vilagarcía da Arousato Cornes,Conxo, Santiago de Compostela.A second line was inaugurated in 1875, connecting A Coruña and Lugo. In 1883, Galicia was first connected by rail to the rest of Spain, by way ofO Barco de Valdeorras.Galicia today has roughly 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) of rail lines. Several1,668 mm(5 ft5+21⁄32in)Iberian gaugelines operated byAdifandRenfe Operadoraconnect all the important Galician cities. A1,000 mm(3 ft3+3⁄8in)metre gaugeline operated byFEVEconnectsFerroltoRibadeoandOviedo.An old electrified line is thePonferrada-Monforte de Lemos-Ourense-Vigoline. Severalhigh-speed raillines are under construction. Among these are theOlmedo-Zamora-Galicia high-speed rail linethat opened partly in 2011, and theAVE Atlantic Axisroute, which will connect all of the major Galician Atlantic coast citiesA Coruña,Santiago de Compostela,PontevedraandVigoto Portugal.
Demographics
edit| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1900 | 1,980,515 | — |
| 1910 | 2,063,589 | +4.2% |
| 1920 | 2,124,244 | +2.9% |
| 1930 | 2,230,281 | +5.0% |
| 1940 | 2,495,860 | +11.9% |
| 1950 | 2,604,200 | +4.3% |
| 1960 | 2,602,962 | −0.0% |
| 1970 | 2,683,674 | +3.1% |
| 1981 | 2,811,942 | +4.8% |
| 1991 | 2,731,669 | −2.9% |
| 2001 | 2,695,880 | −1.3% |
| 2011 | 2,772,928 | +2.9% |
| 2021 | 2,698,177 | −2.7% |
| Source:INE | ||
Population
edit
Galicia's inhabitants are known as Galicians (Galician:galegos,Spanish:gallegos). For well over a century Galicia has grown more slowly than the rest of Spain, due largely to a poorer economy compared with other regions of Spain andemigrationtoLatin Americaand to other parts of Spain. Sometimes Galicia has lost population in absolute terms. In 1857, Galicia had Spain'sdensestpopulation and constituted 11.5% of the national population. As of 2007[update],only 6.1% of the Spanish population resided in the autonomous community. This is due to an exodus of Galician people since the 19th century, first toSouth Americaand later[when?]toCentral Europe[where?]and the development of population centers and industry in other parts of Spain.
According to the 2006 census, Galicia has afertility rateof 1.03 children per woman, compared to 1.38 nationally, and far below the figure of 2.1 that represents a stable populace.[79]Lugo and Ourense provinces have the lowest fertility rates in Spain, 0.88 and 0.93, respectively.[79]
In northern Galicia, theA Coruña-Ferrolmetropolitan area has become increasingly dominant in terms of population. The population of the city of A Coruña in 1900 was 43,971. The population of the rest of the province, including the City and Naval Station of nearby Ferrol and Santiago de Compostela, was 653,556. A Coruña's growth occurred after theSpanish Civil Warat the same speed as other major Galician cities, but since the revival of democracy after the death ofFrancisco Franco,A Coruña has grown at a faster rate than all the other Galician cities.
During the mid-20th century, the population rapidly increased inA Coruña,Vigo, and to a lesser degree, other major Galician cities, such asOurense,PontevedraorSantiago de Compostelaas the rural population declined after theSpanish Civil War:many villages and hamlets of the four provinces of Galicia disappeared or nearly disappeared during the same period.Economic developmentand mechanization of agriculture resulted in the fields being abandoned, and most of the population moved to find jobs in the main cities. The number of people working in thetertiaryandquaternary sectorsof the economy increased significantly.
Since 1999, the absolute number of births in Galicia has been increasing. In 2006, 21,392 births were registered in Galicia,[80]300 more than in 2005, according to theInstituto Galego de Estatística.Since 1981, the Galicianlife expectancyhas increased by five years, thanks to a higher quality of life.[81][82]
- Birth rate(2006): 7.9 per 1,000 (all of Spain: 11.0 per 1,000)
- Death rate(2006): 10.8 per 1,000 (all of Spain: 8.4 per 1,000)
- Life expectancy at birth(2005): 80.4 years (all of Spain: 80.2 years)
- Male: 76.8 years (all of Spain: 77.0 years)
- Female: 84.0 years (all of Spain: 83.5 years)
Roman Catholicismis, by far, the largest religion in Galicia. In 2012, the proportion ofGaliciansthat identify themselves as Roman Catholic was 82.2%.[83]
As a Celtic region of Spain, Galicia has a tartan called Galicia National.[84]
Urbanization
editThe principal cities are the four capitalsA Coruña,Pontevedra,OurenseandLugo,Santiago de Compostela– the political capital and archiepiscopal seat – and the industrial citiesVigoandFerrol.
- The seven Galician main cities
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The largest conurbations are:
- Pontevedra-Vigo 660,000
- A Coruña-Ferrol 640,000
| List of municipalities in Galicia by population | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Municipality | Province | Population (2021) | Municipality | Province | Population (2021) | |||||
| 1 | Vigo | Pontevedra | 292,374 | 13 | Carballo | A Coruña | 31,414 | |||
| 2 | A Coruña | A Coruña | 244,700 | 14 | Culleredo | A Coruña | 30,758 | |||
| 3 | Ourense | Ourense | 103,756 | 15 | Redondela | Pontevedra | 29,192 | |||
| 4 | Lugo | Lugo | 97,211 | 16 | Ribeira | A Coruña | 26,839 | |||
| 5 | Santiago de Compostela | A Coruña | 98,179 | 17 | Cangas | Pontevedra | 26,708 | |||
| 6 | Pontevedra | Pontevedra | 82,828 | 18 | Cambre | A Coruña | 24,616 | |||
| 7 | Ferrol | A Coruña | 64,158 | 19 | Marín | Pontevedra | 24,248 | |||
| 8 | Narón | A Coruña | 38,913 | 20 | Ponteareas | Pontevedra | 22,942 | |||
| 9 | Vilagarcía de Arousa | Pontevedra | 37,545 | 21 | A Estrada | Pontevedra | 20,261 | |||
| 10 | Oleiros | A Coruña | 37,271 | 22 | Lalín | Pontevedra | 20,199 | |||
| 11 | Arteixo | A Coruña | 33,076 | 23 | O Porriño | Pontevedra | 20,212 | |||
| 12 | Ames | A Coruña | 32,095 | 24 | Moaña | Pontevedra | 19,496 | |||
Migration
editLike many rural areas of Western Europe, Galicia's history has been defined by mass emigration. Significant internal migration took place from Galicia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to the industrialized Spanish cities ofBarcelona,Bilbao,ZaragozaandMadrid.Other Galicians emigrated toLatin America–Argentina,Uruguay,Venezuela,Mexico,BrazilandCubain particular.
The two cities with the greatest number of people of Galician descent outside Galicia areBuenos Aires,Argentina, and nearbyMontevideo,Uruguay. Immigration from Galicia was so significant in these areas that Argentines and Uruguayans now commonly refer to all Spaniards asgallegos(Galicians).[85]
During theFrancoyears, there was a new wave of emigration out of Galicia to other European countries, most notably toFrance,Germany,Switzerland,and theUnited Kingdom.Many of these immigrant or expatriate communities have their groups or clubs, which they formed in the first decades of settling in a new place. TheGalician diasporais so widespread that websites such asFillos de Galiciahave been created in the 21st century to organize and form a network of ethnic Galicians throughout the world.
After this, a third wave was a Spanish internal emigration to heavier industrialised areas of Spain, like theBasque CountryorCatalonia.
The proportion of foreign-born people in Galicia is only 2.9 percent compared to the national figure of 10 percent; among the autonomous communities, onlyExtremadurahas a lower percentage of immigrants.[86]Of the foreign nationals resident in Galicia, 17.93 percent are the ethnically relatedPortuguese,10.93 percent areColombianand 8.74 percentBrazilian.[44]
Language
edit
Galicia has two official languages: Galician (Galician:galego) and Spanish (also known in Spain asCastellano,i.e."Castilian"), both of themRomance languages.The former (Galician) originated regionally; the latter (Castilian) was associated withCastile.Galician is recognized in the Statute of Autonomy of Galicia as thelingua propia( "own language" ) of Galicia.
Galician and Portuguese share a common medieval phase known asGalician-Portuguese.[87]The independence of Portugal since the late Middle Ages has favored the divergence of the Galician and Portuguese languages as they developed.[88]Though considered to be independent languages in Galicia, the shared history between Galician and Portuguese has been widely acknowledged; in 2014, the Galician parliament approved Law 1/2014 on the promotion of Portuguese and links with theLusophony.[89]
The official Galician language has been standardized by theReal Academia Galegabased on literary tradition. Although there are local dialects, Galician media conform to this standard form, which is also used in primary, secondary, and university education. There are more than three million Galician speakers in the world.[88]Galician ranks in the lower orders of the 150 most widely spoken languages on earth.[44]
For more than four centuries of Castilian domination, Spanish was the only official language in Galicia. Galician faded from day-to-day use in urban areas. Since the re-establishment of democracy in Spain—in particular since the passage and implementation of theLei de Normalización Lingüística( "Law of Linguistic Normalization", Ley 3/1983, 15 June 1983)—the first generation of students in mass education has attended schools conducted in Galician. (Spanish is also taught.)
Since the late 20th century and the establishment of Galicia's autonomy, the Galician language is resurgent. In the cities, it is generally used as a second language for most. According to a 2001 census, 99.16 percent of the population of Galicia understood the language, 91.04 percent spoke it, 68.65 percent could read it and 57.64 percent could write it.[90]The first two numbers (understanding and speaking) were roughly the same as responses a decade earlier. But there were great gains in the percentage of the population who could read and write Galician: a decade earlier, only 49.3 percent of the population could read Galician, and 34.85 percent could write it. During theFrancoera, the teaching of Galician was prohibited. Today older people may speak the language but have no written competence because of those years.[90]Among theregional languagesof Spain, Galician has the highest percentage of speakers in its population. However, the acts of Popular Party in the Autonomous Community in the last decade, forbide the possibility of teaching in Galician at schools such a vehicular language and use it in the learning of some subjects, increasingly the monolinguism and the language substitution of Galician.
The earliest known document in Galician-Portuguese dates from 1228. TheForo do bo burgo do Castro Caldelaswas granted byAlfonso IX of Leónto the town of Burgo, inCastro Caldelas,after the model of the constitutions of the town ofAllariz.[91]A distinctGalician literatureemerged during the Middle Ages: In the 13th century important contributions were made to the Romance canon in Galician-Portuguese, the most notable those by thetroubadourMartín Codax,the priestAiras Nunes,KingDenis of Portugal,and KingAlfonso X of Castile,Alfonso O Sabio( "Alfonso the Wise" ), the same monarch who began the process of standardization of the Spanish language. During this period, Galician-Portuguese was considered the language of love poetry in the IberianRomancelinguistic culture. The names and memories of Codax and other popular cultural figures are well preserved in modern Galicia.
Religion
edit
Religion in Galicia (2019)[92]
Christianityis the most widely practised religion in Galicia. It was introduced inLate Antiquityand was practiced alongside the native Celtic religion for a few centuries which, incidentally, was re-established as an officially recognised religion in 2015.[93][94]Still, today about 77.7% of Galicians identify as Catholic.[92]Most Christians adhere to Catholicism, though only 32.1% of the population described themselves as active members.
TheCatholic Churchin Galicia has had its primatial see in Santiago de Compostela since the 12th century. In fact, since theMiddle Ages,the Galician Catholic Church has been organized into five dioceses: the Metropolitan seeSantiago de Compostela,and four suffragan dioceses:Lugo,Ourense,Mondoñedo-FerrolandTui-Vigo.While in the 15th-century diocesan boundaries may have coincided with those of the civil province, this is no longer the case. The five dioceses of Galicia are subdivided into a total of 163 districts and 3,792 parishes. In a minority of cases, the parish priest is represented by an administrator.
The patron saint of Galicia isSaint James the Greater.According toCatholictradition, his body was discovered in 814 near Compostela. After that date, the relics of Saint James attracted an extraordinary number of pilgrims. Since the 9th century these relics have been kept in the heart of the church – the modern-daycathedral– dedicated to him. There are many other Galician and associated saints; some of the best-known are:Saint Ansurius,Saint Rudesind,Saint Mariña of Augas Santas,Saint Senorina,Trahamunda and Froilan.
Education
editGalicia's education system is administered by the regional government's Ministry of Education and University Administration. 76% of Galician teenagers achieve ahigh school degree– ranked fifth out of the 17 autonomous communities.
There are threepublic universitiesin Galicia:University of A Coruñawith campuses inA CoruñaandFerrol,University of Santiago de Compostelawith campuses inSantiago de CompostelaandLugoand theUniversity of Vigowith campuses inPontevedra,OurenseandVigo.
Health care
editGalicia'spublic healthcaresystem is theServizo Galego de Saúde(SERGAS). It is administered by the regional government's Ministry of Health.
Culture
editArchitecture and Art
edit
Hundreds of ancient standing stone monuments likedolmens,menhirs,and megalithictumuliwere erected during the prehistoric period in Galicia. Amongst the best-known are the dolmens of Dombate, Corveira, Axeitos of Pedra da Arca, and menhirs like the Lapa de Gargantáns. From theIron Age,Galicia has a rich heritage based mainly on a great number ofhill forts,few of them excavated like Baroña, Sta. Tegra, San Cibrao de Lás and Formigueiros among others. With the introduction of Ancient Roman architecture, there was a development of basilicas,castra,city walls, cities, villas, Roman temples, Roman roads, and the Roman bridge ofPonte Vella.It was the Romans who founded some of the first cities in Galicia likeLugoandOurense.Perhaps the best-known examples are theRoman Walls of Lugoand theTower of HerculesinA Coruña.
During the Middle Ages, many fortified castles were built by Galician feudal nobles to mark their powers against their rivals. Although most of them were demolished during theIrmandiño Wars(1466–1469), some Galician castles that survived are Pambre, Castro Caldelas,Sobroso,Soutomaiorand Monterrei. The ecclesiastical architecture was raised early in Galicia, and the first churches and monasteries as San Pedro de Rocas began to be built in the 5th and 6th centuries. However, the most famous medieval architecture in Galicia had been using Romanesque architecture like most of Western Europe. Some of the greatest examples of Romanesque churches in Galicia are theCathedral of Santiago de Compostela,theOurense Cathedral,Saint John of Caaveiro,Our Lady Mary ofCambre,and theChurch of San Xoán of Portomarínamong others. In the art of Galicia, thestonehas a strong imprint, especially thegranite,which served as a support from the prehistoricpetroglyphsfigures to the development of medieval art in the Galician Romanesque sculptures fromPortico of GlorybyMaster Mateo,inSantiago de Compostela Cathedral.Medieval splendor was followed, as in literature, by a few centuries of darkness (theSéculos escuros) until the arrival of the Compostela Baroque. In painting, the romanticism and impressionist-influenced landscapes of the 20th century were materialized by a generation of artists who died young, so they were called the "Xeración Doente"(Sick Generation). In the 20th century, the renovation came in the 20s byOs renovadores,and by theAtlánticagroup after the dictatorship.
Cuisine
edit
Galician cuisine often uses fish and shellfish. Theempanadais a meat or fish pie, with a bread-like base, top, and crust with the meat or fish filling usually being in a tomato sauce including onions and garlic.Caldo galegois a hearty soup whose main ingredients are potatoes and a local vegetable namedgrelo (broccoli rabe).The latter is also employed inlacón con grelos,a typical carnival dish, consisting of pork shoulder boiled withgrelos,potatoes, andchorizo.Centollais the equivalent ofking crab.It is prepared by being boiled alive, having its main body opened like a shell, and then having its innards mixed vigorously. Another popular dish isoctopus,boiled (traditionally in a copper pot) and served on a wooden plate, cut into small pieces, and laced with olive oil, sea salt, andpimentón(Spanish paprika). This dish is calledpulpo a la gallegaor in Galicianpolbo á feira,which roughly translates as 'fair-style octopus', most commonly translated as 'Galician-style octopus'. There are several regional varieties of cheese. The best-known one is the so-calledtetilla,named after its breast-like shape. Other highly regarded varieties include the San Simón cheese fromVilalbaand the creamy cheese produced in theArzúa-Ulloa area. A classical isfilloas,crêpe-like pancakes made with flour, broth or milk, and eggs. When cooked at apig slaughterfestival, they may also contain the animal's blood. A famous almond cake calledTarta de Santiago(St. James' cake) is a Galician sweet specialty mainly produced in Santiago de Compostela and all around Galicia.
Galicia has 30 products withDenominación de orixe(D.O.), some of them withDenominación de Orixe Protexida(D.O.P.).[95]D.O. and D.O.P. are part of a system of regulation of quality and geographical origin among Spain's finest producers. Galicia produces a number of high-qualityGalician wines,includingAlbariño,Ribeiro,Ribeira Sacra,MonterreiandValdeorras.The grape varieties used are local and rarely found outside Galicia and Northern Portugal. Just as notably from Galicia comes the spiritAugardente—the name means burning water—often referred to asOrujoin Spain and internationally or ascañain Galicia. This spirit is made from the distillation of thepomaceof grapes.
Music
editFolk and traditionally based music
edit
The traditional music of Galicia andAsturiasfeatures highly distinctive folk styles that have some similarities with the neighboring area ofCantabria.The music is characterized by the use ofbagpipes.
- Luar na Lubre:a band inspired by traditional Galician music. They have collaborated withMike Oldfieldand other musicians.
- Carlos Núñez:he has also collaborated with a great number of artists, being notable for his long-term friendship withThe Chieftains.
- Susana Seivane:virtuoso piper. She descends from a family of pipe makers and stated she preferred pipes instead of dolls during her childhood.
- Milladoiro
- Cristina Pato:bagpiper and member of Yo-Yo Ma'sSilk Road Ensemble.
- Tanxugueiras
- Berrogüetto
- Sangre de Muerdago:forest folk band led by Pablo C. Ursusson, member of the legendary Galician neocrustbandEkkaia.
Pop and rock
edit- Andrés Suárez:singer-songwriter fromFerrol,known for his poetic, insightful and often romantic lyrics.
- Los Suaves:hard rock/heavy metalband active since the early 1980s, fromOurense
- Deluxe:pop/rock band fromA Coruñaled by Xoel López
- Siniestro Total:punk rock
- Os Resentidos:led byAntón Reixain the 1980s
- Heredeiros da Crus:rock band singing in Galician language
- Iván Ferreiro
- Xoel Lopez
- Bala
- Triángulo de Amor Bizarro
- Arrythmia
- Broa
- Chicharrón
Hip-hop
edit- Dios Ke Te Crew:a powerful band of hip-hop with socially compromised lyrics.
- Ezetaerre
- Malandrómeda
- Rebeliom do Inframundo
Literature, poetry and philosophy
edit
As with many otherRomance languages,Galician-Portugueseemerged as a literary language in the Middle Ages, during the 12th and 13th centuries, when arich lyric tradition developed,followed by a minor prose tradition, whilst being the predominant language used for legal and private texts till the 15th century. However, in the face of the hegemony of Spanish, during the so-calledSéculos Escuros( "Dark Centuries" ) from 1530 to the late 18th century, it fell from major literary or legal written use.
As a literary language it was revived again during the 18th and, most notably, the 19th-century (RexurdimentoResurgence) with such writers asRosalía de Castro,Manuel Murguía,Manuel Leiras Pulpeiro,andEduardo Pondal.In the 20th century, before the Spanish Civil War theIrmandades da Fala( "Brotherhood of the Language" ) andGrupo Nósincluded such writers asVicente Risco,Ramón CabanillasandCastelao.Public use of Galician was largely suppressed during the Franco dictatorship but has been resurgent since the restoration of democracy. Though written primarily in Castilian, several works by the Nobel laureateCamilo José Cela,notablyMazurka for Two Dead Men,are set in the author's native Galicia and make frequent allusions to Galician folklore, customs, and language. Other notable Galician authors who wrote mostly in Spanish, but always around Galician subjects, areValle-Inclán,Wenceslao Fernández Flórez,Emilia Pardo BazánandGonzalo Torrente Ballester.Contemporary writers in Galician includeXosé Luís Méndez Ferrín,Manuel Rivas,Chus Pato,andSuso de Toro.
Public holidays
edit- Día de San Xosé(St. Joseph's Day) on 19 March (strictly religious)
- Día do Traballo(May Day) on 1 May
- Día das Letras Galegas(Galician Literature Day) on 17 May
- Día da Patria Galega(Galicia's National Day) also known as theFeast of Saint Jameson 25 July
- Día da Nosa Señora (Day of Our Lady)on 15 August (strictly religious)
Festivals
edit
- Entroido,orCarnival,is a traditional celebration in Galicia, historically disliked and even forbidden by the Catholic Church. Famous celebrations are held inLaza,Verín,andXinzo de Limia.
- Festa do Corpus ChristiinPonteareas,has been observed since 1857 on the weekend followingCorpus Christi(amovable feast) and is known for its floral carpets. It was declared a Festival of Tourist Interest in 1968 and a Festival of National Tourist Interest in 1980.
- Feira Franca,the first weekend of September, inPontevedrarecreates an open market that first occurred in 1467. The fair commemorates the height of Pontevedra's prosperity in the 15th and 16th centuries, through historical recreation, theater, animation, and demonstration of artistic activities. Held annually since 2000.
- Arde Lucus,in June, celebrates the Celtic and Roman history of the city of Lugo, with recreations of Celtic weddings, Roman circus, etc.
- Bonfires of Saint John,Noite de San XoánorNoite da Queimais widely spread in all Galician territory, celebrated as a welcome to thesummer solsticesince the Celtic period, and Christianized inSaint John's dayeve. Bonfires are believed to makemeigas(malicious or fallen witches), flee. They are particularly relevant in the city ofCorunna,where it becameFiesta of National Tourist Interest of Spain.The whole city participates in making great bonfires in each district, whereas the centre of the party is located on the beaches of Riazor and Orzan, in the very city heart, where hundreds of bonfires of different sizes are lighted. Also, grilled sardines are very typical.
- Rapa das Bestas ( "shearing of the beasts" ) inSabucedo,the first weekend in July, is the most famous of severalrapasin Galicia and was declared a Festival of National Tourist Interest in 1963. Wild colts are driven down from the mountains and brought to a closed area known as acurro,where their manes are cut and the animals are marked and assisted after a long winter in the hills. In Sabucedo, unlike in otherrapas,thealoitadores( "fighters" ) each take on their task with no assistance.
- Festival de Ortigueira (Ortigueira's Festival of Celtic World) lasts four days in July, inOrtigueira.First celebrated in 1978–1987 and revived in 1995, the festival is based onCelticculture, folk music, and the encounter of different peoples throughout Spain and the world. Attended by over 100,000 people, it is considered a Festival of National Tourist Interest.
- Festa da Dorna, 24 July, inRibeira.Founded in 1948, declared a Galician Festival of Tourist Interest in 2005. Founded as a joke by a group of friends, it includes the Gran Prix de Carrilanas, a regatta of hand-made boats; theIcarusPrize for Unmotorized Flight; and a musical competition, the Canción de Tasca.
- Festas do Apóstolo Santiago (Festas of the Apostle James): the events in honor of the patron saint of Galicia last for half a month. The religious celebrations take place on 24 July. Celebrants set offfireworks,including a pyrotechnic castle in the form of the façade of the cathedral.
- Romería Vikinga de Catoira ( "Viking Festival of Catoira"), the first Sunday in August, is a secular festival that has occurred since 1960 and was declared a Festival of International Tourist Interest in 2002. It commemorates the historic defense of Galicia and the treasures of Santiago de Compostela fromNormanandSaracenpirate attacks.
- Festas da Peregrina inPontevedra,2nd week of August, celebrating the Pilgrim Virgin ofPontevedra.There is abullfightingfestival at the same time. Pontevedra is the only city where there is apermanent bullring.
- Festa de San Froilán, 4–12 October, celebrating the patron saint of the city ofLugo.A Festival of National Tourist Interest, the festival was attended by 1,035,000 people in 2008.[96]It is most famous for the booths servingpolbo á feira,anoctopusdish.
- Festa do marisco (Seafood Festival), October, inO Grove.Established in 1963; declared a Festival of National Tourist Interest in the 1980s.
In 2015 only fivecorridastook place within Galicia.[97] In addition, recent studies have stated that 92% of Galicians are firmly against bullfighting, the highest rate in Spain. Despite this, popular associations, such asGalicia Mellor Sen Touradas( "Galicia Better without Bullfights" ), have blamed politicians for having no compromise to abolish it and have been very critical of local councils', especially those governed by the PP and PSOE, payment of subsidies for corridas. The province government of Pontevedra stopped the end of these subsidies and declared the province "free of bullfights".[98]The province government of A Coruña approved a document supporting the abolition of these events.[99]
Media
editTelevision
editTelevisión de Galicia(TVG) is the autonomous community's public channel, which has broadcast since 24 July 1985 and is part of theCompañía de Radio-Televisión de Galicia(CRTVG). TVG broadcasts throughout Galicia and has two international channels, Galicia Televisión Europa and Galicia Televisión América, available throughout theEuropean Unionand theAmericasthroughHispasat.CRTVG also broadcasts adigital terrestrial television(DTT) channel known astvG2and is considering adding further DTT channels, with a 24-hour news channel projected for 2010.
Radio
editRadio Galega(RG) is the autonomous community's public radio station and is part of CRTVG. Radio Galega began broadcasting on 24 February 1985, with regular programming starting on 29 March 1985. There are two regular broadcast channels: Radio Galega and Radio Galega Música. In addition, there is a DTT and internet channel, Son Galicia Radio, dedicated specifically to Galician music.
Galicia has several free and community radio stations.Cuac FMis the headquarters of the Community Media Network (which brings together media non-profit oriented and serves their community). CUAC FM (A Coruña), Radio Filispim (Ferrol), Radio Roncudo (corme), Kalimera Radio (Santiago de Compostela), Radio Piratona (Vigo) and Radio Clavi (Lugo) are part of the Galician Network of Free and Association of Community Radio Broadcasters(ReGaRLiC)
Press
editThe most widely distributed newspaper in Galicia isLa Voz de Galicia,with 12 local editions and a national edition. Other major newspapers areEl Correo Gallego(Santiago de Compostela),Faro de Vigo(Vigo),Diario de Pontevedra(Pontevedra),El Progreso(Lugo),La Región(Ourense), andGalicia Hoxe– The first daily newspaper to publish exclusively in Galician. Other newspapers areDiario de Ferrol,the sports paperDxT Campeón,El Ideal Gallegofrom A Coruña, theHeraldo de Vivero,Atlántico Diariofrom Vigo and theXornal de Galicia.
Sport
editGalicia has a long sporting tradition dating back to the early 20th century when the majority of sports clubs in Spain were founded. The most popular and well-supported teams in the region areDeportivo de La CoruñaandCelta Vigo.When the two sides play, it is referred to as theGalician derby.Deportivo was champion of La Liga in the 1999–2000 season.
Pontevedra CFfromPontevedraandRacing FerrolfromFerrolare two other notable clubs from Galicia as well asCD LugoandSD Compostela.TheGalician Football Federationperiodically fields anational teamagainst international opposition. This fact causes some political controversy because matches involving other national football teams different from the Spanish official national team threaten its status as the only national football team of the State. The policy of centralization in sport is very strong as it is systematically used as a patriotic device with which to build a symbol of the supposed unity of Spain which is a plurinational state.
Football aside, the most popular team sports in Galicia arefutsal,handballandbasketball.In basketball,Obradoiro CABis the most successful team of note, and currently, the only Galician team that plays in theLiga ACB;other teams areCB Breogan,Club Ourense Baloncestoand OAR Ferrol. In the sport of handball,Club Balonmán Cangasplays in the top-flight (Liga ASOBAL). The sport is particularly popular in the province of Pontevedra with the three other Galician teams in the top two divisions: SD Teucro (Pontevedra), Octavio Pilotes Posada (Vigo) and SD Chapela (Redondela).
Inroller hockeyHC Liceois the most successful Galician team, in any sport, with numerous European and World titles. In futsal teams,Lobelle Santiagoand Azkar Lugo.
Galicia is also known for its tradition of participation in water sports both at sea and in rivers; these includerowing,yachting,canoeingandsurfing.Its athletes have regularly won medals in the Olympics; currently, the most notable examples areDavid Cal,Carlos Pérez Rial, and Fernando Echavarri.
Galician triathlon contendersFrancisco Javier Gómez NoyaandIván Rañahave been world champions. In 2006 the cyclist Oscar Pereiro won the Tour de France after the disqualification of American Floyd Landis, gaining the top position on the penultimate day of the race. Galicians are also prominent athletes in the sport of mountaineering—Chus Lago is the third woman to reach the summit of Everest without supplemental oxygen.
In 2022, the cycling raceO Gran Camiñowas held for the first time[100]and was won by the Spanish legendAlejandro Valverde.In subsequent years, it rose to fame as the scene of the season debut of two times Tour de France winnerJonas Vingegaardwho won the race in both 2023 and 2024.
Emerging sports
editSince 2011, severalGaelic footballteams have been set up in Galicia. The first wasFillos de Breogán(A Coruña), followed Artabros (Oleiros), Irmandinhos (A Estrada), SDG Corvos (Pontevedra), and Suebia (Santiago de Compostela) with talk of creating a Galician league.[101]Galicia also fielded a Gaelic football side (recognised as national by theGAA) that beatBrittanyin July 2012 and was reported in the Spanish nationwide press.[102]
Rugbyis growing in popularity, although the success of local teams is hampered by the absence of experienced ex-pat players from English-speaking countries typically seen at teams based on the Mediterranean coast or in the big cities. Galicia has a long-established Rugby Federation that organises its own women's, children's, and men's leagues. Galicia has also fielded a national side for friendly matches against other regions of Spain and Portugal. A team of ex-pat Galicians inSalvador, Brazilhave also formed Galicia Rugby, a sister team of the local football club.
Symbols
edit
A goldenchaliceenclosed in a field ofazurehas been the symbol of Galicia since the 13th century. Originated as aCanting armsdue to the phonetic similarity between the words "chalice" andGalyce( "Galicia" in oldNorman language), the first documented mention of this emblem is on theSegar's Roll,an English medievalroll of armswhere are represented all the Christian kingdoms of 13th-century Europe. In the following centuries, the Galician emblem was variating; diverse shapes and several chalices (initially three and later one or five), would not be until the 16th century that its number was fixed finally as one single chalice. Centuries after, a field of crosses was slowly added to the azure background, and latterly also a silver host. Since then basically, the emblem of the kingdom would be kept until nowadays.
The ancient flag of the Kingdom of Galicia was based mainly on itscoat of armsuntil the 19th century. However, when in 1833 the Government of Spain decided to abolish the kingdom and divided it into four provinces, the Galician emblem, as well as the flag, lost its legal status and international validity. It would not be until the late 19th century that some Galician intellectuals (nationalist politicians and writers) began to use a new flag as a symbol of renewed national unity for Galicia. That flag, which was composed of a diagonal stripe over a white background, was designated the "official flag of Galicia" in 1984, after the fall of Franco's dictatorship. In addition, the Royal Academy of Galicia asked the Galician government to incorporate the ancient coat of arms of the kingdom onto the modern flag, being present in it since then.
In addition to its coat of arms and flag, Galicia also has its own anthem. While it is true that the Kingdom of Galicia had during centuries a kind of unofficial anthem known as the "Solemn March of the kingdom", the Galician current anthem was not created until 1907, although its composition had begun already in 1880. Titled "Os Pinos"(" The Pines "), the Galician anthem lyrics were written byEduardo Pondal,one of the greatest modern Galician poets, and its music was composed by Pascual Veiga. Performed for the first time in 1907 inHavana(Cuba) by Galician emigrants, the anthem was banned from 1927 by diverse Spanish Governments until 1977 when it was officially established by the Galician authorities.
Galicians
editHonour
editGalicia PeakinVinson Massif,Antarcticais named after the autonomous community of Galicia.[103]
Image gallery
edit-
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FisterraorCape Finisterre,meaning 'Land's End', one of the westernmost points in continental Europe -
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Gaiteiros,or bagpipe players.Gaita('bagpipe') is the most representative Galician musical instrument -
Queimada,a traditional drink obtained after partially burning localaugardente(grappa) -
Ahórreoorcabaceiroorcanastro,a traditional and ubiquitous granary -
Acruceiro,or wayside cross, and San Xurxo church in A Coruña -
Millenarian rock carvings,Laxe dos carballosatCampo Lameiro,in this detail depicts a deer hit by several spears -
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Roman Walls of Lugo,aWorld Heritagemonument -
A traditionaldorna,a fisherman boat common in theRia de Arousa -
The rocky coast of Cabo Silleiro,Baiona
See also
edit
Notes
edit- ^The termGalizais accepted by the orthographic and morphological norms of the Galician language set by the Royal Galician Academy in 2003, while retainingGaliciaas the first form, as it is used in the Galician Statute of Autonomy and, thus, the official form.
- ^These words both demonstrate the two main regional speech phenomena of the language,gheadaandseseo,and are realized as[ɡaˈliθjɐ],[ɡaˈliθɐ]in the east,[ħaˈliθjɐ],[ħaˈliθɐ]more centrally, and[ħaˈlisjɐ],[ħaˈlisɐ]further west;[gaˈliθɐ],[ɡaˈliθjɐ]arede factostandard, though all of these pronunciations are considered acceptable.
References
edit- ^"Contabilidad Regional de España"(PDF).ine.es.Archived(PDF)from the original on 18 December 2023.Retrieved7 January2024.
- ^"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab".hdi.globaldatalab.org.Archivedfrom the original on 23 September 2018.Retrieved24 June2023.
- ^"Galicia"Archived7 July 2019 at theWayback Machine,Collins English Dictionary.
- ^"Galicia, a historic nationality, constitutes itself as an autonomous community for accessing to its self-government", "Galicia, nacionalidade histórica, constitúese en Comunidade Autónoma para acceder ó seu autogoberno"Statute of Autonomy of Galicia (1981),1.
- ^abc"Instituto Nacional de Estadística".Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Archived fromthe originalon 11 June 2018.Retrieved25 June2018.
- ^"Límites e posición xeográfica".Instituto Galego de Estatística. Archived fromthe originalon 4 July 2020.Retrieved19 July2012.
- ^Koch, John T. (2006).Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia.ABC-CLIO. pp. 788–791.ISBN978-1-85109-440-0.
- ^Luján, Eugenio (2009)."Pueblos celtas y no celtas de la Galicia antigua: fuentes literarias frente a fuentes epigráficas".Real Académia de Cultura Valenciana: Sección de estudios ibéricos "D. Fletcher Valls". Estudios de lenguas y epigrafía antiguas - ELEA(9): 219–250.ISSN1135-5026.Archivedfrom the original on 30 January 2022.Retrieved18 January2022.
- ^Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911)..Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 402–403.
- ^Rodríguez Fernández, Justiniano (1997).García I, Ordoño II, Fruela II, Alfonso IV.Burgos: Editorial La Olmeda.ISBN84-920046-8-1.
- ^abde Artaza, Manuel Ma. (1998).Rey, reino y representación: la Junta General del Reino de Galicia (1599–1834).Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.ISBN84-453-2249-4.
- ^Galicia had a population of 1,345,803 inhabitants in 1787, some 44 inhabitants per square kilometer, out of a total of 9,307,804 in metropolitan Spain. Cf.Censo español executado de orden del Rey comunicada por el… Conde de Floridablanca en el año de 1787.Imprenta Real. 1787.Archivedfrom the original on 12 January 2017.Retrieved10 January2017.
- ^INE - Spain statistics institute (1 January 2021)."Municipal breakdown".INe.Retrieved20 October2022.
- ^"A Coruña es la localidad con más habitantes de Galicia, por encima de Vigo".El Español(in Spanish). 9 June 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 5 March 2023.Retrieved6 February2023.
- ^"IGE. Táboas".www.ige.eu.Archived fromthe originalon 18 May 2019.Retrieved10 March2019.
- ^abMoralejo, Juan J. (2008).Callaica nomina: estudios de onomástica gallega(PDF).A Coruña: Fundación Pedro Barrié de la Maza. pp. 113–148.ISBN978-84-95892-68-3.Archived(PDF)from the original on 22 March 2011.
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Bibliography
edit- Bell, Aubrey F. B. (1922).Spanish Galicia.London: John Lane The Bodley Head Ltd.
- Meakin, Annette M. B. (1909).Galicia: The Switzerland of Spain.London: Methuen & Co.
External links
edit
Media related toGalicia (Spain)(category) at Wikimedia Commons
Galiciatravel guide from Wikivoyage
