MonsieurGaston, Duke of Orléans(Gaston Jean Baptiste; 24 April 1608 – 2 February 1660), was the third son of KingHenry IV of Franceand his second wife,Marie de' Medici.As a son of the king, he was born aFils de France.He later acquired the titleDuke of Orléans,by which he was generally known during his adulthood. As the eldest surviving brother of KingLouis XIII,he was known at court by the traditional honorificMonsieur.
| Gaston | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duke of Orléans | |||||
 | |||||
| Born | 24 April 1608 Palace of Fontainebleau,France | ||||
| Died | 2 February 1660(aged 51) Château de Blois,France | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| Spouse |
(m.1643) | ||||
| Issue Detail | |||||
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| House | Bourbon | ||||
| Father | Henry IV of France | ||||
| Mother | Marie de' Medici | ||||
| Signature |  | ||||
Early life
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Gaston Jean Baptiste was born at thePalace of Fontainebleauon 24 April 1608 and at birth was given the title ofDuke of Anjou.As a child, he was raised under the supervision of the royal governessFrançoise de Montglat.In 1626, at the time of his marriage to the youngMarie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier,he received in appanage (with their respective titles) the duchies ofOrléans[1]andChartres,and thecounty of Blois.[2]He had nominal command of the army which besiegedLa Rochellein 1628,[3][4]having already entered upon a course of political intrigue that would occupy the remainder of his life. He was the heir presumptive to the throne of France from the death of his brotherMonsieur d'Orléansin 1611 until the birth of his elder brother's first son in 1638.
On two occasions, he had to leave France for conspiring against the government of his brother and hisPrime MinisterCardinal Richelieu.After waging an unsuccessful war inLanguedocleading to theBattle of Castelnaudaryin 1632, he took refuge inFlanders.Reconciled with his brotherLouis XIII,he plotted against Richelieu in 1635, fled from the country again, and then submitted to the King and the Cardinal.[4]
Soon afterwards, the same process repeated itself. Orléans conspired withthe marquis de Cinq-Marsto attempt Richelieu's assassination, and then deserted his unfortunate accomplice (1642). In 1643, upon the death of Louis XIII, Gaston became lieutenant-general of the kingdom, and fought against Spain on the northern frontiers of France. He was createdduc d'Alençonin 1646. During the wars of theFronde(1648–1653), he demonstrated no particular loyalty to the crown and passed with great facility from one side to the other.[4]
Marriages
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Gaston first married on 6 August 1626, atNantestoMarie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier,daughter and heiress ofHenri de Bourbon, Duke of Montpensier.[5]They had a daughter,Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier(29 May 1627 – 5 April 1693), calledMademoiselle de Montpensier,but later being best known as theGrande Mademoiselle.
Marie de Bourbon died six days after giving birth (4 June 1627), leaving her daughter the last of the line of theMontpensier line of the House of Bourbon.
While taking refuge from the wrath of Cardinal Richelieu inLorraine,Gaston fell in love at first sight withMarguerite of Lorraine,the sister ofCharles IV, Duke of Lorraine.But as France and Lorraine were then enemies, he was refused the king's permission to marry a sister of its duke. Nonetheless, Gaston fled again to Lorraine and, in a secret ceremony in the presence of her family at Nancy during the night of 2 – 3 January 1632, Gaston took the princess Marguerite as his wife. Because he had not obtained the prior permission of his elder brother, the king – one of his many acts of defiance – the couple could not appear at the French court and the marriage was kept secret.
But in November of that year,Henri II,Duke of Montmorency,on his way to the scaffold, betrayed Gaston, his former co-conspirator, and Louis XIII and Richelieu learnt of the elopement. The king had his brother's marriage declared null and void by theParlement of Parisin September 1634 and, despite the protest ofPope Urban VIII,[6]theAssembly of the French clergyheld in September 1635 that aprince du sangcould enter matrimony only with permission of the king – consistent with French sovereignty and custom. Although Marguerite and Gaston had re-celebrated their marriage before the Archbishop ofMalines,a French emissary persuaded the Pope not to protest the matter publicly, and Gaston formally accepted the annulment of his marriage. It was not until Louis XIII was on his deathbed in May 1643 that he accepted his brother's plea for forgiveness and authorized his marriage to Marguerite, whereupon the couple undertook nuptials for the third time in July 1643 before the Archbishop of Paris atMeudon,and the Duke and Duchess of Orléans were finally received at court.
By right of her marriage, Marguerite became known asMadameat court. After the death of his mother in 1642, Gaston was bequeathed theLuxembourg Palace,which became the couple's Parisian residence under the namePalais Orléansonce they were restored to royal favour. They also sojourned at theChâteau de Blois,in theLoire Valley,where their first child was born in 1645.
Marguerite and Gaston d'Orléans had five children, of whom three daughters survived into adulthood:
- Marguerite Louise d'Orléans(28 July 1645 – 17 September 1721) marriedCosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscanyand had issue-but line died out.
- Élisabeth Marguerite d'Orléans(26 December 1646 – 17 March 1696) marriedLouis Joseph of Lorraine, Duke of Guiseand had issue-but line died out.
- Françoise Madeleine d'Orléans(13 October 1648 – 14 January 1664) marriedCharles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoybut died childless.
- Jean Gaston d'Orléans, Duke of Valois(17 August 1650 – 10 August 1652) died in infancy.
- Marie Anne d'Orléans(9 November 1652 – 17 August 1656) died in infancy.
Gaston had an illegitimate daughter by Marie Porcher:[7]
- Mariebâtarded'Orléans (1 January 1631, Paris –?).
He also had an illegitimate son by Louise-Roger de La Marbelière:
- Louisbâtardd'Orléans, chevalier de Charny, (13 January 1638, Joué les Tours – 1692, Spain), later General under the service of Spain.
Later life
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After the death of Gaston's brother Louis XIII in 1643, his nephewPhilippe,brother of the new kingLouis XIV,became the newMonsieur.To differentiate the olderMonsieurfrom the younger, Gaston, the uncle, was calledLe Grand Monsieurand Philippe, the nephew, was calledLe Petit Monsieur.
After theFronde,Gaston was exiled byCardinal MazarintoBloisin 1652, and remained there until his death. All of his Orléans titles then went to his nephew, now the onlyMonsieur.
Ancestors
editSee also
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- Chalais conspiracy
- Charles de Lorme,personal medical doctor to Gaston
- List of works by James Pradier
References
edit- ^Moote, A. Lloyd (1991)Louis XIII, The Justp 192. University of California Press.ISBN0-520-06485-2
- ^Pitts, Vincent Joseph (2000)La Grande Mademoiselle at the Court of France: 1627-1693JHU Press p. 3,ISBN0-8018-6466-6
- ^Patmore, Katherine,The Court of Louis XIII,Methuen & Co, 1909, p. 144.
- ^abcChisholm 1911.
- ^Pitts, Vincent Joseph.La Grande Mademoiselle at the Court of France,p. 2
- ^Campagnes de Charles IV, duc de Lorraine et de Bar, en Allemagne, en Lorraine et en Franche-Comté, 1634-1638, d'après des documents inédits, par F. des Robert, Paris, Nancy, 1883, p. 336.
- ^Revue 1875.
- ^abAnselme 1726,pp. 143–144.
- ^abLeonie Frieda (14 March 2006).Catherine de Medici: Renaissance Queen of France.HarperCollins. p. 386.ISBN978-0-06-074493-9.Retrieved21 February2011.
- ^abAnselme 1726,pp. 328–329.
- ^abAnselme 1726,p. 211.
- ^ab"The Medici Granducal Archive and the Medici Archive Project"(PDF).p. 12. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 15 January 2006.
- ^abWurzbach, Constantin von,ed. (1860)..Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich[Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 290 – viaWikisource.
- Anselme de Sainte-Marie, Père (1726).Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France[Genealogical and chronological history of the royal house of France] (in French). Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Paris: La compagnie des libraires.
- Gaston Jean Baptiste de France Duc d'Orléans
- Revue nobilaire, heraldique et biographique[Aristocratic, heraldic and biographical journal.] (in French). Vol. 12. France: Dumoulin. 1875. p. 503.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911). "Orleans, Jean Baptiste Gaston, Duke of".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 284.
