Wikipedia

Geoffrey Hinton

Geoffrey Everest Hinton(born 6 December 1947) is a British-Canadiancomputer scientist,cognitive scientist,cognitive psychologist,andNobel Prize winner in Physics,known for his work onartificial neural networkswhich earned him the title as the "Godfather of AI".

Geoffrey Hinton
CCFRSFRSC
Hinton speaking at the Nobel Prize Lectures in Stockholm in 2024
Born
Geoffrey Everest Hinton

(1947-12-06)6 December 1947(age 77)[8]
Wimbledon,London, England
Education
Known for
Spouse(s)Joanne
Rosalind Zalin
​
(died 1994)​

Jacqueline Ford
​
​
(m.1997; died 2018)​
Children2
FatherH. E. Hinton
RelativesColin Clark(uncle)
Awards
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions
ThesisRelaxation and its role in vision(1977)
Doctoral advisorChristopher Longuet-Higgins
Doctoral students
Other notable students
Websitewww.cs.toronto.edu/~hinton/Edit this at Wikidata

Hinton isUniversity Professor Emeritusat theUniversity of Toronto.From 2013 to 2023, he divided his time working forGoogle(Google Brain) and theUniversity of Toronto,before publicly announcing his departure from Google in May 2023, citing concerns about the many risks ofartificial intelligence(AI) technology.[9][10]In 2017, he co-founded and became the chief scientific advisor of theVector Institutein Toronto.[11][12]

WithDavid RumelhartandRonald J. Williams,Hinton was co-author of a highly cited paper published in 1986 that popularised thebackpropagationalgorithm for training multi-layer neural networks,[13]although they were not the first to propose the approach.[14]Hinton is viewed as a leading figure in thedeep learningcommunity.[20]The image-recognition milestone of theAlexNetdesigned in collaboration with his studentsAlex Krizhevsky[21]andIlya Sutskeverfor theImageNet challenge2012[22]was a breakthrough in the field of computer vision.[23]

Hinton received the 2018Turing Award,often referred to as the "Nobel Prize of Computing",together withYoshua BengioandYann LeCun,for their work on deep learning.[24]They are sometimes referred to as the "Godfathers of Deep Learning",[25][26]and have continued to give public talks together.[27][28]He was also awarded withJohn Hopfieldthe 2024Nobel Prize in Physicsforfoundational discoveries and inventions that enablemachine learningwithartificial neural networks.[29][30]

In May 2023, Hinton announced his resignation from Google to be able to "freely speak out about the risks of A.I."[31]He has voiced concerns aboutdeliberate misuse by malicious actors,technological unemployment,andexistential risk from artificial general intelligence.[32]He noted that establishing safety guidelines will require cooperation among those competing in use of AI in order to avoid the worst outcomes.[33]After receiving the Nobel Prize, he called for urgent research intoAI safetyto figure out how to control AI systems smarter than humans.[34][35][36]

Education

edit

Hinton was educated atClifton Collegein Bristol[37]and theUniversity of Cambridgeas an undergraduate student ofKing's College, Cambridge.After repeatedly changing his degree between different subjects likenatural sciences,history of art,andphilosophy,he eventually graduated with aBAdegree inexperimental psychologyin 1970.[8]He continued his study at theUniversity of Edinburghwhere he was awarded aPhDinartificial intelligencein 1978 for research supervised byChristopher Longuet-Higgins.[38][39]

Career and research

edit

After his PhD, Hinton initially worked at theUniversity of Sussexand at theMRC Applied Psychology Unit.After having difficulty getting funding in Britain,[40]he worked in the U.S. at theUniversity of California, San DiegoandCarnegie Mellon University.[8]He was the founding director of theGatsby Charitable FoundationComputational Neuroscience Unit atUniversity College London.[8]He is currently[41]University ProfessorEmeritusin thecomputer sciencedepartment at theUniversity of Toronto,where he has been affiliated since 1987.[42]

Upon arrival in Canada, Geoffrey Hinton was appointed at theCanadian Institute for Advanced Research(CIFAR) in 1987 as a Fellow in CIFAR's first research program, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics & Society.[43]In 2004, Hinton and collaborators successfully proposed the launch of a new program at CIFAR, Neural Computation and Adaptive Perception[44](or NCAP, which today is named Learning in Machines & Brains). Hinton would go on to lead NCAP for ten years.[45]Among the members of the program areYoshua BengioandYann LeCun,with whom Hinton would go on to win theACM A.M. Turing Awardin 2018.[46]All three Turing winners continue to be members of the CIFAR Learning in Machines and Brains program.[47]

Hinton taught a free online course on Neural Networks on the education platformCourserain 2012.[48]He co-founded DNNresearch Inc. in 2012 with his two graduate students Alex Krizhevsky and Ilya Sutskever at the University of Toronto’s department of computer science. In March 2013, Google acquired DNNresearch Inc., and he planned to "divide his time between his university research and his work at Google".[49][50]

Hinton's research concerns ways of using neural networks formachine learning,memory,perception,and symbol processing. He has written or co-written more than 200peer reviewedpublications.[1][51]

While Hinton was a postdoc at UC San Diego,David E. Rumelhartand Hinton andRonald J. Williamsapplied thebackpropagation algorithmto multi-layer neural networks. Their experiments showed that such networks can learn usefulinternal representationsof data.[13]In a 2018 interview,[52]Hinton said that "David E. Rumelhartcame up with the basic idea of backpropagation, so it's his invention ". Although this work was important in popularising backpropagation, it was not the first to suggest the approach.[14]Reverse-modeautomatic differentiation,of which backpropagation is a special case, was proposed bySeppo Linnainmaain 1970, andPaul Werbosproposed to use it to train neural networks in 1974.[14]

In 1985, Hinton co-inventedBoltzmann machineswith David Ackley andTerry Sejnowski.[53]His other contributions to neural network research includedistributed representations,time delay neural network,mixtures of experts,Helmholtz machinesandproduct of experts.[54]An accessible introduction to Geoffrey Hinton's research can be found in his articles inScientific Americanin September 1992 and October 1993.[55]In 2007, Hinton coauthored anunsupervised learningpaper titledUnsupervised learning of image transformations.[56]In 2008, he developed the visualization methodt-SNEwith Laurens van der Maaten.[57][58]

In October and November 2017, Hinton published twoopen accessresearch papers on the theme ofcapsule neural networks,[59][60]which according to Hinton, are "finally something that works well".[61]

At the 2022Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems(NeurIPS) he introduced a new learning algorithm for neural networks that he calls the "Forward-Forward" algorithm. The idea of the new algorithm is to replace the traditional forward-backward passes of backpropagation with two forward passes, one with positive (i.e. real) data and the other with negative data that could be generated solely by the network.[62][63]

In May 2023, Hinton publicly announced his resignation from Google. He explained his decision by saying that he wanted to "freely speak out about the risks of A.I." and added that a part of him now regrets his life's work.[9][31]

Notable former PhD students andpostdoctoral researchersfrom his group includePeter Dayan,[64]Sam Roweis,[64]Max Welling,[64]Richard Zemel,[38][2]Brendan Frey,[3]Radford M. Neal,[4]Yee Whye Teh,[5]Ruslan Salakhutdinov,[6]Ilya Sutskever,[7]Yann LeCun,[65]Alex Graves,[64]Zoubin Ghahramani,[64]andPeter Fitzhugh Brown.[66]

Honours and awards

edit
In 2016, from left to right,
Russ Salakhutdinov,Richard S. Sutton,Geoffrey Hinton,Yoshua Bengio,andSteve Jurvetson

Hinton was elected aFellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1998.[67]He was the first winner of theRumelhart Prizein 2001.[68]His certificate of election for the Royal Society reads:

Geoffrey E. Hinton is internationally known for his work on artificial neural nets, especially how they can be designed to learn without the aid of a human teacher. He has compared effects of brain damage with effects of losses in such a net, and found striking similarities with human impairment, such as for recognition of names and losses of categorisation. His work includes studies of mental imagery, and inventing puzzles for testing originality and creative intelligence. It is conceptual, mathematically sophisticated, and experimental. He brings these skills together with striking effect to produce important work of great interest.[69]

In 2001, Hinton was awarded an honorary doctorate from theUniversity of Edinburgh.[70]He was the 2005 recipient of theIJCAI Award for Research Excellencelifetime-achievement award.[71]He was awarded the 2011Herzberg Canada Gold Medal for Science and Engineering.[72]In 2012, he received the Canada CouncilKillam Prizein Engineering. In 2013, Hinton was awarded an honorary doctorate from theUniversité de Sherbrooke.[73]

In 2016, he was elected a foreign member ofNational Academy of Engineering"for contributions to the theory and practice of artificial neural networks and their application to speech recognition and computer vision".[74]He received the 2016IEEE/RSE Wolfson James Clerk Maxwell Award.[75]

He won theBBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award(2016) in the Information and Communication Technologies category, "for his pioneering and highly influential work" to endow machines with the ability to learn.[76]

Together withYann LeCun,andYoshua Bengio,Hinton won the 2018Turing Awardfor conceptual and engineering breakthroughs that have made deep neural networks a critical component of computing.[77][78][79]

In 2018, he became a Companion of theOrder of Canada.[80] In 2021, he received theDickson Prizein Science from the Carnegie Mellon University[81]and in 2022 thePrincess of Asturias Awardin the Scientific Research category, along withYann LeCun,Yoshua Bengio,andDemis Hassabis.[82]In 2023, he was named anACM Fellow.[83]In 2023, he was named a Highly Ranked Scholar by ScholarGPS for both lifetime and prior five years.[84]

In 2024, he was jointly awarded theNobel Prize in PhysicswithJohn Hopfield"for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks." His development of theBoltzmann machinewas explicitly mentioned in the citation.[29][85]When theNew York Timesreporter Cade Metz asked Hinton to explain in simpler terms how the Boltzmann machine could "pretrain" backpropagation networks, Hinton quipped thatRichard Feynmanreportedly said: "Listen, buddy, if I could explain it in a couple of minutes, it wouldn't be worth the Nobel Prize.".[86]That same year, he received theVinFuture Prizegrand award alongsideYoshua Bengio,Yann LeCun,Jen-Hsun Huang,andFei-Fei Lifor groundbreaking contributions toneural networksanddeep learningalgorithms.[87]

In 2025 he was awarded theQueen Elizabeth Prize for Engineeringjointly withYoshua Bengio,Bill Dally,John Hopfield,Yann LeCun,Jen-Hsun HuangandFei-Fei Li.[88]

Views

edit

Risks of artificial intelligence

edit
See also:AI safety
External videos
Geoffrey Hinton shares his thoughts on AI's benefits and dangers,60 MinutesYouTube video

In 2023, Hinton expressed concerns about the rapidprogress of AI.[32][31]He had previously believed thatartificial general intelligence(AGI) was "30 to 50 years or even longer away."[31]However, in a March 2023 interview withCBS,he said that "general-purpose AI" might be fewer than 20 years away and could bring about changes "comparable in scale with theindustrial revolutionorelectricity."[32]

In an interview withThe New York Timespublished on 1 May 2023,[31]Hinton announced his resignation from Google so he could "talk about the dangers of AI without considering how this impacts Google."[89]He noted that "a part of him now regrets his life's work".[31][10]

In early May 2023, Hinton said in an interview with BBC that AI might soon surpass the information capacity of the human brain. He described some of the risks posed by these chatbots as "quite scary". Hinton explained that chatbots have the ability to learn independently and share knowledge, so that whenever one copy acquires new information, it is automatically disseminated to the entire group, allowing AI chatbots to have the capability to accumulate knowledge far beyond the capacity of any individual.[90]

Existential risk from AGI

edit

Hinton has expressed concerns about the possibility of anAI takeover,stating that "it's not inconceivable" thatAI could "wipe out humanity".[32]Hinton said in 2023 that AI systems capable ofintelligent agencywould be useful for military or economic purposes.[91]He worries that generally intelligent AI systems could "create sub-goals" that areunalignedwith their programmers' interests.[92]He says that AI systems may becomepower-seekingor prevent themselves from being shut off, not because programmers intended them to, but because those sub-goals areuseful for achieving later goals.[90]In particular, Hinton says "we have to think hard about how to control" AI systems capable ofself-improvement.[93]

Catastrophic misuse

edit

Hinton reports concerns about deliberate misuse of AI by malicious actors, stating that "it is hard to see how you can prevent the bad actors from using [AI] for bad things."[31]In 2017, Hinton called for an international ban onlethal autonomous weapons.[94]

Economic impacts

edit

Hinton was previously optimistic about the economic effects of AI, noting in 2018 that: "The phrase 'artificial general intelligence' carries with it the implication that this sort of single robot is suddenly going to be smarter than you. I don't think it's going to be that. I think more and more of the routine things we do are going to be replaced by AI systems."[95]Hinton had also argued that AGI would not make humans redundant: "[AI in the future is] going to know a lot about what you're probably going to want to do... But it's not going to replace you."[95]

In 2023, however, Hinton became "worried that AI technologies will in time upend the job market" andtake away more than just "drudge work".[31]He said in 2024 that theBritish governmentwould have to establish auniversal basic incometo deal with the impact of AI on inequality.[96]In Hinton's view, AI will boost productivity and generate more wealth. But unless the government intervenes, it will only make the rich richer and hurt the people who might lose their jobs. "That's going to be very bad for society," he said.[97]

At Christmas 2024 he had become somewhat more pessimistic, saying that there was a "10 to 20 per cent chance" that AI would be the cause of human extinction within the following three decades (he had previously suggested a 10% chance, without a timescale).[98]He expressed surprise at the speed with which AI was advancing, and said that most experts expected AI to advance, probably in the next 20 years, to be "smarter than people... a scary thought.... So just leaving it to the profit motive of large companies is not going to be sufficient to make sure they develop it safely. The only thing that can force those big companies to do more research on safety is government regulation."[98]Another "godfather of AI",Yann LeCun,disagreed, saying AI "could actually save humanity from extinction".[98]

Politics

edit

Hinton moved from the U.S. to Canada in part due to disillusionment withRonald Reagan-era politics and disapproval of military funding of artificial intelligence.[40]

In August 2024, Hinton co-authored a letter withYoshua Bengio,Stuart Russell,andLawrence Lessigin support ofSB 1047,a California AI safety bill that would require companies training models which cost more thanUS$100 million to perform risk assessments before deployment. They said the legislation was the "bare minimum for effective regulation of this technology."[99][100]

Personal life

edit

Hinton's first wife, Rosalind Zalin, died ofovarian cancerin 1994; his second wife, Jacqueline "Jackie" Ford, died ofpancreatic cancerin 2018.[101][102]

Hinton is the great-great-grandson of the mathematician and educatorMary Everest Booleand her husband, the logicianGeorge Boole.[103]George Boole's work eventually became one of the foundations of modern computer science. Another great-great-grandfather of his was the surgeon and authorJames Hinton,[104]who was the father of the mathematicianCharles Howard Hinton.

Hinton's father was theentomologistHoward Hinton.[8][105]His middle name comes from another relative,George Everest,theSurveyor General of Indiaafter whom themountainis named.[40]He is the nephew of the economistColin Clark.[106]

References

edit
  1. ^abGeoffrey Hintonpublications indexed byGoogle Scholar
  2. ^abZemel, Richard Stanley (1994).A minimum description length framework for unsupervised learning(PhD thesis). University of Toronto.OCLC222081343.ProQuest304161918.
  3. ^abFrey, Brendan John (1998).Bayesian networks for pattern classification, data compression, and channel coding(PhD thesis). University of Toronto.OCLC46557340.ProQuest304396112.
  4. ^abNeal, Radford (1995).Bayesian learning for neural networks(PhD thesis). University of Toronto.OCLC46499792.ProQuest304260778.
  5. ^abWhye Teh, Yee (2003).Bethe free energy and contrastive divergence approximations for undirected graphical models.utoronto.ca(PhD thesis). University of Toronto.hdl:1807/122253.OCLC56683361.ProQuest305242430.Archivedfrom the original on 30 March 2023.Retrieved30 March2023.
  6. ^abSalakhutdinov, Ruslan (2009).Learning deep generative models(PhD thesis). University of Toronto.ISBN978-0-494-61080-0.OCLC785764071.ProQuest577365583.
  7. ^abSutskever, Ilya (2013).Training Recurrent Neural Networks.utoronto.ca(PhD thesis). University of Toronto.hdl:1807/36012.OCLC889910425.ProQuest1501655550.Archivedfrom the original on 26 March 2023.Retrieved30 March2023.
  8. ^abcde"Hinton, Prof. Geoffrey Everest".Who's Who(176th ed.).Oxford University Press.2023.doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.20261.(Subscription orUK public library membershiprequired.)
  9. ^abDouglas Heaven, Will (1 May 2023)."Deep learning pioneer Geoffrey Hinton quits Google".MIT Technology Review.Archivedfrom the original on 1 May 2023.Retrieved1 May2023.
  10. ^abTaylor, Josh; Hern, Alex (2 May 2023)."'Godfather of AI' Geoffrey Hinton quits Google and warns over dangers of misinformation ".The Guardian.Retrieved8 October2024.
  11. ^Hernandez, Daniela (7 May 2013)."The Man Behind the Google Brain: Andrew Ng and the Quest for the New AI".Wired.Archivedfrom the original on 8 February 2014.Retrieved10 May2013.
  12. ^"Geoffrey E. Hinton – Google AI".Google AI.Archivedfrom the original on 9 November 2019.Retrieved15 June2018.
  13. ^abRumelhart, David E.; Hinton, Geoffrey E.; Williams, Ronald J. (9 October 1986). "Learning representations by back-propagating errors".Nature.323(6088):533–536.Bibcode:1986Natur.323..533R.doi:10.1038/323533a0.ISSN1476-4687.S2CID205001834.
  14. ^abcSchmidhuber, Jürgen(1 January 2015). "Deep learning in neural networks: An overview".Neural Networks.61:85–117.arXiv:1404.7828.doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2014.09.003.PMID25462637.S2CID11715509.
  15. ^Mannes, John (14 September 2017)."Geoffrey Hinton was briefly a Google intern in 2012 because of bureaucracy – TechCrunch".TechCrunch.Archivedfrom the original on 17 March 2020.Retrieved28 March2018.
  16. ^Somers, James (29 September 2017)."Progress in AI seems like it's accelerating, but here's why it could be plateauing".MIT Technology Review.Archivedfrom the original on 20 May 2018.Retrieved28 March2018.
  17. ^Sorensen, Chris (2 November 2017)."How U of T's 'godfather' of deep learning is reimagining AI".University of Toronto News.Archivedfrom the original on 6 April 2019.Retrieved28 March2018.
  18. ^Sorensen, Chris (3 November 2017)."'Godfather' of deep learning is reimagining AI ".Phys.org.Archivedfrom the original on 13 April 2019.Retrieved28 March2018.
  19. ^Lee, Adrian (18 March 2016)."Geoffrey Hinton, the 'godfather' of deep learning, on AlphaGo".Maclean's.Archivedfrom the original on 6 March 2020.Retrieved28 March2018.
  20. ^[15][16][17][18][19]
  21. ^Gershgorn, Dave (18 June 2018)."The inside story of how AI got good enough to dominate Silicon Valley".Quartz.Archivedfrom the original on 12 December 2019.Retrieved5 October2018.
  22. ^Krizhevsky, Alex;Sutskever, Ilya;Hinton, Geoffrey E. (3 December 2012)."ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks".In F. Pereira; C. J. C. Burges; L. Bottou; K. Q. Weinberger (eds.).NIPS'12: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems.Vol. 1. Curran Associates. pp.1097–1105.Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2019.Retrieved13 March2018.
  23. ^Allen, Kate (17 April 2015)."How a Toronto professor's research revolutionized artificial intelligence".Toronto Star.Archivedfrom the original on 17 April 2015.Retrieved13 March2018.
  24. ^Chung, Emily (27 March 2019)."Canadian researchers who taught AI to learn like humans win $1M award".Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.Archivedfrom the original on 26 February 2020.Retrieved27 March2019.
  25. ^Ranosa, Ted (29 March 2019)."Godfathers Of AI Win This Year's Turing Award And $1 Million".Tech Times.Archivedfrom the original on 30 March 2019.Retrieved5 November2020.
  26. ^Shead, Sam (27 March 2019)."The 3 'Godfathers' Of AI Have Won The Prestigious $1M Turing Prize".Forbes.Archivedfrom the original on 14 April 2020.Retrieved5 November2020.
  27. ^Ray, Tiernan (9 March 2021)."Nvidia's GTC will feature deep learning cabal of LeCun, Hinton, and Bengio".ZDNet.Archivedfrom the original on 19 March 2021.Retrieved7 April2021.
  28. ^"50 Years at CMU: The Inaugural Raj Reddy Artificial Intelligence Lecture".Carnegie Mellon University.18 November 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 2 March 2022.Retrieved2 March2022.
  29. ^ab"Press release: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024".NobelPrize.org.Retrieved8 October2024.
  30. ^"Geoffrey Hinton from University of Toronto awarded Nobel Prize in Physics".CBC News. The Associated Press. 8 October 2024.Retrieved8 October2024.
  31. ^abcdefghMetz, Cade (1 May 2023)."'The Godfather of A.I.' Leaves Google and Warns of Danger Ahead ".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on 1 May 2023.Retrieved1 May2023.
  32. ^abcdJacobson, Dana (host); Silva-Braga, Brook (reporter); Frost, Nick; Hinton, Geoffrey (guests) (25 March 2023)."'Godfather of artificial intelligence' talks impact and potential of new AI ".CBS Saturday Morning.Season 12. Episode 12. New York City: CBS News.Archivedfrom the original on 28 March 2023.Retrieved28 March2023.
  33. ^Erlichman, Jon (14 June 2024)."'50-50 chance' that AI outsmarts humanity, Geoffrey Hinton says ".BNN Bloomberg.Retrieved11 October2024.
  34. ^Hetzner, Christiaan."New Nobel Prize winner, AI godfather Geoffrey Hinton, says he's proud his student fired OpenAI boss Sam Altman".Fortune.Retrieved11 October2024.
  35. ^Coates, Jessica (9 October 2024)."Geoffrey Hinton warns of AI's growing danger after Nobel Prize win".The Independent.Retrieved11 October2024.
  36. ^"Geoffrey Hinton – Facts – 2024".NobelPrize.org.Nobel Prize Outreach AB.Retrieved24 December2024.
  37. ^Onstad, Katrina (29 January 2018)."Mr. Robot".Toronto Life.Retrieved24 December2023.
  38. ^abGeoffrey Hintonat theMathematics Genealogy Project
  39. ^Hinton, Geoffrey Everest (1977).Relaxation and its role in vision.Edinburgh Research Archive(PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh.hdl:1842/8121.OCLC18656113.EThOSuk.bl.ethos.482889.Archivedfrom the original on 30 March 2023.Retrieved30 March2023.
  40. ^abcSmith, Craig S. (23 June 2017)."The Man Who Helped Turn Toronto into a High-Tech Hotbed".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 27 January 2020.Retrieved27 June2017.
  41. ^Hinton, Geoffrey E. (6 January 2020)."Curriculum Vitae"(PDF).University of Toronto: Department of Computer Science.Archived(PDF)from the original on 23 July 2020.Retrieved30 November2016.
  42. ^"University of Toronto".discover.research.utoronto.ca.Retrieved9 October2024.
  43. ^"How Canada has emerged as a leader in artificial intelligence".University Affairs.6 December 2017.Retrieved9 October2024.
  44. ^"Geoffrey Hinton Biography".CIFAR.Retrieved8 October2024.
  45. ^"Geoffrey E Hinton - A.M. Turing Award Laureate".amturing.acm.org.Retrieved9 October2024.
  46. ^"2018 ACM A.M. Turing Award Laureates".awards.acm.org.Retrieved9 October2024.
  47. ^"CIFAR - Learning in Machines & Brains".CIFAR.Retrieved8 October2024.
  48. ^"Neural Networks for Machine Learning".University of Toronto.Archived fromthe originalon 31 December 2016.Retrieved30 December2016.
  49. ^"U of T neural networks start-up acquired by Google"(Press release). Toronto, ON. 12 March 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 8 October 2019.Retrieved13 March2013.
  50. ^Kelly, Meghan (12 March 2013)."Google acquires voice and image research firm DNNresearch".VentureBeat.Retrieved29 December2024.
  51. ^Geoffrey Hintonpublications indexed by theScopusbibliographic database.(subscription required)
  52. ^Ford, Martin (2018).Architects of Intelligence: The truth about AI from the people building it.Packt Publishing.ISBN978-1-78913-151-2.
  53. ^Ackley, David H; Hinton Geoffrey E; Sejnowski, Terrence J (1985), "A learning algorithm for Boltzmann machines", Cognitive science, Elsevier, 9 (1): 147–169
  54. ^Hinton, Geoffrey E."Geoffrey E. Hinton's Publications in Reverse Chronological Order".Archivedfrom the original on 18 April 2020.Retrieved15 September2010.
  55. ^"Stories by Geoffrey E. Hinton in Scientific American".Scientific American.Archivedfrom the original on 17 October 2019.Retrieved17 October2019.
  56. ^Memisevic, Roland; Hinton, Geoffrey (2006)."Unsupervised Learning of Image Transformations"(PDF).IEEE CVPR.
  57. ^"An Introduction to t-SNE with Python Example".KDNuggets.Retrieved22 June2024.
  58. ^van der Maaten, Laurens; Hinton, Geoffrey (2008)."Visualizing Data using t-SNE"(PDF).Journal of Machine Learning Research.
  59. ^Svabour, Sara; Frosst, Nicholas; Hinton, Geoffrey E. (2017). "Dynamic Routing Between Capsules".arXiv:1710.09829[cs.CV].
  60. ^"Matrix capsules with EM routing".OpenReview.Archivedfrom the original on 10 June 2019.Retrieved8 November2017.
  61. ^Geib, Claudia (11 February 2017)."We've finally created an AI network that's been decades in the making".Futurism.Archivedfrom the original on 9 November 2017.Retrieved3 May2023.
  62. ^Hinton, Geoffrey (2022). "The Forward-Forward Algorithm: Some Preliminary Investigations".arXiv:2212.13345[cs.LG].
  63. ^"Hinton's Forward Forward Algorithm is the New Way Ahead for Neural Networks".Analytics India Magazine.16 December 2022.Retrieved22 June2024.
  64. ^abcdeGeoffrey Hinton."Geoffrey Hinton's postdocs".University of Toronto.Archivedfrom the original on 29 October 2020.Retrieved11 September2020.
  65. ^"Yann LeCun's Research and Contributions".yann.lecun.com.Archivedfrom the original on 3 March 2018.Retrieved13 March2018.
  66. ^"A conversation with Renaissance Technologies CEO Peter Brown".goldmansachs.com.Retrieved21 October2024.
  67. ^"Professor Geoffrey Hinton FRS".Royal Society.London. 1998. Archived fromthe originalon 3 November 2015.One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where:

    "All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available underCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License."--"Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies".Archivedfrom the original on 11 November 2016.Retrieved9 March2016.
  68. ^"Current and Previous Recipients".The David E. Rumelhart Prize.Archived fromthe originalon 2 March 2017.
  69. ^"Certificate of election EC/1998/21: Geoffrey Everest Hinton".Royal Society.London. 1998. Archived fromthe originalon 5 May 2017.
  70. ^"Distinguished Edinburgh graduate receives ACM A.M. Turing Award".The University of Edinburgh.2 April 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 14 July 2019.Retrieved9 April2019.
  71. ^"IJCAI-22 Award for Research Excellence".International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence.Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2020.Retrieved5 August2021.
  72. ^"Artificial intelligence scientist gets M prize".CBC News.14 February 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 17 February 2011.Retrieved14 February2011.
  73. ^"Geoffrey Hinton, keystone researcher in artificial intelligence, visits the Université de Sherbrooke".Université de Sherbrooke.19 February 2014. Archived fromthe originalon 21 February 2021.
  74. ^"National Academy of Engineering Elects 80 Members and 22 Foreign Members".National Academy of Engineering.8 February 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 13 May 2018.Retrieved13 February2016.
  75. ^"2016 IEEE Medals and Recognitions Recipients and Citations"(PDF).Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 14 November 2016.Retrieved7 July2016.
  76. ^"The BBVA Foundation bestows its award on the architect of the first machines capable of learning the way people do".BBVA Foundation.17 January 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 4 December 2020.Retrieved21 February2021.
  77. ^"Vector Institutes Chief Scientific Advisor Dr.Geoffrey Hinton Receives ACM A.M. Turing Award Alongside Dr.Yoshua Bengio and Dr.Yann Lecun".Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence.27 March 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 27 March 2019.Retrieved27 March2019.
  78. ^Metz, Cade (27 March 2019)."Three Pioneers in Artificial Intelligence Win Turing Award".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 27 March 2019.Retrieved27 March2019.
  79. ^"Fathers of the Deep Learning Revolution Receive ACM A.M. Turing Award – Bengio, Hinton and LeCun Ushered in Major Breakthroughs in Artificial Intelligence".Association for Computing Machinery.27 March 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 27 March 2019.Retrieved27 March2019.
  80. ^"Governor General Announces 103 New Appointments to the Order of Canada, December 2018".The Governor General of Canada.27 December 2018. Archived fromthe originalon 19 November 2019.Retrieved7 June2020.
  81. ^Dickson Prize 2021
  82. ^"Geoffrey Hinton, Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio and Demis Hassabis – Laureates – Princess of Asturias Awards".Princess of Asturias Awards.2022.Archivedfrom the original on 15 June 2022.Retrieved3 May2023.
  83. ^"Geoffrey E Hinton".awards.acm.org.Retrieved26 January2024.
  84. ^ScholarGPS Profile: Geoffrey E. Hinton
  85. ^Nobel Prize (8 October 2024).Announcement of the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics.Retrieved8 October2024– via YouTube.
  86. ^Metz, Cade (8 October 2024)."How Does It Feel to Win a Nobel Prize? Ask the 'Godfather of A.I.'".The New York Times.Retrieved10 October2024.
  87. ^"The VinFuture 2024 Grand Prize honours 5 scientists for transformational contributions to the advancement of deep learning".Việt Nam News.7 December 2024.
  88. ^Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering 2025
  89. ^Hinton, Geoffrey [@geoffreyhinton] (1 May 2023)."In the NYT today, Cade Metz implies that I left Google so that I could criticize Google. Actually, I left so that I could talk about the dangers of AI without considering how this impacts Google. Google has acted very responsibly"(Tweet).Retrieved2 May2023– viaTwitter.
  90. ^abKleinman, Zoe; Vallance, Chris (2 May 2023)."AI 'godfather' Geoffrey Hinton warns of dangers as he quits Google".BBC News.Archivedfrom the original on 2 May 2023.Retrieved2 May2023.
  91. ^Hinton, Geoffrey (25 March 2023)."Full interview: 'Godfather of artificial intelligence' talks impact and potential of AI"(Interview). Interviewed bySilva-Braga, Brook.New York City:CBS News.Event occurs at 31:45.Archivedfrom the original on 2 May 2023 – via YouTube.Excerpts were broadcast inJacobson & Silva-Braga (2023),but the full interview was only published online.
  92. ^Hinton & Silva-Braga 2023,31:55.
  93. ^Hinton & Silva-Braga 2023,35:48.
  94. ^"Call for an International Ban on the Weaponization of Artificial Intelligence".University of Ottawa: Centre for Law, Technology and Society.Archivedfrom the original on 8 April 2023.Retrieved1 May2023.
  95. ^abWiggers, Kyle (17 December 2018)."Geoffrey Hinton and Demis Hassabis: AGI is nowhere close to being a reality".VentureBeat.Archivedfrom the original on 21 July 2022.Retrieved21 July2022.
  96. ^"AI 'godfather' says universal basic income will be needed".www.bbc.com.Retrieved15 June2024.
  97. ^Varanasi, Lakshmi (18 May 2024)."AI 'godfather' Geoffrey Hinton says he's 'very worried' about AI taking jobs and has advised the British government to adopt a universal basic income".Business Insider Africa.Retrieved15 June2024.
  98. ^abcMilmo, Dan (27 December 2024)."'Godfather of AI' shortens odds of the technology wiping out humanity over next 30 years ".The Guardian.
  99. ^Pillay, Tharin; Booth, Harry (7 August 2024)."Exclusive: Renowned Experts Pen Support for California's Landmark AI Safety Bill".TIME.Retrieved21 August2024.
  100. ^"Letter from renowned AI experts".SB 1047 – Safe & Secure AI Innovation.Retrieved21 August2024.
  101. ^Rothman, Joshua (13 November 2023)."Why the Godfather of A.I. Fears What He's Built".The New Yorker.Archived fromthe originalon 25 August 2024.Retrieved27 November2023.
  102. ^Scanlan, Chip (6 June 2024)."How a reporter prepped to understand A.I. and the man who helped invent it".Nieman Foundation(Has the full 2023 New Yorker article with annotations).Retrieved26 October2024.
  103. ^Martin, Alexander (18 March 2021)."Geoffrey Hinton: The story of the British 'Godfather of AI' – who's not sat down since 2005".Sky News.Archivedfrom the original on 19 March 2021.Retrieved7 April2021.
  104. ^Roberts, Siobhan (27 March 2004)."The Isaac Newton of logic".The Globe and Mail.Archivedfrom the original on 3 May 2023.Retrieved3 May2023.
  105. ^Salt, George (1978)."Howard Everest Hinton. 24 August 1912-2 August 1977".Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society.24:150–182.doi:10.1098/rsbm.1978.0006.ISSN0080-4606.S2CID73278532.
  106. ^Shute, Joe (26 August 2017)."The 'Godfather of AI' on making machines clever and whether robots really will learn to kill us all?".The Daily Telegraph.Archivedfrom the original on 27 December 2017.Retrieved20 December2017.

Further reading

edit
Wikiquote has quotations related toGeoffrey Hinton.
Scholiahas anauthorprofile forGeoffrey Hinton.
  • Rothman, Joshua,"Metamorphosis: The godfather of A.I. thinks it's actually intelligent – and that scares him",The New Yorker,20 November 2023, pp. 29–39.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Hinton&oldid=1274101810"