Wikipedia

George Cross

For other uses, seeGeorge Cross (disambiguation).

TheGeorge Cross(GC) is the highest award bestowed by the British government for non-operationalgallantryor gallantry not in the presence of an enemy. In theBritish honours system,the George Cross, since its introduction in 1940, has been equal in stature to theVictoria Cross,the highest military award for valour.[2]It is awarded "for acts of the greatest heroism or for most conspicuous courage in circumstance of extreme danger",[3]not in the presence of the enemy, to members of the British armed forces and to British civilians.[4]Posthumous awards have been allowed since it was instituted. It was previously awarded to residents of Commonwealth countries (and in one caseto Malta,a colony that subsequently became a Commonwealth country), most of which have since established their own honours systems and no longer recommend British honours. It may be awarded to a person of anymilitary rankin any service and to civilians including police, emergency services and merchant seamen. Many of the awards have been personally presented by theBritish monarchto recipients or, in the case of posthumous awards, to next of kin. The investitures are usually held atBuckingham Palace.[5]

George Cross
Obverseof the cross. Ribbon: 1½ ", dark blue
TypeCivil And Military Decoration
Awarded for"... acts of the greatest heroism or of the most conspicuous courage in circumstances of extreme danger."
DescriptionHeight 48 mm, max. width 45 mm; (Obverse) plain silver cross with circular medallion in the centre depicting the effigy ofSt George and the Dragon,surrounded by the words "FOR GALLANTRY". In the angle of each limb is theRoyal CypherGVI; (Reverse) plain, centre engraved with name of recipient and date of award. Cross attached by ring to bar ornamented withlaurelleaves, through which the ribbon passes.
Presented byMonarch of the United Kingdom
EligibilityCommonwealth subjects
Post-nominalsGC
StatusCurrently awarded
Established24 September 1940
Last awarded6 July 2021(gazetted)[citation needed]
Total416 (including 3 collective awards)
Total awarded posthumously90 (including 5 formerEGMrecipients)
Total recipients416 (including 3 collective awards)
GC ribbon bar
Order of Wear
Next (higher)Victoria Cross[1]
Next (lower)Order of the Garter
RelatedGeorge MedalandKing's Gallantry Medal

Creation

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The George Cross was instituted on 24 September 1940 byKing George VI.[6]At this time, shortly after the climax of theBattle of Britainand during the third week ofthe Blitz,there was a strong desire to reward the many acts of civilian courage. The existing awards open to civilians were not judged suitable to meet the new situation, therefore it was decided to institute the George Cross and theGeorge Medalto recognise civilian gallantry in the face of enemy action, and brave deeds more generally.

Announcing the new award, the King said:

In order that they should be worthily and promptly recognised, I have decided to create, at once, a new mark of honour for men and women in all walks of civilian life. I propose to give my name to this new distinction, which will consist of the George Cross, which will rank next to the Victoria Cross, and the George Medal for wider distribution.[7]

The medal was designed byPercy Metcalfe.The Warrant for the GC (along with that of the George Medal), dated 24 September 1940, was published inThe London Gazetteon 31 January 1941.[8]

The King in his speech announcing the new award, stated that it would rank next to the Victoria Cross. This was second on the Order of Wear, much higher than the then existing awards for bravery not in the presence of the enemy, the highest being the two-classAlbert Medal(AM); and the lowest being the single classEmpire Gallantry Medal(EGM). In a substitution of awards unprecedented in the history of British decorations, holders of the EGM were required to exchange their insignia for the GC,[9][10]most receiving their replacement GC at a formal investiture. The four honorary EGM awards to foreigners were not exchanged and could therefore continue to be worn.[11]In 1971, surviving recipients of the Albert Medal and theEdward Medal(EM) became George Cross recipients, but unlike the EGM exchange of insignia, they had the option of retaining their original insignia.[12][13]Of the 69 holders of the Albert Medal and 70 holders of the Edward Medal eligible to exchange, 49 and 59 respectively took up the option.[citation needed]

Award

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The GC, which may be awarded posthumously, is granted in recognition of:

acts of the greatest heroism or of the most conspicuous courage in circumstances of extreme danger.[14]

The award is for civilians but also for military personnel whose actions would not normally be eligible to receive military awards, such as gallantry not in the face of the enemy. The Warrant states:

The Cross is intended primarily for civilians and award in Our military services is to be confined to actions for which purely military Honours are not normally granted.[15]

The Cross shall be worn by recipients on the left breast suspended from a ribbon one and a quarter inches in width, of dark blue, that it shall be worn immediately after the Victoria Cross and in front of the Insignia of all British Orders of Chivalry.[16]

When the Cross is worn by a woman, it may be worn on the left shoulder, suspended from a ribbon fashioned into a bow.[16]

In June 1941 the specification of the ribbon width was amended to one and a half inches.[17]

Bars can be awarded for further acts of bravery meriting the GC, although none have yet been awarded. In common with the Victoria Cross, in undress uniform or on occasions when the medal ribbon alone is worn, a miniature replica of the cross is affixed to the centre of the ribbon, a distinction peculiar to these two premier awards for bravery. In the event of a second award, a second replica would be worn on the ribbon.[18]

Recipients are entitled to the postnominal letters GC.[19]

All original individual GC awards and the latest collective award to theNational Health Servicehave been published inThe London Gazette.[20]

George Cross Committee

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The George Cross Committee of theCabinet Officeconsiders cases of military and civilian gallantry.[21]The committee has no formal terms of reference.[21]

Recipients

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Main article:List of George Cross recipients

Since its inception in 1940, the GC has been awarded 416 times: 401 to men, 12 to women, and three times collectively, to the Island ofMalta,theRoyal Ulster Constabulary(RUC) and theNational Health Service(NHS). There have been 165 original awards including those to Malta, the RUC and the NHS, including 106 made before 1947.[22]About 30% of the 162 original awards to individuals have been to civilians. There have been 251 exchange awards, 112 to Empire Gallantry Medal recipients, 69 to Albert Medal recipients and 70 to Edward Medal recipients.[23]Of the 162 individuals who received original awards, 86 have been posthumous. In addition, there were five posthumous recipients of the Empire Gallantry Medal whose awards in four cases were gazetted after the start of theSecond World Warand whose awards were also exchanged for the GC. All the other exchange recipients were living as of the date of the decisions for the exchanges.[24][25][26][27]Dominic Troulanrepresented recipients at the2023 Coronation.[28]

Collective awards

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Theflag of Maltadisplays its George Cross.

The George Cross has been awarded to the island of Malta, the Royal Ulster Constabulary and the National Health Service of the United Kingdom.

Malta

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Main article:Award of the George Cross to Malta
The George Cross awarded to Malta (National War Museum, Malta)

The GC was awarded to the island of Malta in a letter dated 15 April 1942 from King George VI to the island's Governor Lieutenant-General SirWilliam Dobbie:

To honour her brave people, I award the George Cross to the Island Fortress of Malta to bear witness to a heroism and devotion that will long be famous in history.

The Governor answered:

By God's help Malta will not weaken but will endure until victory is won.

The cross and the messages are today in theWar MuseuminFort Saint Elmo,Valletta.The fortitude of the population under sustained enemy air raids, and a naval blockade which almost saw them starved into submission, won widespread admiration in Britain and other Allied nations.Eric Groveargued on the BBC in 2017 that the George Cross was awarded as a propaganda gesture and consequently 'the island of Malta could not be allowed to fall as Singapore had done. Indeed, the North African campaign was being fought in 1942 as much to sustain Malta as vice versa.'[29]

The George Cross was incorporated into theFlag of Maltain 1943 and, since independence in 1964, remains on the flag.

Royal Ulster Constabulary

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The GC was awarded to the RUC in 1999 byQueen Elizabeth IIfollowing the advice of thefirst Blair ministry.The citation published byBuckingham Palaceon 23 November 1999 stated:

For the past 30 years, the Royal Ulster Constabulary has been the bulwark against, and the main target of, a sustained and brutal terrorism campaign. The Force has suffered heavily in protecting both sides of the community from danger—302 officers have been killed in the line of duty and thousands more injured, many seriously. Many officers have been ostracised by their own community and others have been forced to leave their homes in the face of threats to them and their families. As Northern Ireland reaches a turning point in its political development this award is made to recognise the collective courage and dedication to duty of all of those who have served in the Royal Ulster Constabulary and who have accepted the danger and stress this has brought to them and to their families.[30]

The Queen presented the George Cross on 12 April 2000 in a ceremony atHillsborough Castle,County Down,attended by the senior RUC officers; the cross was accepted by Constable Paul Slaine, who had lost both legs ina 1992 IRA attack.[31]

ThePolice (Northern Ireland) Act 2000gave effect to much of the Patten Report, with "the Police Service of Northern Ireland (incorporating the Royal Ulster Constabulary)" established on 4 November 2001.[32]The RUC is often referred to as "RUC GC"; the 2000 act established aregistered charity"to be known as 'The Royal Ulster Constabulary GC Foundation' for the purpose of marking the sacrifices and honouring the achievements of the Royal Ulster Constabulary";[33]other instances include the names of the RUC GC Widows' Association,[34]RUC GC Historical Society,[35]and RUCGC–PSNI Benevolent Fund.[36]

National Health Service

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On 5 July 2021, on the 73rd anniversary of the founding of the NHS of the UK, Queen Elizabeth II announced in a personal handwritten message that the four NHS organisations of the United Kingdom would be awarded the George Cross.[37]It was reported that the award was recommended by the Prime Minister, Boris Johnson.[38]The conferral of the award followed an 18-month period in which the health service had been at the forefront of the fight against thecoronavirus pandemic in the UK.

The message read:

It is with great pleasure, on behalf of a grateful nation, that I award the George Cross to the National Health Services of the United Kingdom. This award recognises all NHS staff, past and present, across all disciplines and all four nations. Over more than seven decades, and especially in recent times, you have supported the people of our country with courage, compassion and dedication, demonstrating the highest standards of public service. You have our enduring thanks and heartfelt appreciation. Elizabeth R.[39]

Awards to the Commonwealth

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Canada

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There have been 10 GCs awarded toCanadiansincluding those by substitution for awards superseded by the GC. The recipients comprised nine men and one woman. The GC is no longer awarded to Canadians by theKing of Canada,who awards the CanadianCross of Valourinstead.

Australia

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Main article:List of Australian George Cross recipients
Memorial to Australian recipients, George Cross Park, Canberra

The George Cross was awarded to 23 Australians, 11 to the Australian forces and 12 to civilians. It is the highest decoration of the Australian honours system after the BritishVictoria Crossand theVictoria Cross for Australia.Although Australia established theCross of Valourwithin the Australian honours system in 1975 'for acts of the most conspicuous courage in circumstances of extreme peril' it was not until 1992 that Australia officially ceased recommending British honours. During the period 1975 to 1992, the last George Cross to an Australian was awarded in 1978.

Of the 23 awards, 14 were direct awards and nine were Empire Gallantry Medal (two), Albert Medal (six) and Edward Medal (one) exchange awards. Four awards were to officers of theRoyal Australian Naval Volunteer Reservewho served in the extremely dangerous role of mine disposal during theSecond World War.PrivatesBenjamin Gower HardyandRalph Joneswere posthumously awarded the George Cross for manning a Vickers machine gun during theCowra breakout,a mass escape by Japanese prisoners of war in central New South Wales on 5 August 1944. Hardy and Jones disabled the weapon and denied its use to the escaping prisoners before they were overwhelmed and killed by the escapees.[40][41][42]Courage of a different sort was displayed by two prisoners of war who endured terrible suffering. CaptainLionel Colin Matthewswas eventually executed by his captors for building a resistance network in British North Borneo in the Second World War,[43]while PrivateHorace William Madden,captured in Korea in 1951, died of privations while assisting fellow prisoners and openly resisting enemy efforts to force him to collaborate.[44]The last Australian to be awarded the GC (in 1978) was ConstableMichael Kenneth Prattof the Victoria Police,Melbourne,for arresting two armed bank robbers in June 1976. For 39 years until the award toDominic Troulonin 2017, Pratt was the most recent living civilian George Cross recipient.

A memorial to Australian recipients, George Cross Park, was opened inCanberra,the Australian capital, on 4 April 2001 by theGovernor General of Australia,Sir William Deane.

New Zealand

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In 1999, theNew Zealand Crossreplaced the role of the George Cross. Up until then, the last George Cross awarded to a New Zealander, was posthumously awarded to SgtStewart Guthrieof theNew Zealand Policefor his actions and bravery during theAramoana massacre.

Annuity

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Holders of the Victoria Cross or the George Cross are entitled to anannuity,the amount of which is determined by the awarding government.[45]As of 2015,the annuity paid by the British government was£10,000.[46]In Canada under theGallantry Awards Order,members of theCanadian Forces,or people who joined the British forces before 31 March 1949 while domiciled in Canada orNewfoundland,receive$3,000 per year.[7]Australia has been responsible for the payment of both the Victoria Cross Allowance and the George Cross annuity since the 1940s. The Victoria Cross Allowance which includes both the Victoria Cross for Australia and the British Victoria Cross is included in s.103 of theVeterans' Entitlement Actand is presently $A4,447 per year. Although there is not a statutory instrument for the payment of the George Cross annuity, both annuities for the Australian Cross of Valour and George Cross match the Victoria Cross Allowance payment.

Restriction of use

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Since 1943, in accordance with theGeorge Cross (Restriction of Use) Ordinance,it is unlawful inMaltato use the George Cross, an imitation of it or the wordsGeorge Crossfor the purposes of trade or business without thePrime Minister's authorisation.[47]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^"No. 56878".The London Gazette(Supplement). 17 March 2003. p. 3351.
  2. ^"Decorations, Gallantry and Distinguished Conduct medals: George Cross".Gov.uk.Retrieved27 January2021.
  3. ^Clause five of the George Cross gazette
  4. ^The phrase "in the presence of the enemy" was inserted into the Victoria Cross Warrant in 1881 and continues in the present warrant but is often quoted as "in the face of the enemy".
  5. ^Mussell, J.W. (Editor), (2018),Medal Yearbook 2019,(Token Publishing Ltd: Devon)
  6. ^British Gallantry Medals (Abbott and Tamplin), p. 138
  7. ^ab"George Cross Database".Archived fromthe originalon 14 May 2011.
  8. ^"No. 35060".The London Gazette.31 January 1941. pp. 622–624.
  9. ^"No. 35141".The London Gazette(Supplement). 18 April 1941. p. 2285.
  10. ^British Gallantry Awardsby P E Abbott and J M A Tamplin list two AM in Gold awards between 1920 and 1939, p. 22. There were 130 EGM awards between 1922 and 1940, p. 242. Five deceased EGM recipients, pre-war recipient Herbert John Mahoney, killed in action at Dunkirk, and the four posthumous recipients after the outbreak of war became George Cross holders. Seehttps://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/2483935/HERBERT%20JOHN%20MAHONEY/
  11. ^British Gallantry Medals(Abbott and Tamplin), p.242
  12. ^"No. 45566".The London Gazette.6 January 1972. p. 171.
  13. ^"No. 45566".The London Gazette.6 January 1972. p. 172.
  14. ^London Gazette,No. 35060 – Warrant, Fifth clause
  15. ^"No. 35060".The London Gazette.31 January 1941. p. 623.secondly
  16. ^ab"No. 35060".The London Gazette.31 January 1941. p. 623.seventhly
  17. ^"No. 35199".The London Gazette.24 June 1942. p. 3600.seventhly
  18. ^"No. 35060".The London Gazette.31 January 1941. p. 623.eighthly
  19. ^London Gazette,No. 35060 – Warrant, Eighth clause
  20. ^The awards to Malta and the RUC were not gazetted. The Exchange awards are not gazetted although the original EGM, AM and EM announcements were gazetted.
  21. ^abLetter from Roger Smethurst dated 20 April 2012,released as part of a response fromCabinet Officeto arequestmade usingWhatDoTheyKnow,accessed 2 August 2012.
  22. ^British Gallantry Medals (Abbott and Tamplin), p. 142
  23. ^Kevin Brazier.The complete George Cross,Pen & Sword, 2012,ISBN978-1-84884-287-8
  24. ^Hebblethwaite, Marion (2021).George Cross Encyclopedia: Illustrated biographies of all George Cross recipients.Vol. 1. Cirencester: Marion Hebblethwaite. pp. 9–17.ISBN978-1-9997057-3-2.
  25. ^"George Cross".Victoria Cross Online: The Men and Women and their Gallantry Awards on one site.20 November 2022.Retrieved20 November2022.
  26. ^George Cross Database.Retrieved on 12 September 2007.
  27. ^"George Cross for Army Afghanistan bomb heroes".BBC. 18 March 2010.Retrieved18 March2010.
  28. ^"Coronation order of service in full".BBC News.5 May 2023.Retrieved6 May2023.
  29. ^Grove, Eric(17 February 2011)."The Siege of Malta in World War Two".BBC.Retrieved15 April2007.
  30. ^Turner, John Frayn (2010)."Royal Ulster Constabulary".Awards of the George Cross 1940–2009(2 ed.).Pen & Sword Books Ltd.p. 165.ISBN978-1-84884-200-7.Retrieved24 February2015.
  31. ^Paterson, John (12 April 2000)."Queen honours RUC with George Cross".The Guardian.Retrieved26 June2019.
  32. ^"'New era' as NI police change name ".BBC News. 4 November 2001.Retrieved24 February2015.
  33. ^"Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2000 § 70".legislation.gov.uk.Retrieved26 June2019.
  34. ^"Home page".RUC GC Widows Association.Retrieved26 June2019.
  35. ^"Police Museum".Art UK.Public Catalogue Foundation.Retrieved26 June2019.
  36. ^"Home page".RUCGC–PSNI Benevolent Fund.Retrieved26 June2019.
  37. ^"Queen gives George Cross to NHS for staff's 'courage and dedication'".BBC News. 5 July 2021.Retrieved5 July2021.
  38. ^Low, Valentine."Queen awards George Cross to heroic NHS".The Times.ISSN0140-0460.Retrieved5 July2021.
  39. ^"Queen awards George Cross to NHS to mark 70 years of public service".The Guardian.5 July 2021.Retrieved14 July2021.
  40. ^"Cowra breakout, 1944 – Fact sheet 198".National Archives of Australia.Retrieved5 May2019.
  41. ^"Hardy, Benjamin Gower".Department of Veterans' Affairs (Australia).Retrieved5 May2019.
  42. ^"Jones, Ralph".Department of Veterans' Affairs (Australia).Retrieved5 May2019.
  43. ^David Matthews. (2008).The Duke: A Hero's Hero at Sandakan. Captain Lionel Matthews GC, MC.Seaview Press, West Lakes, South Australia.ISBN978-1-74008-486-4.
  44. ^Michael Ashcroft. (2010).George Cross Heroes.Headline Publishing, London. pp. 249–251.ISBN978-0755360840.
  45. ^"No. 43684".The London Gazette(Supplement). 11 June 1965. p. 5693.– Warrant, Fourteenth clause
  46. ^"Budget 2015: Bank fines will pay for annual £10,000 reward for VC and GC winners".The Independent.8 July 2015.
  47. ^"George Cross (Restriction of Use) Ordinance".legislation.mt.Government of Malta. 1943.

Bibliography

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