Wikipedia

Ghost in the Shell

This article is about the media franchise in general. For specific works and entries in that franchise, seeGhost in the Shell (disambiguation).

Ghost in the Shell[a]is aJapanese cyberpunkmedia franchisebased on themangaseriesof the same namewritten and illustrated byMasamune Shirow.The manga, first serialized between 1989 and 1991, is set in mid-21st century Japan and tells the story of the fictional counter-cyberterrorist organizationPublic Security Section 9,led by protagonist MajorMotoko Kusanagi.

Ghost in the Shell
Logo used in the 1995 film adaptation of the series
Created byMasamune Shirow
Original workThe Ghost in the Shell(1989–91)
Owners
Print publications
Novel(s)
  • Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex – The Lost Memory(2004)
  • Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex – Revenge of the Cold Machines(2004)
  • Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex – White Maze(2005)
  • The Ghost in the Shell: Five New Short Stories(2017)
Comics
  • The Ghost in the Shell(1989–91)
  • The Ghost in the Shell 1.5: Human-Error Processor(1991–96)
  • The Ghost in the Shell 2: Man-Machine Interface(1997)
  • Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex(2009–12)
  • Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex – Tachikomatic Days(2009–15)
  • Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex – The Laughing Man(2013–16)
  • Ghost in the Shell: Arise – Sleepless Eye(2013–16)
  • Ghost in the Shell Comic Tribute(2017)
  • The Ghost in the Shell: Global Neural Network(2018)
  • The Ghost in the Shell: The Human Algorithm(2019–present)
Films and television
Film(s)
Animated series
Television film(s)
Direct-to-video
  • Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex – The Laughing Man(2005)
  • Ghost in the Shell: S.A.C. 2nd GIG – Individual Eleven(2006)
Theatrical presentations
Play(s)
  • Ghost in the Shell: Arise – Ghost is Alive(2015)
  • VR Noh The Ghost in the Shell(2020–present)
Games
Video game(s)

Animation studioProduction I.Ghas produced several anime adaptations of the series. These include the 1995 filmof the same nameand its 2004 sequel,Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence;the 2002 television seriesGhost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complexand its 2020 follow-up,Ghost in the Shell: SAC_2045;and theGhost in the Shell: Ariseoriginal video animationseries. In addition, an American-producedlive-action filmwas released on March 2017.

Overview

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Title

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The original editor Koichi Yuri says: At first,Ghost in the Shellcame from Shirow, but when Yuri asked "something more flashy", Shirow came up with "Công xác cơ động độiKoukaku Kidou Tai (Shell Squad)"for Yuri. But Shirow was attached to including" Ghost in the Shell "as well even if in smaller type.[1]

Setting

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Main article:List ofGhost in the Shellcharacters

Primarily set in the mid-twenty-first century in the fictional Japanese city of Niihama, Niihama Prefecture(Tân bang huyện tân bang thị,Niihama-ken Niihama-shi),[b]otherwise known as New Port City(ニューポートシティ,Nyū Pōto Shiti),the manga and the many anime adaptations follow the members ofPublic Security Section 9,a task-force consisting of various professionals skilled at solving and preventing crime, mostly with some sort of police background. Political intrigue and counter-terrorism operations are standard fare for Section 9, but the various actions of corrupt officials, companies, and cyber-criminals in each scenario are unique and require the diverse skills of Section 9's staff to prevent a series of incidents from escalating.

In thispost-cyberpunkiteration of a possible future, computer technology has advanced to the point that many members of the public possess cyberbrains, technology that allows them to interface their biological brain with various networks. The level of cyberization varies from simple minimal interfaces to almost complete replacement of the brain with cybernetic parts, in cases of severe trauma. This can also be combined with various levels ofprostheses,with a fully prosthetic body enabling a person to become acyborg.The main character ofGhost in the Shell,MajorMotoko Kusanagi,is such a cyborg, having had a terrible accident befall her as a child that ultimately required her to use a full-body prosthesis to house her cyberbrain. This high level of cyberization, however, opens the brain up to attacks from highly skilled hackers, with the most dangerous being those who will hack a person to bend to their whims.

Media

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Literature

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Original manga

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Main article:Ghost in the Shell(manga)

The originalGhost in the Shellmanga ran in Japan from April 1989 to November 1990 inKodansha's manga anthologyYoung Magazine,and was released in atankōbonvolume on October 2, 1991.[2]Ghost in the Shell 2: Man-Machine Interfacefollowed in 1997 for 9 issues inYoung Magazine,and was collected in theGhost in the Shell: Solid Boxon December 1, 2000.[3]Then a standard version with modifications and new pages was published on June 26, 2001.[4]Four stories fromMan-Machine Interfacethat were not released in tankobon format from previous releases were later collected inGhost in the Shell 1.5: Human-Error Processor,and published by Kodansha on July 17, 2003.[5]Several art books have also been published for the manga.

Films

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Animated films

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Main articles:Ghost in the Shell(1995 film)andGhost in the Shell 2: Innocence

Two animated films based on the original manga have been released, both directed byMamoru Oshiiand animated by Production I.G.Ghost in the Shellwas released in 1995 and follows the "Puppet Master" storyline from the manga. It was re-released in 2008 asGhost in the Shell 2.0with new audio and updated 3D computer graphics in certain scenes.[6]Innocence,otherwise known asGhost in the Shell 2: Innocence,was released in 2004, with its story based on a chapter from the first manga.

Live-action film

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Main article:Ghost in the Shell(2017 film)

In 2008,DreamWorksand producerSteven Spielbergacquired the rights to alive-actionfilm adaptation of the originalGhost in the Shellmanga.[7]On January 24, 2014,Rupert Sanderswas announced as director, with a screenplay by William Wheeler.[8]In April 2016, the full cast was announced, which includedJuliette Binoche,Chin Han,Lasarus RatuereandKaori Momoi,andScarlett Johanssonin the lead role;[9]the casting of Johansson drew accusations ofwhitewashing.[10][11][12][13]Principal photographyon the film began on location inWellington,New Zealand,on February 1, 2016. Filming wrapped in June 2016.[14]Ghost in the Shellpremiered in Tokyo on March 16, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 31, 2017, in 2D,3DandIMAX 3D.[15]It received mixed reviews, with praise for its visuals and Johansson's performance but criticism for its script.[16][17]

Television

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Stand Alone ComplexTV series, film and ONA

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Main articles:Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone ComplexandGhost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - Solid State Society

In 2002,Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complexpremiered onAnimax,presenting a new telling ofGhost in the Shellindependent from the original manga, focusing on Section 9's investigation of theLaughing Manhacker.[18]It was followed in 2004 by a second season titledGhost in the Shell: S.A.C. 2nd GIG,which focused on theIndividual Eleventerrorist group.[19]The primary storylines of both seasons were compressed into OVAs broadcast asGhost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex The Laughing Manin 2005 andGhost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex Individual Elevenin 2006.[20][21]Also in 2006,Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - Solid State Society,featuring Section 9's confrontation with a hacker known as the Puppeteer, was broadcast, serving as a finale to the anime series.[22]The extensive scorefor the series and its films was composed byYoko Kanno.[23]

On April 7, 2017, Kodansha and Production I.G announced thatKenji KamiyamaandShinji Aramakiwould be co-directing a newKōkaku Kidōtaianime production.[24]On December 7, 2018, it was reported byNetflixthat they had acquired the worldwide streaming rights to theoriginal net animation(ONA) anime series, titledGhost in the Shell: SAC_2045,and that it would premiere on April 23, 2020. The series is in 3DCG and Sola Digital Arts collaborated with Production I.G on the project.Ilya Kuvshinovhandled character designs.[25]The series had two seasons of 12 episodes each.[26]

In addition to the anime, a series of published books, two separate manga adaptations, and several video games for consoles and mobile phones have been released forStand Alone Complex.

AriseOVA, TV series and film

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Main articles:Ghost in the Shell: AriseandGhost in the Shell: The New Movie

In 2013, a new iteration of the series titledGhost in the Shell: Arisepremiered, taking an original look at theGhost in the Shellworld, set before the original manga. It was released as a series of fouroriginal video animation(OVA) episodes (with limited theatrical releases) from 2013 to 2014, then recompiled as a 10-episode television series under the title ofKōkaku Kidōtai: Arise - Alternative Architecture.An additional fifth OVA titledPyrophoric Cult,originally premiering in theAlternative Architecturebroadcast as two original episodes, was released on August 26, 2015.[27]Kazuchika Kise served as the chief director of the series, withTow Ubukataas head writer.[28]Corneliuswas brought onto the project to compose the score for the series, with the Major's new voice actressMaaya Sakamotoalso providing vocals for certain tracks.

Ghost in the Shell: The New Movie,also known asGhost in the Shell: Arise − The MovieorNew Ghost in the Shell,is a 2015 film directed by Kazuya Nomura that serves as a finale to theGhost in the Shell: Arisestory arc. The film is a continuation to the plot of thePyrophoric Cultepisode ofArise,and ties up loose ends from that arc.

A manga adaptation was serialized in Kodansha'sYoung Magazine,which started on March 13 and ended on August 26, 2013.[29][30]

2026 anime

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On May 25, 2024, it was announced that a new anime television series adaptation will be produced byScience Sarufor a 2026 premiere.[31]Saru will be in a production committee with Bandai Namco Filmworks, Kodansha and Production I.G.[32]

Video games

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Main articles:Ghost in the Shell(video game),Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex(2004 video game),Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex(2005 video game),andGhost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - First Assault Online

Ghost in the Shellwas developed by Exact and released for thePlayStationon July 17, 1997, in Japan bySony Computer Entertainment.[33]It is athird-person shooterfeaturing an original storyline where the character plays a rookie member of Section 9. The video game's soundtrackMegatech Bodyfeatures various techno artists, such as Takkyu Ishino, Scan X and Mijk Van Dijk.[34]

Several video games were also developed to tie into theStand Alone Complextelevision series, in addition to afirst-person shooterbyNexonand Neople titledGhost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - First Assault Online,released in 2016.[35]

Avirtual realitygame entitledGhost in the Shell Arise: Stealth Hounds,was made available atBandai Namco's arcade VR Zone Shinjuku in 2017.[36][37]


Legacy

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Ghost in the Shellinfluenced some prominent filmmakers.The Wachowskis,creators ofThe Matrixand its sequels, showed it to producerJoel Silver,saying, "We wanna do that for real."[38]The Matrixseries took several concepts from the film, including theMatrix digital rain,which was inspired by the opening credits ofGhost in the Shell,and the way characters access the Matrix through holes in the back of their necks. Other parallels have been drawn toJames Cameron'sAvatar,Steven Spielberg'sA.I. Artificial IntelligenceandJonathan Mostow'sSurrogates.James Cameron citedGhost in the Shellas a source of inspiration,[39]citing it as an influence onAvatar.[40]

Bungie's 2001third-personaction gameOnidraws substantial inspiration fromGhost in the Shell'ssetting and characters.[41][42]Ghost in the Shellalso influenced video games such as theMetal Gear Solidseries,[43]Deus Ex,[44]andCyberpunk 2077.[45][46]

Explanatory notes

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  1. ^Known in Japan asKōkaku Kidōtai(Japanese:Công xác cơ động đội,lit."Mobile Armored Riot Police" )
  2. ^There is a real-worldNiihama,located inEhime Prefecture,but its name is written differently inkanji:Tân cư bang thị.

References

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  1. ^"Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone ComplexOfficial Log 1 ".Young MagazinePirate Edition.2003. p. 9.
  2. ^Công xác cơ động đội ( １ )[Ghost in the Shell (1)] (in Japanese).Kodansha.Archivedfrom the original on 2013-11-12.Retrieved2012-10-13.
  3. ^Công xác cơ động đội ＳＯＬＩＤ ＢＯＸ[Ghost in the Shell SOLID BOX].Seven Net Shopping Co., Ltd.(in Japanese).Archivedfrom the original on 2013-03-01.Retrieved2012-10-13.
  4. ^"『 công xác cơ động đội ２』 ( sĩ lang chính tông ) chế phẩm tường tế giảng đàm xã コミックプラス".Giảng đàm xã コミックプラス(in Japanese).Retrieved2024-06-14.
  5. ^Công xác cơ động đội １．５[Ghost in the Shell 1.5] (in Japanese).Kodansha.Archivedfrom the original on 2013-11-12.Retrieved2012-10-13.
  6. ^"Ghost in the Shell to Return to Japanese Theaters".Anime News Network.Archivedfrom the original on 2012-10-23.RetrievedNovember 9,2011.
  7. ^Siegel, Tatiana; Fleming, Michael (April 14, 2008)."DreamWorks to make 'Ghost' in 3-D".Variety.Archivedfrom the original on August 18, 2011.RetrievedNovember 9,2011.
  8. ^Bishop, Bryan (January 25, 2014)."Live-action 'Ghost in the Shell' movie signs the director of 'Snow White and the Huntsman'".The Verge.Archivedfrom the original on March 3, 2014.RetrievedMarch 3,2014.
  9. ^"Ghost in the Shell Photo Released as Production Begins".ComingSoon.net.April 14, 2016.Archivedfrom the original on May 26, 2020.RetrievedApril 20,2020.
  10. ^Brown, Tracey (January 10, 2015)."'Ghost in the Shell': Scarlett Johansson casting called 'whitewashing'".HERO COMPLEX.Archived fromthe originalon April 18, 2016.RetrievedApril 14,2016.
  11. ^Child, Ben (January 16, 2015)."DreamWorks accused of 'whitewashing' Ghost in the Shell by casting Scarlett Johansson".The Guardian.RetrievedApril 14,2016.
  12. ^"Is Scarlett Johansson casting Hollywood 'whitewashing'?".BBC News.April 19, 2016.Archivedfrom the original on July 19, 2018.RetrievedJune 22,2018.
  13. ^Fuster, Jeremy (April 14, 2016)."'Ghost In The Shell' Fans Not Happy About 'Whitewashed' American Remake ".TheWrap.Archivedfrom the original on April 17, 2016.RetrievedApril 14,2016.
  14. ^Tsui, Stephanie (June 2, 2016).""Ghost in the Shell" Will Film in Hong Kong—and There's Still No Asian Lead ".HK Magazine.South China Morning Post.Archivedfrom the original on November 14, 2016.RetrievedJune 4,2016.
  15. ^"Ghost in the Shell Official Trailer 1 (2017) - Scarlett Johansson Movie".YouTube.2016-11-13.Archivedfrom the original on 2020-09-09.Retrieved2017-03-31.
  16. ^"Ghost in the Shell (2017)".Rotten Tomatoes.Fandango.Archivedfrom the original on December 30, 2017.RetrievedApril 1,2017.
  17. ^"Ghost in the Shell reviews".Metacritic.CBS Interactive Inc.Archivedfrom the original on March 31, 2017.RetrievedMarch 31,2017.
  18. ^"Animax's official GitS:SAC webpage"(in Japanese).Animax.Archived fromthe originalon 2010-10-19.Retrieved2011-09-02.
  19. ^"Into the Network: The Ghost in the Shell Universe".Production I.G.Archived fromthe originalon 2011-05-17.Retrieved2011-01-29.
  20. ^"Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex The Laughing Man".Production I.G.Archivedfrom the original on 15 January 2018.Retrieved14 January2014.
  21. ^"Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex Individual Eleven".Production I.G.Archivedfrom the original on 25 November 2011.Retrieved14 January2014.
  22. ^"Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex Solid State Society".Production I.G.Archivedfrom the original on 19 January 2011.Retrieved14 January2014.
  23. ^Bull, John (2018-03-08)."Yoko Kanno: The Greatest Composer You've Never Heard Of".Medium.Archivedfrom the original on 2019-02-22.Retrieved2019-02-22.
  24. ^"Ghost in the Shell Gets New Anime From Kenji Kamiyama, Shinji Aramaki".Anime News Network.Archivedfrom the original on 2017-04-08.Retrieved8 April2017.
  25. ^"Ghost in the Shell: SAC_2045 3DCG Anime's Characters Designed by Birthday Wonderland's Ilya Kuvshinov".Anime News Network.Archivedfrom the original on 2019-06-13.Retrieved12 June2019.
  26. ^"New Ghost in the Shell 3DCG Anime Project to Premiere on Netflix in 2020".Anime News Network.Archivedfrom the original on 2019-11-08.Retrieved7 December2018.
  27. ^"Ghost in the Shell Arise Pyrophoric Cult Episode Slated for August on Home Video in Japan".Anime News Network.Archivedfrom the original on 2015-05-09.Retrieved10 May2015.
  28. ^"Ghost in the Shell Arise Anime to Launch in 2013".Anime News Network.January 15, 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 2013-01-16.Retrieved2013-01-15.
  29. ^6 nguyệt 22 nhật から ánh họa “Công xác cơ động đội ARISE GHOST IN THE SHELL” toàn 4 bộ tác công khai[From June 22, the movie "Ghost in the Shell ARISE GHOST IN THE SHELL" will be released in four parts] (in Japanese). Gigazine. February 12, 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 2013-02-13.Retrieved2013-03-13.
  30. ^“Công xác cơ động đội ＡＲＩＳＥ” コミカライズ nguyệt khan ヤングマガジンで liên tái khai thủy công an 9 khóa dĩ tiền を miêu く - アニメ! アニメ![ "Ghost in the Shell ARISE" comicalization Starts serialization in monthly Young Magazine Drawing before Public Security Section 9 - Anime! animation] (in Japanese). AnimeAnime.jp. March 13, 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 2013-03-16.Retrieved2013-03-13.
  31. ^"New Ghost in the Shell Anime Announced".
  32. ^"Ghost in the Shell Announces New TV Anime".Screen Rant.25 May 2024.
  33. ^Công xác cơ động đội GHOST IN THE SHELL.PlayStation(in Japanese).Sony Interactive Entertainment.Archivedfrom the original on 2013-06-16.Retrieved2012-12-19.
  34. ^"Ghost in the Shell - Soundtrack-"Thế giới trung で tuyệt tán されている cận vị lai SFコミックス “Công xác cơ động đội” のプレイステーション・ゲームのSound [Techno] Trax.[Sound [Techno] Trax of the PlayStation game of the near future SF comic "Ghost in the Shell" acclaimed all over the world.] (in Japanese).Sony Music Entertainment Japan.Archivedfrom the original on November 12, 2013.RetrievedJanuary 4,2013.
  35. ^Prescott, Shaun (September 17, 2015)."First Assault is a free-to-play Ghost in the Shell FPS coming soon".PC Gamer.Archivedfrom the original on 2017-06-10.Retrieved2015-09-17.
  36. ^Ricchiuto, Madeline."Ghost In The Shell Has A VR Multiplayer Arcade Shooter In Tokyo".Bleeding Cool.Bleeding Cool.Retrieved20 December2024.
  37. ^"Arise Ghost In The Shell Stealth Hounds".GameFAQs.GameFAQs.Retrieved20 December2024.
  38. ^Joel Silver,interviewed in "MakingThe Matrix"featurette onThe MatrixDVD.
  39. ^Rose, Steve (19 October 2009)."Hollywood is haunted by Ghost in the Shell".The Guardian.Retrieved26 July2013.
  40. ^Schrodt, Paul (1 April 2017)."How the original 'Ghost in the Shell' changed sci-fi and the way we think about the future".Business Insider.Archivedfrom the original on 26 August 2019.Retrieved14 June2019.
  41. ^Kushner, David (June 2000)."Ghost in the Machine".SPIN.Vol. 16, no. 6. p. 86.ISSN0886-3032.Retrieved2017-08-31.
  42. ^Al-Shakarchi, Harry."Interview with lead engineer Brent Pease".BungieWest.Archivedfrom the original on 2017-10-24.Retrieved2013-12-22.
  43. ^Kojima, Hideo (8 April 2017)."Hideo Kojima on the Philosophy Behind 'Ghost in the Shell'".Glixel.Archived fromthe originalon April 10, 2017.RetrievedApril 10,2017.
  44. ^"Ghost in the Shell (2017) – Blu-ray review".What Hi-Fi?.Haymarket Media Group.August 7, 2017.Archivedfrom the original on April 3, 2019.RetrievedJune 15,2019.
  45. ^"Cyberpunk 2077 Devs Looked at Blade Runner and Ghost in the Shell for Inspiration".GamingBolt.com.13 January 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 27 February 2019.Retrieved15 June2019.
  46. ^Conditt, Jessica (1 August 2012)."CD Projekt Red's 'Cyberpunk' inspired by System Shock, Blade Runner [Update]".Engadget.Archivedfrom the original on 14 October 2018.
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