Theworld economyorglobal economyis theeconomyof all humans in the world, referring to the globaleconomic system,which includes all economic activities conducted both within and betweennations,includingproduction,consumption,economic management,workin general, financial transactions andtradeofgoods and services.[1][2]In some contexts, the two terms are distinct: the "international" or "global economy" is measured separately and distinguished from national economies, while the "world economy" is simply an aggregate of the separate countries' measurements. Beyond the minimum standard concerning value in production, use and exchange, the definitions, representations, models and valuations of the world economy vary widely. It is inseparable from thegeographyandecologyof planetEarth.
It is common to limit questions of the world economy exclusively tohuman economic activity,and the world economy is typically judged inmonetaryterms, even in cases in which there is no efficientmarketto help valuate certain goods or services, or in cases in which a lack of independent research, genuine data or government cooperation makes calculating figures difficult. Typical examples areillegal drugsand otherblack marketgoods, which by any standard are a part of the world economy, but for which there is, by definition, no legal market of any kind.
However, even in cases in which there is a clear and efficient market to establishmonetaryvalue,economists do not typically use the current or officialexchange rateto translate the monetary units of this market into a single unit for the world economy since exchange rates typically do not closely reflectworldwidevalue – for example, in cases where the volume or price of transactions is closely regulated by the government.
Rather, market valuations in a local currency are typically translated to a single monetary unit using the idea ofpurchasing power.This is the method used below, which is used for estimating worldwide economic activity in terms ofrealUnited States dollarsoreuros.However, the world economy can be evaluated and expressed in many more ways. It is unclear, for example, how many of the world's7.8 billion people(as of March 2020[update])[3][4]have most of their economic activity reflected in these valuations.
According toAngus Maddison–a distinguished British economist–until the middle of the 19th century, global output was dominated byChinaandIndia,with the Indian subcontinent being the world's largest economy from 1 C.E to 17 C.E. Waves of theIndustrial Revolutionin Western Europe and Northern America shifted the shares to the Western Hemisphere. As of 2024, the following 20 countries or collectives have reached an economy of at least US$2trillionbyGross Domestic Product(GDP) in nominal orPurchasing Power Parity(PPP) terms:Brazil,Canada,China,Egypt,France,Germany,India,Indonesia,Italy,Japan,Mexico,South Korea,Russia,Saudi Arabia,Spain,Turkey,theUnited Kingdom,theUnited States,theEuropean Unionand theAfrican Union.[5][6]
Despite high levels ofgovernment investment,the global economy decreased by 3.4% in 2020 in the midst of theCOVID-19 pandemic,[7]an improvement from theWorld Bank's initial prediction of a 5.2 percent decrease.[8]Cities account for 80% of globalGDP,thus they faced the brunt of this decline.[9][10]The world economy increased again in 2021 with an estimated 5.5 percent rebound.[11]
Overview
editWorld economy by country groups
edit| Country group | List of country groups by GDP (nominal) in 2024 (or at peaked level) | List of country groups byGDP (PPP) in 2024 (or at peaked level) | Number of countries | Major economies | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Value (in millions of US$) |
Share of Global GDP | Value (in millions of US$) |
Share of Global GDP | |||
| Major advanced economies(G7) (Continents: Europe, North America and Asia) |
49,300,856 | 44.8% | 56,578,926 | 29.1% | 7 |  United States Japan Germany France United Kingdom Italy Canada
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| Emerging and developing Asia (Continents: Asia and Oceania) |
26,276,864 | 23.9% | 66,794,352 | 34.3% | 30 |  China India Indonesia Thailand Bangladesh Vietnam Malaysia Philippines
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| Other advanced economies (advanced economies excluding the G7) (Continents: Europe, Asia, Oceania and North America) |
15,380,853 | 14.0% | 21,576,541 | 11.1% | 34 |  South Korea Spain Australia Taiwan Netherlands Switzerland Singapore Belgium Sweden Ireland Norway Austria
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| Latin Americaand theCaribbean (Continents: South America and North America) |
6,728,466 | 6.1% | 14,071,686 | 7.2% | 33 |  Brazil Mexico Argentina Colombia
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| Emerging and developing Europe (Continents: Europe and Asia) |
5,556,849 | 5.0% | 15,265,793 | 7.9% | 15 |  Russia Turkey Poland Romania Ukraine
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| Middle EastandCentral Asia (Continents: Asia and Africa) |
4,980,028 | 4.5% | 14,033,577 | 7.2% | 32 |  Egypt Saudi Arabia Iran Pakistan United Arab Emirates Kazakhstan Algeria
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| Sub-Saharan Africa (Continent: Africa) |
1,840,998 (peaked at 2,034,706 in 2022) |
1.7% | 6,247,651 | 3.2% | 45 |  Nigeria South Africa
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| World | 110,064,915 | 100.0% | 194,568,527 | 100.0% | 196 | |
World economy by continent
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Current world economic league table of largest economies in the world by GDP and share of global economic growth
edit| The 25 largest economies by GDP (nominal), the 25 largest economies by GDP (PPP), 28 economies with the highest peak GDP per capita (nominal) and the 28 economies with the highest peak GDP per capita (PPP) as of 2024. Members of theG-20 major economiesare in bold. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| List of the 25 largest economies by GDP (nominal) at their peak level as of 2024 in million US$[5] |
List of the 25 largest economies by GDP (PPP) at their peak level as of 2024 in million Int$[5] |
List of the 28 economies by highest GDP (nominal) per capita at their peak level as of 2024 in US$[14] |
List of the 28 economies by highest GDP (PPP) per capita at their peak level as of 2024 in Int$[15] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Twenty largest economies in the world by nominal GDP
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Twenty largest economies in the world by GDP (PPP)
editStatistical indicators
editThis section needs to beupdated.(September 2020) |
Finance
edit
>$60,000 $50,000 – $60,000 $40,000 – $50,000 $30,000 – $40,000 | $20,000 – $30,000 $10,000 – $20,000 $5,000 – $10,000 $2,500 – $5,000 | $1,000 – $2,500 <$1,000 No data |
- GDP(GWP) (gross world product): (purchasing power parity exchange rates) – $59.38 trillion (2005 est.), $51.48 trillion (2004), $23 trillion (2002). The GWP is the combined gross national income of all the countries in the world. When calculating the GWP, add GDP of all countries. Also, GWP shows that imports and exports are equal. Because imports and exports balance exactly when considering the whole world:,[25]this also equals the total global gross domestic product (GDP). According to the World Bank, the 2013 nominal GWP was approximately US$75.59 trillion. In 2017, according to the CIA's World Factbook, the GWP was around US$80.27 trillion in nominal terms and totaled approximately 127.8 trillion international dollars in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP). The per capita PPP GWP in 2017 was approximately Int$17,500 according to the World Factbook.
- GDP(GWP) (gross world product):[26](market exchange rates) – $60.69 trillion (2008). The market exchange rates increased from 1990 to 2008. The reason for this increase is the world's advancement in terms of technology.
- GDP[27](real growth rate): The following part shows the GDP growth rate and the expected value after one year.
- Developed Economies. A developed country, industrialized country, more developed country (MDC), or more economically developed country (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. Most commonly, the criteria for evaluating the degree of economic development are gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living. Which criteria are to be used and which countries can be classified as being developed are subjects of debate. The GDP of the developed countries is predicted to fall from 2.2% in 2017 to 2.0% in 2018 due to the fall in dollar value.
- Developing Countries. A developing country is a country with a less developed industrial base (industries) and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries. However, this definition is not universally agreed upon. There is also no clear agreement on which countries fit this category. A nation's GDP per capita, compared with other nations, can also be a reference point. In general, the United Nations accepts any country's claim of itself being "developing". The GDP of the developing countries is expected to rise from 4.3% in 2017 to 4.6% in 2018 due to political stability in those countries and advancement in technology.
- Least developed countries. The least developed countries (LDCs) is a list of developing countries that, according to the United Nations, exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development, with the lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world. The concept of LDCs originated in the late 1960s and the first group of LDCs was listed by the UN in its resolution 2768 (XXVI) of 18 November 1971. This is a group of countries that are expected to improve their GDP from 4.8% in 2017 to 5.4% in 2018. The predicted growth is associated advancement in technology and industrialization of those countries for the past decade.
- GDP – per capita: purchasing power parity – $9,300, €7,500 (2005 est.), $8,200, €6,800 (92) (2003), $7,900, €5,000 (2002)
- Worldmedianincome: purchasing power parity $1,041, €950 (1993)[28]
- GDP – composition by sector: agriculture: 4%; industry: 32%; services: 64% (2004 est.)
- Inflation rate (consumer prices); In economics, inflation is a general rise in the price level in an economy over a period of time, resulting in a sustained drop in the purchasing power of money. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy. The opposite of inflation is deflation, a sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and services. The common measure of inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index, usually the consumer price index, over time.national inflation rates vary widely in individual cases, from declining prices inJapanto hyperinflation (In economics, hyperinflation is very high and typically accelerating inflation) in severalThird Worldcountries (2003):
- World 2.6% (2017), 2.8% (predicted 2018);[29]
- Developed Economies1% to 4% typically
- Developing Countries5% to 60% typically
- Least developed countries11.4% (2017), 8.3% (predicted 2018)[29]
- DerivativesOTC outstanding notional amount: $601 trillion (Dec 2010) ([1])
- Derivativesexchange traded outstanding notional amount: $82 trillion (June 2011) ([2])
- Globaldebtissuance: $5.187 trillion, €3 trillion (2004), $4.938 trillion, €3.98 trillion (2003), $3.938 trillion (2002) (Thomson Financial League Tables)
- Globalequityissuance: $505 billion, €450 billion (2004), $388 billion. €320 billion (2003), $319 billion, €250 trillion (2002) (Thomson Financial League Tables)
Employment
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- Unemploymentrate: 8.7% (2009 est.). 30% (2007 est.) combined unemployment andunderemploymentin many non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically 4%–12% unemployment.
Industries
edit- Industrial production growth rate: 3% (2002 est.)
Energy
edit
- Yearlyelectricity– production: 21,080,878 GWh (2011 est.),[30]15,850,000 GWh (2003 est.), 14,850,000 GWh (2001 est.)
- Yearly electricity – consumption: 14,280,000 GWh (2003 est.), 13,930,000 GWh (2001 est.)
- Oil– production: 79,650,000 bbl/d (12,663,000 m3/d) (2003 est.), 75,460,000 barrels per day (11,997,000 m3/d) (2001)
- Oil – consumption: 80,100,000 bbl/d (12,730,000 m3/d) (2003 est.), 76,210,000 barrels per day (12,116,000 m3/d) (2001)
- Oil – proved reserves: 1.025 trillion barrel (163 km3(39 cu mi) (2001 est.)
- Natural gas– production: 3,366 km3(808 cu mi) (2012 est.),[31]2,569 km3(616 cu mi) (2001 est.)
- Natural gas – consumption: 2,556 km3(613 cu mi) (2001 est.)
- Natural gas – proved reserves: 161,200 km3(38,700 cu mi) (1 January 2002)
Cross-border
edit- Yearly exports: $12.4 trillion, €11.05 trillion (2009 est.)
- Exports – commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
- Exports – partners: US 12.7%, Germany 7.1%, China 6.2%, France 4.4%, Japan 4.2%, UK 4.1% (2008)
- Yearly imports: $12.29 trillion, €10.95 trillion (2009 est.)
- Imports – commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
- Imports – partners: China 10.3%, Germany 8.6%, US 8.1%, Japan 5% (2008)
- Debt – external: $56.9 trillion, €40 trillion (31 December 2009 est.)
Gift economy
edit- Annual international aid:Official Development Assistance(ODA) of $204 billion (2022)[32]
Communications
editTelephones – main lines in use: 843,923,500 (2007)
4,263,367,600 (2008)
- Telephones – mobile cellular: 3,300,000,000 (Nov. 2007)[33]
- Internet Service Providers(ISPs): 10,350 (2000 est.)
- Internetusers: 3,079,339,857 (31 December 2014[3]), 360,985,492 (31 December 2000[34])
Transport
editTransportation infrastructure worldwide includes:
- Airports
- Total: 41,821 (2013)[35]
- Roadways
- Total: 32,345,165 km (20,098,354 mi)
- Paved: 19,403,061 km (12,056,503 mi)
- Unpaved: 12,942,104 km (8,041,851 mi) (2002)
- Railways
- Total: 1,122,650 km (697,580 mi) includes about 190,000 to 195,000 km (118,000 to 121,000 mi) of electrified routes of which 147,760 km (91,810 mi) are in Europe, 24,509 km (15,229 mi) in theFar East,11,050 km (6,870 mi) in Africa, 4,223 km (2,624 mi) in South America, and 4,160 km (2,580 mi) in North America.[dubious–discuss]
Military
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- World military expenditure in 2018: estimated to $1.822 trillion[36]
- Military expenditures – percent ofGDP:roughly 2% of gross world product (1999).
Science, research and development
edit
TheRoyal Societyin a 2011 report stated that in terms ofnumber of papersthe share of English-language scientific research papers the United States was first followed by China, the UK, Germany, Japan, France, and Canada.[37]In 2015,research and developmentconstituted an average 2.2% of theglobal GDPaccording to theUNESCO Institute for Statistics.[38]Metrics and rankings of innovation include theBloomberg Innovation Index,theGlobal Innovation Indexand theshare of Nobel laureates per capita.
Resources and environment
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- Forests (carbon sinks,wood,ecosystem services,...)
- Otherland degradationand land- and organisms-related ecosystem disturbances
- Soils (carbon sink, ecosystem services, food production,...)
- Soil erosionby water in 2012: almost 36 billion tons (based on a high resolution global potential soil erosion model developed in 2017)[45]
- Estimated annual loss of agricultural productivity due to soil erosion: 8 billion US dollars (based on the soil erosion data)[46]
- Soil erosion by water in 2015: approximately 43 billion tons (according to a 2020 study)[47]
- Environmental impact of pesticides
- Pesticide use in tonnes of active ingredient in Australia in 2016: ca. 62,500 tonnes[48]
- Soils (carbon sink, ecosystem services, food production,...)
- Oceans (ecosystem services, food production,...):Blue economy
- Waste andpollution(effects of economic mechanisms, effects on ecosystem services)
- As of 2018, about 380 million tonnes of plastic is produced worldwide each year. From the 1950s up to 2018, an estimated 6.3 billion tonnes of plastic has been produced worldwide, of which an estimated 9% has been recycled and another 12% has been incinerated with the rest reportedly being "dumped in landfills or the natural environment".[49]
- Air pollution
- Microplastic pollution
- Estimated accumulated number of microplastic particles in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2014: 15 to 51 trillion particles, weighing between 93,000 and 236,000 metric tons[56]
- Estimated accumulated number of microplastic particles in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2020: 3700 microplastics per cubic meter[56]
From the scientific perspective, economic activities are embedded in a web of dynamic, interrelated, and interdependent activities that constitute the naturalsystemof Earth. Novel application ofcyberneticsindecision-making(such as in decision-making related to process- and product-design and related laws) and direction of human activity (such as economic activity) may make it easier to control modern ecological problems.[57]
Historical development
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| Estimations of world population andGDPfrom a 2020 research paper[59] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Population (million) |
GDP per capita ($1990 in PPP) |
GDP in billion ($1990 in PPP) |
| 1000000 BCE | 0.125 | 400 | 0.05 |
| 300000 BCE | 1 | 400 | 0.40 |
| 25000 BCE | 3.34 | 400 | 1.34 |
| 10000 BCE | 4 | 400 | 1.60 |
| 5000 BCE | 5 | 404 | 2.02 |
| 4000 BCE | 7 | 409 | 2.87 |
| 3000 BCE | 14 | 421 | 5.90 |
| 2000 BCE | 27 | 433 | 11.7 |
| 1000 BCE | 50 | 444 | 22.2 |
| 500 BCE | 100 | 457 | 45.7 |
| 200 BCE | 150 | 465 | 69.7 |
| 1 | 168 | 467 | 78.4 |
| 200 | 190 | 463 | 88.0 |
| 400 | 190 | 463 | 88.0 |
| 500 | 190 | 463 | 88.0 |
| 600 | 200 | 462 | 92.3 |
| 700 | 210 | 460 | 96.6 |
| 800 | 220 | 459 | 101 |
| 900 | 240 | 456 | 109 |
| 1000 | 265 | 453 | 120 |
| 1100 | 320 | 512 | 164 |
| 1200 | 360 | 551 | 198 |
| 1300 | 360 | 551 | 198 |
| 1400 | 350 | 541 | 190 |
| 1500 | 438 | 625 | 274 |
| 1600 | 556 | 629 | 350 |
| 1700 | 603 | 658 | 397 |
| 1820 | 1,042 | 712 | 741 |
| 1870 | 1,276 | 884 | 1,128 |
| 1900 | 1,563 | ||
| 1913 | 1,793 | 1,543 | 2,767 |
| 1920 | 1,863 | ||
| 1940 | 2,299 | 2,181 | 5,013 |
| 1950 | 2,528 | 2,104 | 5,318 |
| 1960 | 3,042 | 2,764 | 12,170 |
| 1970 | 3,691 | 3,725 | 13,751 |
| 1980 | 4,440 | 4,511 | 20,026 |
| 1990 | 5,269 | 5,149 | 27,133 |
| 2000 | 6,077 | 6,057 | 36,806 |
| 2010 | 6,873 | 7,814 | 53,704 |
| 2019 | 7,620 | 9,663 | 73,640 |
One example for a comparable metric other than GDP are theOECD Better Life Indexrankings for different aggregative domains.
| Legend | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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Explained by: Housing
Explained by: Income
Explained by: Jobs
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Explained by: Community
Explained by: Education
Explained by: Environment
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Explained by: Civic engagement
Explained by: Health
Explained by: Life Satisfaction
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Explained by: Safety
Explained by: Work-Life Balance
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| OECD Better Life Indexrankings for 2016 | ||||||||||||
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| Overall Rank [60] |
Country | Housing | Income | Jobs | Community | Education | Environment | Civic engagement | Health | Life Satisfaction | Safety | Work-Life Balance |
| 1 | Norway
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| 2 | Australia
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| 3 |  Denmark
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| 4 | Switzerland
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| 5 | Canada
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| 6 | Sweden
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| 7 |  New Zealand
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| 8 |  Finland
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| 9 | United States
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| 10 |  Iceland
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| 11 | Netherlands
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| 12 | Germany
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| 13 |  Luxembourg
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| 14 | Belgium
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| 15 | Austria
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| 16 | United Kingdom
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| 17 | Ireland
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| 18 | France
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| 19 | Spain
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| 20 |  Slovenia
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| 21 |  Czech Republic
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| 22 |  Estonia
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| 23 | Japan
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| 24 |  Slovakia
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| 25 | Italy
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| 26 |  Israel
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| 27 | Poland
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| 28 | South Korea
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| 29 |  Portugal
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| 30 |  Latvia
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| 31 |  Greece
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| 32 |  Hungary
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| 33 | Russia
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| 34 |  Chile
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| 35 | Brazil
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| 36 | Turkey
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| 37 | Mexico
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| 38 | South Africa
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The index includes 11 comparable "dimensions" of well-being:[61]
- Housing:housingconditions and spendings (e.g.real estate pricing)
- Income:household income(after taxes and transfers) and net financial wealth
- Jobs:earnings,job securityandunemployment
- Community: quality ofsocial supportnetwork
- Education: education and what one gets out of it
- Environment: quality of environment (e.g.environmental health)
- Governance: involvement indemocracy
- Health
- Life Satisfaction: level ofhappiness
- Safety: murder and assault rates
- Work-life balance
Economic studies
editTo promote exports, many government agencies publish on the web economic studies by sector and country. Among these agencies include theUSCS(US DoC) andFAS(USDA) in the United States, theEDCandAAFCin Canada,Ubifrancein France, theUKTIin the United Kingdom, theHKTDCandJETROin Asia,Austradeand theNZTEin Oceania. Through Partnership Agreements, the Federation of International Trade Associations publishes studies from several of these agencies (USCS, FAS, AAFC, UKTI, and HKTDC) as well as other non-governmental organizations on its website globaltrade.net.
See also
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- Anarchy (international relations)
- Capitalism
- Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet(book)
- Economic bubble
- Economic collapse
- Fourth Industrial Revolution
- Global financial system
- Global workforce
- Globality
- Globalization
- International trade
- Trade route
- Overconsumption
- Petrodollar recycling
- World Trade Report
- World history
- World-systems theory
Regional economies:
Events:
Lists:
- List of countries by GDP sector composition
- List of world's largest economies (nominal)– based on currentcurrencymarket exchange rates
- List of world's largest economies (PPP)– based onpurchasing power parity
- Historical list of world's largest economies (PPP)– for the years between 1 and 1998
References
edit- ^"THE GLOBAL ECONOMY | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary".dictionary.cambridge.org.Archivedfrom the original on 4 May 2022.Retrieved20 September2020.
- ^"World Economy." – Definition. American English Definition of with Pronunciation by Macmillan Dictionary. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 January 2015.
- ^"World Population: 2020 Overview".Archivedfrom the original on 2021-03-09.Retrieved2020-09-20.
- ^"2020 World Population Data Sheet".Archivedfrom the original on 2020-09-28.Retrieved2020-09-20.
- ^abcde"World Economic Outlook Database April 2024".www.imf.org.Retrieved2024-11-09.
- ^"More QE From the Bank of England to Support the UK Economy in 2021".Vant Age Point Trading.Archivedfrom the original on 20 January 2021.Retrieved25 January2021.
- ^OECD (March 2021)."OECD Economic Outlook, Interim Report March 2021".Archivedfrom the original on 21 May 2023.Retrieved21 May2023.
- ^"The Global Economic Outlook During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Changed World".World Bank.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-06-09.Retrieved2021-06-07.
- ^"Cities are the hub of the global green recovery".blogs.worldbank.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-06-07.Retrieved2021-06-07.
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