Wikipedia

Goosebumps

This article is about the Book series. For the bumps on human skin, seeGoose bumps.For other uses, seeGoosebumps (disambiguation).

Goosebumpsis a series ofchildren'shorror novelswritten by American authorR. L. Stine.The protagonists in these stories are teens or pre-teens who find themselves in frightening circumstances, often involving the supernatural, the paranormal or the occult. Between 1992 and 1997, sixty-two books were published under theGoosebumpsumbrella title. R. L. Stine also wrote various spin-off series, including,Goosebumps Series 2000,Give Yourself Goosebumps,Tales to Give You Goosebumps,Goosebumps Triple Header,Goosebumps HorrorLand,Goosebumps Most WantedandGoosebumps SlappyWorld.[2]Additionally, there was a series calledGoosebumps Goldthat was never released.

Goosebumps
Logo
AuthorR. L. Stine
Cover artistTim Jacobus
Mark Nagata
Craig White
Brandon Dorman[1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
GenreHorror fiction,children's literature
PublisherScholastic Corporation
PublishedOriginal series:July 1992 – December 1997
Spin-off series:October 1994 – February 2000; April 2008 – present
Media typePrint (hardback & paperback)
Audiobook
E-book
No. of books240[nb 1](List of books)
Websitehttps://kids.scholastic.com/kid/books/goosebumps/

Goosebumpshas spawned a pair oftelevisionseries,a video games series,a comic seriesand merchandise, as well as a pair offeaturefilms,which starJack Blackas a fictionalized version of Stine.

The series was originally published in English byScholastic Pressin the United States andScholastic Hippoin the United Kingdom. Spanning variousgenres,includinghorror,comedy,fantasy,adventure,supernatural fiction,thrillerandmystery,the world ofGoosebumpsexplores a multitude of themes.

Since the release of its first novel,Welcome to Dead House,in July 1992, the books have achieved immense popularity, garnered positive reviews, and achieved commercial success worldwide. They have captivated a diverse audience, including children and older readers, and have sold over 400 million copies globally in 35 languages as of October 2022,[3]becoming the second-best-selling book seriesin history (behindHarry Potter). At one point, the series held the distinction of being the best-selling book series of all time, selling over 4 million books a month during its prime.[4]Individual books in the series have been listed in severalbestsellerlists, including theNew York TimesBest Seller listfor children.

Structure and genre

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An illustration of R. L. Stine with some of the franchise's monsters. This illustration was from the cover of Stine's autobiography,It Came from Ohio!: My Life as a Writer.

TheGoosebumpsseries falls under many genres but mainlyhorrorandthriller,although Stine characterizes the series as 'scary books that are also funny'.[5]Each book features different child characters[6]and settings.[7]The primaryprotagonistsare middle class and can be either male or female.[8]InGoosebumpsstories, the central characters are often placed in remote or isolated locations, diverging from common societal conventions. This can range anywhere from comfortable suburban areas toboarding schools,foreign villages or campsites.[9]Books typically feature characters who either recently moved to a new neighborhood or are sent to stay withrelatives.[8] The books in theGoosebumpsseries feature similar plot structures[10]with children being involved in scary situations.[11]At his peak, Stine was known to complete these stories extremely quickly, some of which were written in only six days.[12]The books are mostly written in first personnarrative,often concluding withtwist endings.[13]They containsurrealhorror,[8]with characters encountering the strange andsupernatural.[14]

The author has plot devices he follows throughout hisGoosebumpsbooks. Stine says he does not have any death in his stories, and the children in his novels are never put into situations that would be considered too serious.[15]He attributed the success of his books to their absence of drugs,depravityandviolence.[16]

AllGoosebumpsbooks are written at a reading level ranging from 3rd to 7th grade.[17][18]

Inspiration and themes

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According to the documentaryTales from the Crypt: From Comic Books to Television,R.L. Stine said that he remembered reading the popular/infamousTales from the Cryptcomic books when he was young and credited as one of his inspirations. Books and characters in the series were inspired by books and films. For example, the characterSlappy the Dummywas inspired by the literary classicThe Adventures of Pinocchio.[19]Some of Stine's ideas for the books also came from real life; Stine got the idea for the bookThe Haunted Maskafter his son, Matt, had aHalloweenmask he had trouble getting off.[20]Stine also uses his childhood fears to help him write his books. The author said, "Luckily, I have a great memory. As I write a story, I can remember what it feels like to be afraid and panicky".[21]Stine states he often thinks of a title to a novel first, then lets the title lead him to a story.[22]

Two common themes in the series are children triumphing over evil and children facing horrid or frightening situations and using their ownwitand imagination to escape them.[23]Stine does not attempt to incorporate moral lessons into his novels, and says his books are "strictly reading motivation".[24]

Characters

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Recurring characters who appear in multiple books and media.

Character Television series Films
Goosebumps Goosebumps Goosebumps Goosebumps 2: Haunted Halloween
1995-1998 2023-present 2015 2018
R. L. Stine Himself Jack Black
Slappy the Dummy Ron Stefaniuk
(puppeteer) 		Jeny Cassady, Victor Dolhai, Jamie Swettenham
(puppeteers) 		Avery Lee Jones
(puppeteer)
Cathal J. Dodd
(voice) 		Chris Geere
(voice) 		Jack Black
(voice) 		Mick Wingert
(voice)
Will Blake
The Werewolf of Fever Swamp 		Michael Barry John Bernecker CGI
Prince Khor-Ru Peter Jarvis Brian Gabriel Ben Bladon
Count Nightwing Earl Pastko Rory Healy Joseph N. Hardin
Scarecrow Stuntman John Herndon Alex T. Hill
Pumpkin Heads Christian Laurin
Stuart Clow 		Nick Stanner Stuntman
Chip & Hap Yvan Labelle
Jordan Prentice 		CGI
Carly Beth Caldwell
The Haunted Mask 		Kathryn Long Clare Halstead
The Lord High Executioner Robert Collins Drew Lamkins
Hannah Fairchild
The Ghost Next Door 		Nicole Dicker Odeya Rush
Brent Green Darcy Weir Jack Black
(voice)
The Abominable Snowman Stuntman CGI
  • Slappy the Dummyis the main villain of theNight of the Living Dummysaga and the mascot of the series.[25]
  • The Haunted Mask is the villain of the book saga of thesame name.
  • The Horrors serve as the main villain(s) of Goosebumps #16:One Day at Horrorlandand theHorrorLandbook series.
  • The Monster Blood is the titular monster of the book series of thesame name.
  • Amanda Benson is the protagonist of the first Goosebumps book,Welcome to Dead House.
  • Carly Beth Caldwell is one of the recurring protagonists of theHaunted Maskseries.
  • Evan Ross is the main protagonist of the first four books ofMonster Blood.
  • Lizzy Morris is the protagonist of the first twoHorrorLandbooks and a major protagonist of theHorrorLandseries.
  • The Menace is the main villain of the first story arc of theHorrorLandseries.
  • Jonathan Chiller is the main villain of the second arc of the GoosebumpsHorrorLandseries.
  • Ray Gordon is the narrator character of the last part of the second arc of GoosebumpsHorrorLand.
  • Billy Deep is the protagonist of theDeep Troubleseries.

OriginalGoosebumpsseries

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Main article:Goosebumps (original series)
R. L. Stine,the author of theGoosebumpsseries

Following the success of Stine'syoung adulthorror novels, the co-founderofParachute Press(the company that developed the series),[26]Joan Waricha, persuaded him to write scary books for younger children.[27]Stine says the name for the book series came to him after he saw a TV station's ad inTV Guidethat stated "It's goosebumps week on Channel 11".[28][29]He originally signed a six-book deal with the publisherScholastic,[30]but went on to write 62 books in the original series, the first book beingWelcome to Dead House,released in July 1992. The series was originally aimed at girls, but both boys and girls enjoyed the series equally with half of Stine's fan mail being sent from boys.[15]The cover illustrations for this series was done primarily byTim Jacobus.[31]Thirty-two of the books from the original series were later re-released with new artwork under theClassic Goosebumpsrename.[32]

Spin-off series

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The books in theTales to Give You GoosebumpsandGoosebumps Triple Headerseries were written as short story anthologies, featuring a collection of stories in each book.[33]From 1994 to 1997, sixTales to Give You Goosebumpsbooks were published. TwoGoosebumps Triple Headerbooks were released from 1997 to 1998, beginning withThree Shocking Tales of Terror: Book 1.[34]

FiftyGive Yourself Goosebumpsbooks were published from 1995 to 2000, starting withEscape from the Carnival of Horrors.The books in this series were written asgamebooks,featuring multiple endings.[35]The books in this series were ghostwritten by several authors, includingKathryn Lanceand Stine's sister-in-law Megan Stine.[36][37][38]Many of the cover illustrations for this series were done by Mark Nagata.[39]

Due to decliningGoosebumpssales and increasing competition (primarily from another series from Scholastic,Animorphs), Scholastic and R. L. Stine decided to createGoosebumps Series 2000.[40]From 1998 to 2000, 25 books in the series were published, beginning withCry of the Cat.The books in this series were written in a similar format and featured similar content to the original series,[41]but Stine classified them as being "much scarier".[30]The covers in this series were illustrated by Tim Jacobus.[31]

The books in theGoosebumps Goldseries appeared on illustrator Tim Jacobus's website[42]and marketing sites but were never released. In this series, Stine intended to write a sequel toThe Haunted Mask II(The Haunted Mask Lives!), and a sequel toWelcome to Dead House(Happy Holidays from Dead House). It was one of the two-book series by Stine that was planned to be released in 2000 (the other wasThe Nightmare Room).[43]

The series was renewed in 2008 following the release of the first book in theGoosebumps HorrorLandseries,Revenge of the Living Dummy,that was published on April 1, 2008.[44]Before the 2008 release ofRevenge of the Living Dummy,there had not been aGoosebumpsbook published in almost 10 years.[45]Stine decided to start writingGoosebumpsbooks again after receiving mail from someone asking him to write new books in the series.[46]NineteenGoosebumps HorrorLandbooks were published,[47]and books in the series mainly featured two stories.[23]The series continued in 2012 with new stories featuring some of the series' most memorable villains, includingSlappy the Dummy,the Lawn Gnomes and others. The first book of the spin-off seriesGoosebumps Most Wanted,Planet of the Lawn Gnomes,was released in October 2012.[48]

In 2024, the seriesGoosebumps House of Shiversstarted with the first book being: "Scariest. Book. Ever."

Achievements, reception and controversy

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Achievements

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See also:List of best-selling books

"The first 27 paperbackbacklisttitles on our list are all Goosebumps. Thephenomenonis even more astounding when the sales figures are added up. Scholastic sold 19,125,700 copies of Goosebumps frontlist titles in 1995, and 12,906,800 backlist titles, for a grand total of 32,032,500 copies sold ".

—Diane Roback, an editor forPublishers Weekly[49]

Following the release of the first novel in the series, the books quickly became popular, selling a million copies a month soon after they first appeared,[6]and four million copies a month by the mid-1990s.[50]IndividualGoosebumpsbooks appeared in theNew York TimesBest Seller listfor children[51]and theUSA Todaybestseller list.[52][53]In 2001,Publishers Weeklylisted 46 books in the series in its list of bestselling children's paperback books of all time.[54]Goosebumpswas a bestseller in many countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and Australia.[55]

In 1996, the book series accounted for almost 15% of Scholastic's annual revenue. Following the decline ofGoosebumpssales next year, Scholastic's sales had dropped 40%.[56]The decline inGoosebumpsbook sales had made front-page news of most newspaper business sections, which Patrick Jones stated "demonstrates the impact and importance of R. L. Stine. One writer, it seems, influences the fate of an entire company".[57]

As of 2008, theGoosebumpsseries maintains an 82% brand awareness among children 7–12.[58]It is listed as the number two bestselling children's book series of all time[59]and as Scholastic's bestselling children's book series of all time.[60]By 2014, according to Scholastic, there were 350 million copies ofGoosebumpsbooks sold in 32 languages,[61]includingChinese,Czech,Spanish,andHebrew.[55]As of 2008, the book series sells about two million copies annually.[27]

Three books from theGoosebumpsseries have won theNickelodeon Kids' Choice Awardsfor Favorite Book:Deep Troublein 1995 (the award category's first year),[62]the bookTales to Give You Goosebumpsin 1996,[63]andDeep Trouble IIin 1998.[64]In 2000, the series was ranked as the number two children's books by theNational Education Association,as chosen by children.[65]In 2003,Goosebumpswas listed at number 188 on the BBC'sThe Big Readpoll of the UK's 200 "best-loved novels".[66]

Reception

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Upon the release of the first book,Welcome to Dead House,Goosebumpsreceived critical acclaim with many critics and readers praising the series for its dark nature, villains, likable protagonists and for being much more mature compared to other children's book series at the time.Slate's Katy Waldman classified a classicGoosebumpsstory as "funny, icky, and just a bit menacing".[67]Following the release of the firstGoosebumps HorrorLandbook,Publishers Weeklystated in a starred review that the newGoosebumpsseries was "deliciously chilling".[68]Two reviewers of theGoosebumpsbooks did not feel that the books were high quality literature.U.S. News & World Report's Marc Silver thought the series was "quite tame". He called theGoosebumpsbooks "subliterature",stating the plotting in the books was careless and that characters in the stories rarely grew.[69]Roderick McGillis, from the academic journalBookbird,described the books ascamp,writing the books "are so artificial, so formulaic, so predictable, so repetitive". McGillis also felt that the content of theGoosebumpsseries is "thin in the extreme".[70]

Stine's books have a reputation for getting children excited about reading, which the writer is very proud of.[22]James Carter, writing inTalking Books: Children's Authors Talk About the Craft, Creativity and Process of Writing,stated "regardingPoint HorrorsandGoosebumps,I feel that anything that children read avidly is a good thing ".[71]Librarian and writer Patrick Jones commented that "[t]he real horror is a culture where kids, especially boys, don't read—and Stine has done his best to stop that turn of the screw from happening in his lifetime".[72]

Book challenges

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Goosebumpswas listed 15th in the list of most frequentlychallengedbooks during 1990–1999[73]and 94th in the list of top banned/challenged books during 2000–2009[74]by theAmerican Library Association(ALA). According to the ALA, a challenge is an attempt by a person or group to remove or restrict materials from a library or school curriculum.[75]The series was challenged for being too frightening for young people and depicting occult or demonic themes.[76]By 1997, the ALA was informed of 46 challenges, over 75% of which occurred in school libraries. The rest of the challenges were held in public libraries or the location of the challenges were unknown.[77]The same year, a hearing by theAnoka-Hennepin School Districtto ban the books was broadcast byC-SPAN.[78]In the hearing, most of the parents and children felt the books should not be banned,[79]and the school district's book review committee decided to keep the books.[80]

Adaptations and merchandise

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Audiobooks

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Main article:List of Goosebumps audiobooks

Walt Disney RecordsandScholasticAudiobookshave adaptedGoosebumpsinto numerousaudiobookssince 1996.

Television adaptations

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Main articles:Goosebumps (1995 TV series)andGoosebumps (2023 TV series)

In the 1990s, aGoosebumpsTV series was produced in Canada byProtocol Entertainmentin association withScholastic Productions.[81]The TVanthology seriesran for four seasons from 1995 to 1998,[60]premiering on theFox Kids Networkon October 27, 1995.[82]The series mainly featured plots based on theGoosebumpsbooks, among themThe Haunted MaskandCuckoo Clock of Doom.The TV series aired in over 100 countries[83]and it was the number one rated children's TV show for three years in the United States.[84]Margaret Loesch, formerly theCEOofFox Kids,offered Scholastic a TV deal after her son responded positively to theGoosebumpsbookSay Cheese and Die!she had bought for him a day earlier.[50]A book series, titledGoosebumps Presents,was based on the TV series.[36]

On April 28, 2020, it was announced that a newGoosebumpslive actionTV series was in the works byScholastic Entertainment,Sony Pictures Television StudiosandNeal H. Moritz's production companyOriginal Film.[85]In February 2022, it was announced that the series would be heading toDisney+.It premiered on Disney+ on Friday, October 13, 2023.[86]The second season titledGoosebumps: The Vanishingwill debut on Disney+ on January 10, 2025, consisting of eight episodes.[87]

Film adaptations

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Main articles:Goosebumps (film)andGoosebumps 2: Haunted Halloween

A film adaptation ofGoosebumps[88][89][90][91]was released on October 16, 2015,[92]directed byRob Letterman[93]written by Darren Lemke[94]and duoScott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski[95][96]withNeal H. MoritzandDeborah Forte,the latter of whom developed the TV series, producing the film[91]and starsJack Blackas a fictionalized version of R. L. Stine "whose scary characters literally leap off the page, forcing him to hide from his own creepy creations" withDylan Minnetteas Zach Cooper,[97]andOdeya Rushwas cast as R. L. Stine's fictional daughter, Hannah.[98]In the film, Hannah's father R. L. Stine keeps all the monsters in the series locked up in his books. When Zach unintentionally releases the monsters from the books, Zach, Hannah, and Stine team up in order to put the monsters back where they came from.[98]

A sequel,Goosebumps 2: Haunted Halloween[99]was released on October 12, 2018,[100]directed byAri Sandel,replacing Letterman, due to being busy directingPokémon: Detective Pikachu,[101]and written by Rob Lieber.[102]Jack Black returned in the sequel, making his character the only one from the previous film to return,[103][104]the sequel starsMadison Iseman,Caleel HarrisandJeremy Ray Tayloras the new leads.[105]

Video games

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Main article:Goosebumps (video game series)

There are sevenGoosebumpsvideo games, two of which have been created for the PC byDreamWorks Interactive.[106][107]A 1996 game entitledEscape from HorrorLandis aninteractivesequel to the bookOne Day at HorrorLand,[108]and a 1997 game entitledAttack of the Mutantwas based on the bookof the same name.Scholastic released aGoosebumpsvideo game in October 2008 entitledGoosebumps HorrorLand,based on theseries of the same name.[109]Another video game,Goosebumps: The Game,a prequel to the 2015 film, was released on October 13, 2015.[110]Goosebumps: Night of Scares,a mobile game based on the film and the book series was released for iOS and Android devices on October 15 of the same year.[111]A Mobile game,Goosebumps: HorrorTownwas released in 2018. One last game released in 2020 called Goosebumps Dead of Night, available for PC and Consoles.

Comics

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Main article:Goosebumps (comics)

A comic book series, titledGoosebumps Graphix,was written based on books from the original series. There were three books published in the series; the first one,Creepy Creatures,was published on September 1, 2006. The second oneTerror Tripsis published in March 2007. The third oneScary Summerwas released in July 2007. The fourth oneSlappy's Tales of Horroris released in August 2015.[112]

IDW Comicslater released a newGoosebumpscomic series, with three issues per arc. Its first arc,Monsters at Midnight,was released from October to December 2017; a second arc,Download and Die!,was released from March to May 2018. The latest arc,Horrors of the Witch Housewas released from March to May 2019.[113]Each were also released as trade paperbacks.[114]

Other media

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Goosebumpshas spawned merchandise, including T-shirts,board games,puzzles,[5]hats, fake skulls, dolls,[115]bike helmets,fake blood, and boxer shorts.[116]Goosebumpswas also adapted into a stage play by Rupert Holmes in 1998[117]and a stage musical by John Maclay and Danny Abosch in 2016:Goosebumps The Musical,based on book 24:Goosebumps: Phantom of the Auditorium.[118]Goosebumpshas an official website, which garners 1.5 million page views each month as of 2008.[119]An attraction based on the series, the Goosebumps HorrorLand Fright Show and FunHouse, opened in October 1997 atDisney-MGM Studios's New York Street.[120][121]Before it closed, the attraction consisted of a stage play which featured characters from the series; this show played five times a day. The attraction also featured afunhouse,called the Goosebumps HorrorLand Hall of Mirrors, which contained a maze of mirrors along with other props and gags from the series.[122]In 2008, it was announced thatSally Corporationwould marketGoosebumpsrides.[123] The booksOne Day at HorrorLandandA Night in Terror Towerwere adapted into two separate board games in 1996. Both games were published byMilton Bradleyand designed by Craig Van Ness.[124][125]

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In November 1996, Scholastic, the publisher of the series,[126]and Parachute Press, the developer of the series,[26]agreed to a new contract. Scholastic retained control of book publishing and the TV series, but gave Parachute Press merchandising rights to the series. In September 1997, following a dispute between Scholastic and Parachute Press, Scholastic accused Parachute Press ofviolating the contract.Scholastic claimed that Parachute Press had been making merchandising deals and issuing press releases without Scholastic's required consent, and had begun withholding payments from them. In November 1997, Parachute responded by alleging Scholastic had repudiated its financial obligations, claiming Scholastic had voided its rights to publish 54 books. Parachute Press filed a lawsuit, which followed with numerous other suits and counter lawsuits[127]over who controls certain rights to the series. In 2003, the two sides reached an agreement, with Scholastic receiving theGoosebumpstrademark and all other rights to the series forUS$9.65 million.[26]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^As of January 1, 2022, consists of:
    • 62 books in theGoosebumpsseries;
    • 6Tales to Give You Goosebumpsbooks;
    • 50Give Yourself Goosebumpsbooks;
    • 18Goosebumps Presentsbooks;
    • 3Goosebumps Haunted Librarybooks;
    • 2Goosebumps Autiobiographybooks;
    • 2Goosebumps Triple Headerbooks;
    • 25Goosebumps Series 2000books;
    • 4Goosebumps Graphixbooks;
    • 19Goosebumps HorrorLandbooks;
    • 6Goosebumps Hall of Horrorsbooks;
    • 14Goosebumps Most Wantedbooks;
    • 7Goosebumps Moviebooks;
    • 15Goosebumps SlappyWorldbooks and
    • 7 MiscGoosebumpsbooks.

References

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  1. ^"Brandon Dorman illustration: bio".Brandondorman.com. Archived fromthe originalon September 2, 2013.RetrievedSeptember 1,2013.
  2. ^Stine, R. L. (January 31, 2017)."This is Slappy's World – You only scream in it!".rlstine.com.RetrievedOctober 5,2018.
  3. ^"Goosebumps Books Statistics – WordsRated".October 14, 2022.RetrievedMarch 8,2023.
  4. ^Gordon, Devin (January 23, 2000)."More (Kidproof) Tales Of Terror".Newsweek.RetrievedMarch 7,2023.
  5. ^abFoerstel 2002,p. 222.
  6. ^abRosenberg, Joyce M. (October 27, 1996)."Goosebumps: So successful they're scary".Lawrence Journal-World.RetrievedDecember 25,2010.
  7. ^Westfahl 2000,p. 44.
  8. ^abcMorris 2000,p. 69.
  9. ^"Get Goosebumps with R.L. Stine".ChennaiOnline.Archived fromthe originalon January 14, 2011.RetrievedDecember 30,2010.
  10. ^Morris 2000,p. 68.
  11. ^Morris 2000,p. 71.
  12. ^"R.L. Stine Explains How He Could Write An Entire 'Goosebumps' Book In 6 Days".HuffPost Canada.September 23, 2014.RetrievedJuly 10,2018.
  13. ^Coats 2004,p. 170.
  14. ^Cullinan & Person 2005,p. 707.
  15. ^ab"'Goosebumps' writer R.L. Stine looks to his childhood for book ideas ".The Washington Post.Reuters.September 4, 2012.RetrievedMarch 16,2014.
  16. ^Moore, Frazier (July 20, 1997)."TV special aims to give kids goosebumps".The Beaver County Times.RetrievedDecember 29,2010.
  17. ^"I read eight Goosebumps books in one week & here's what I learned | on Our Minds".
  18. ^"25+ Goosebumps Classics for Kids".
  19. ^Stine, R. L."Where Do You Get Your Ideas?".Scholastic.Archived fromthe originalon September 27, 2011.RetrievedDecember 30,2010.
  20. ^Israeli, Tali."Author enjoys entertaining young readers".News Transcript.Archived fromthe originalon April 19, 2012.RetrievedDecember 30,2010.
  21. ^"R.L. Stine – Part II".Reading Is Fundamental.Archived fromthe originalon August 6, 2013.RetrievedAugust 17,2013.
  22. ^abNeary, Lynn (October 31, 2008)."Goosebumps And Guffaws In Stine's 'HorrorLand'".NPR.RetrievedNovember 26,2010.
  23. ^abOrndorff, Amy (April 27, 2008)."He's Baaaack..."The Washington Post.RetrievedSeptember 2,2013.
  24. ^Aberbach, Katie (September 20, 2012)."Invasion of the Books".Express.RetrievedMarch 16,2014.
  25. ^"The Halloween season is the perfect time for some Goosebumps!".Christian Science Monitor.October 23, 2015.
  26. ^abcMilliot, Jim (January 27, 2003)."Scholastic Reaches 'Goosebumps' Accord With Parachute".Publishers Weekly.RetrievedSeptember 2,2013.
  27. ^abStelter, Brian (March 25, 2008)."'Goosebumps' Rises From the Literary Grave ".The New York Times.RetrievedDecember 25,2010.
  28. ^"R.L. Stine".Library of Congress.RetrievedSeptember 2,2013.
  29. ^Cohen 1999,p. 39.
  30. ^ab"Nightmare Room by R. L. Stine".KidsReads.com. Archived fromthe originalon March 7, 2012.RetrievedSeptember 2,2013.
  31. ^ab"Biography".Timjacobus.com. Archived fromthe originalon July 17, 2011.RetrievedFebruary 12,2011.
  32. ^"Classic Goosebumps".Scholastic.RetrievedMay 15,2015.
  33. ^Marcovitz 2005,p. 117.
  34. ^"Goosebumps Triple Header series".Goodreads.Archived fromthe originalon March 4, 2016.RetrievedAugust 17,2013.
  35. ^Westfahl 2000,p. 46.
  36. ^abGellene, Denise (August 7, 1996)."Scaring Up Scads of Young Readers".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedDecember 30,2014.
  37. ^"Publications".klance.com.RetrievedDecember 30,2014.
  38. ^Jones 1998,p. 169.
  39. ^"Mark Nagata".Discover Nikkei.RetrievedFebruary 12,2011.
  40. ^Jones 1998,pp. 152–153.
  41. ^Morris 2000,p. 67.
  42. ^"Goosebumps Gold Series".Timjacobus.com. Archived fromthe originalon October 2, 2017.RetrievedAugust 19,2010.
  43. ^"Parachute Publishing and HarperCollins Announce Publishing Deal With R.L. Stine".The Write News. January 19, 2000.RetrievedSeptember 2,2013.
  44. ^Shannon, Terry Miller (March 30, 2008)."Goosebumps Horrorland #1: Revenge of the Living Dummy".KidsReads.com. Archived fromthe originalon July 12, 2018.RetrievedSeptember 3,2013.
  45. ^Scarafile, Andrew (October 21, 2009)."Goosebumps is Back!".Scholastic. Archived fromthe originalon April 24, 2014.RetrievedAugust 17,2013.
  46. ^Theodore, Jeff (May 5, 2008)."Kids coax" Goosebumps "author into new books".The Seattle Times.RetrievedDecember 30,2014.
  47. ^"Online Press Kits".Scholastic.RetrievedSeptember 6,2013.
  48. ^"Book Shelf".RLStine.com.RetrievedSeptember 3,2013.
  49. ^Morris 2000,p. 64.
  50. ^abDugan, Jeanne (November 3, 1996)."Goosebumps: The Thing That Ate The Kids' Market".Bloomberg Businessweek.Archived fromthe originalon August 23, 2012.RetrievedNovember 26,2010.
  51. ^Tabor, Mary B. W. (September 7, 1995)."At Home With: R. L. Stine; Grown-Ups Deserve Some Terror, Too".The New York Times.RetrievedDecember 25,2010.
  52. ^"Welcome to Dead House".USA Today.RetrievedSeptember 4,2013.
  53. ^"Say Cheese and Die!".USA Today.RetrievedSeptember 4,2013.
  54. ^Turvey, Debbie Hochman (December 17, 2001). Roback, Diane; Britton, Jason (eds.)."All-Time Bestselling Children's Books".Publishers Weekly.RetrievedSeptember 4,2013.
  55. ^abCohen 1999,p. 51.
  56. ^Gabriel, Trip (February 22, 1997)."Real Goose Bumps for Scholastic As Its Share Price Plunges 40%".The New York Times.RetrievedJanuary 10,2011.
  57. ^Jones 1998,pp. xx–xxi.
  58. ^"Scholastic Media Readies Licensing Program for Global Children's Franchise Goosebumps".Scholastic. May 19, 2008. Archived fromthe originalon December 30, 2010.RetrievedJanuary 2,2011.
  59. ^White, Michael (May 15, 2008)."Sony Acquires Movie Rights to 'Goosebumps' Children's Books".Bloomberg.RetrievedJanuary 2,2011.
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