Governor-General of New Zealand

Thegovernor-general of New Zealand[n 1](Māori:Te kāwana tianara o Aotearoa) is the representative of themonarch of New Zealand,currently KingCharles III.As the King is concurrently the monarch of 14 otherCommonwealth realmsand lives in theUnited Kingdom,[n 2]he, on theadviceof hisNew Zealand prime minister,appoints a governor-general to carry out his constitutional and ceremonial duties within theRealm of New Zealand.

Governor-General of New Zealand
Te Kāwana Tianara o Aotearoa(Māori)
Badge
A smiling woman wearing a red dress with ribbons and badges
Incumbent
Cindy Kiro
since 21 October 2021
Viceregal
StyleHer Excellency
The Right Honourable
ResidenceGovernment House, Wellington
Government House, Auckland
SeatWellington,New Zealand
AppointerMonarch of New Zealand
on the advice of theprime minister
Term lengthAt His Majesty's pleasure
(usually 5 years byconstitutional convention)
Constituting instrumentLetters Patent 1983
Formation3 May 1841
First holderWilliam Hobson
as Governor of New Zealand
SalaryNZ$440,000 annually[1]
WebsiteGovernor-General of New Zealand

Governors-general are typically appointed for a five-year term of office, subject to a possible short extension, though they formally serve "at the monarch's pleasure".The incumbent governor-general is DameCindy Kiro,since 21 October 2021.[6]Administrative support for the governor-general is provided by theDepartment of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.Constitutional functions include presiding over theExecutive Council,appointingministersand judges, grantingroyal assentto legislation, and summoning and dissolvingparliament.These functions are generally exercised only according to the advice of an elected government. The governor-general also has an important ceremonial role: hosting events atGovernment Housein Wellington, and travelling throughout New Zealand to open conferences, attend services and commemorations, and generally provide encouragement to individuals and groups who are contributing to their communities.

The current office traces its origins to when the administration of New Zealand was placed under theColony of New South Walesin 1839 and its governor was given jurisdiction over New Zealand. New Zealand would becomeits own colonythe next year with its own governor. The modern title and functions of the "governor-general" came into being in 1917, and the office is currently mandated byLetters Patent issued in 1983,constituting "the Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief of the Realm of New Zealand".[7]The governor initially represented the British monarch and theBritish government.Therefore, many past officeholders were from the United Kingdom, including a succession of minor aristocrats from the 1890s onwards. In a gradual process, especially with the adoption of theStatute of Westminsterin 1947, the governor-general has become the independent, personal representative of the New Zealand monarch. In 1972,Sir Denis Blundellbecame the first New Zealand resident to be appointed to the office. When travelling abroad, particularly more frequently since the late 20th century, the governor-general is seen as the national representative of New Zealand; for this reason, the governor-general has been described by academics and politicians as thede factohead of state,[8][9][10]though theConstitution Act 1986explicitly identifies the monarch as New Zealand'shead of state.

Appointment

edit

The monarch of New Zealand appoints the governor-general on the sole recommendation of theprime minister of New Zealand,[11]by commission issued under theSeal of New Zealand,[7][12]known as the "Terms of Appointment".[13]

Constitutional convention adopted in 1930, following theImperial Conferenceheld that year, allowed for the appointment of the governor-general to be made upon theadviceof the New Zealand Government, though that right was not exercised directly by a New Zealand prime minister until 1967,[14]with the appointment of the first New Zealand-born governor-general,Sir Arthur Porritton the advice ofKeith Holyoake.[15]The next governor-general,Sir Denis Blundell,was the first New Zealand born and resident governor-general.[16]Today, the Terms of Appointment are counter-signed by the prime minister, to signify that the prime minister is responsible for advising the sovereign on the appointment.[11]

The prime minister's advice has sometimes been the result of a decision by Cabinet;[17]there is no requirement for this, and there have been a number of instances where the governor-general was appointed with no consultation of Cabinet.[16]Since 1980, theDepartment of the Prime Minister and Cabinetprepares a short list of candidates for the office.[18]By convention, theleader of the Oppositionis consulted on the appointment;[19]this has not always been the case.[16]

Sir Keith Holyoake,a former prime minister, was a controversial choice as Governor-General.[20]

On only one occasion has the prime minister's choice of appointee aroused public anger or complaint, and that controversy was short-lived.[18]In 1977,Sir Keith Holyoake,a formerNational Partyprime minister and a servingminister of state,was controversially appointed as governor-general.[21]The Leader of the Opposition,Bill Rowling,complained he had not been consulted by Prime MinisterRobert Muldoonon the appointment of Holyoake,[15]and openly suggested that he would have recommendedSir Edmund Hillaryinstead.[22](Rowling's remark was in turn criticised by the Government, as Hillary had backed the opposition Labour Party in 1975 as part of the "Citizens for Rowling"campaign.[23]) It was suggested by many commentators that it would be inappropriate to entrust the office to a former party leader or anyone who is closely allied with a political party; despite his background, Holyoake could not be said to have discharged his duties in a partisan way, and he stayed in office for only three years.[21][19]Since Holyoake's appointment, the prime minister is now meant to consult with the leader of the opposition during the nomination process, to avoid partisan controversy,[19]and informally seek approval for the appointment from the monarch.[16]The decision is then kept confidential until both the New Zealand Government and Buckingham Palace (the royal household) announce the appointment simultaneously.[16]

Beginning with the appointment ofSir David Beattiein 1980, lawyers and judges have predominated as governors-general.[24]Following theintroduction of MMPin 1996, it has been determined that an understanding ofconstitutional lawis an important prerequisite for candidacy to the office.[18]The first governor-general to preside over a MMP general election wasSir Michael Hardie Boys,a retired high court judge. Hardie Boys was appointed in 1995 on the advice of then prime ministerJim Bolger,following notification of all leaders of parties then represented in parliament, to ensure broad cross-party support.[25]Following Hardie Boys' appointment other party leaders are only notified very shortly before the announcement is made, if at all.[25]

There has been on-and-off speculation that a member of theroyal familymight take up the position. In 2004, National MPRichard Worth,an avowedmonarchist,asked Prime MinisterHelen Clarkwhether she had considered nominatingthe Queen's son,Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex,to be the next governor-general.[26]

Swearing-in ceremony

edit
Governor-GeneralDame Patsy Reddy(right) takes the affirmation after being sworn in by the Chief Justice,Dame Sian Elias,on 28 September 2016

The commission of appointment is publicly read in the presence of thechief justiceand the members of theExecutive Councilbefore the governor-general enters office. The chief justice or other High Court judge then administers the Oath (or Affirmation) of Allegiance, and the Oath (or Affirmation) of Office to the governor-general.[27][7]

Election proposals

edit

From time to time, there have been proposals to elect the governor-general. When first drafted by then GovernorGeorge Grey,theNew Zealand Constitution Act 1852contained a provision for the governor to be elected by New Zealand's parliament. This provision was removed from the final enactment, probably because theColonial Officewanted to keep a check on New Zealand's colonial government. In 1887, Sir George Grey, by then also a former premier, moved the Election of Governor Bill to make the office of governor an elective position. The Bill was narrowly defeated 46–48, being opposed by the government ofHarry Atkinson.[28]In 1889, Grey tried again with another bill, which if passed would have allowed for a "British subject"to be elected to the office of governor" precisely as an ordinary parliamentary election in each district. "[29]

In 2006, political commentatorColin Jamessuggested that the governor-general could be elected[30](or, more correctly, nominated to the monarch) by a 60 percent majority of votes in parliament. James argued that the New Zealand public should be given the ability to choose the Queen's representative and that the current system is undemocratic and not transparent. Such a system is not unique: the governors-general ofPapua New Guineaand theSolomon Islandsare nominated in such a way. Constitutional law specialist ProfessorNoel Cox,who is a former chair ofMonarchy New Zealand,criticised the proposal, claiming that "[g]iving the Governor-General a new and separate source of democratic legitimacy could result in a separation between Ministers and Governors-General. (...) the Governors-General would have their own independent popular mandate, and become potential political rivals of the Ministers".[31]

In February 2008, theNew Zealand Republicproposed electing the governor-general as an interim step to a republic, arguing "Electing the Governor-General allows for easier transition to a republic because the populace is used to electing someone as a ceremonial de facto head of state."[32]With the introduction of theGovernor-General Act 2010,GreenMPKeith Lockesuggested parliament recommend the next governor-general's appointment to the Queen, with a recommendation endorsed by three-quarters of parliament.[33]In its submission to the select committee considering the Bill, the Republican Movement suggested parliament appoint the next governor-general with a three-quarters majority plus a majority of party leaders in parliament, with a similar dismissal process and a fixed five-year term.[34]National MPNikki Kayequeried whether several one-member parties in parliament could veto the decision, which could give them too much power if an appointment was based on one vote per leader. The Republican Movement responded that the method would ensure appointments were made that most MPs and parties found acceptable.[34]

Tenure

edit

The governor-general holds officeat His Majesty's pleasure,under clause II of the Letters Patent 1983.[7]It is the norm that an appointed individual holds office for a minimum of five years but this tenure may also be extended. The Terms of Appointment of the governor-general defines their expected term in office.[13]For instance,Dame Silvia Cartwrightwould have been in office for five years on 4 April 2006, but her term as governor-general was extended by four months as Prime MinisterHelen Clarkdeemed that "the selection and appointment process [of a new governor-general] [should] not coincide with the pre-election period".[35]

Administrator of the Government

edit

A vacancy will occur on the resignation, death, incapacity or absence from New Zealand territory of the governor-general. In the absence of a governor-general thechief justice(currentlyHelen Winkelmann[36]) becomes theadministrator of the Governmentand performs the functions of the office of governor-general. The administrator is required to take an oath similar to the governor-general.[37]If there is no chief justice available then the next most senior judge of theNew Zealand judiciarywho is able so to act is appointed as administrator.[7]

Prior to the granting ofresponsible governmentin 1856, thecolonial secretaryacted as administrator when a governor was absent.[38]

Dismissal

edit

The prime minister mayadvisethe monarch to dismiss (recall) the governor-general.[39]As no New Zealand governor-general has ever been dismissed on the advice of the prime minister, it is unclear how quickly the monarch would act on such advice. Some constitutional lawyers dispute whether the monarch would implement such advice at all, while others argue that they would delay its implementation. Others argue that the monarch would be obliged to follow the prime minister's advice (so long as the prime minister has the confidence of the House of Representatives), and further that the monarch would be bound to implement the prime minister's advice immediately if so advised.[40]

Critics (such as supporters of aNew Zealand republic) have described the ability of the prime minister to advise the monarch to recall the governor-general as a flaw in New Zealand's constitutional makeup that gives the governor-general and the prime minister the ability to dismiss one another.[41]They argue that this flaw is exacerbated by the reluctance of the monarch or their representatives to become politically involved.[41]

Three 19th-century New Zealand governors were recalled from office:William Hobson(who died before he was officially recalled),[42]Robert FitzRoy,[43]andSir George Grey.[44]All three governed before the institution of responsible government in New Zealand; they were dismissed on the advice of the British (Imperial) government.[45]

Functions

edit

The governor-general's functions can be informally divided into three areas: constitutional, ceremonial and community.[4]By constitutional convention, the governor-general is "above party politics" and not involved in the day to day decision making of government.[16]

Constitutional role

edit
Governor-GeneralSir Jerry Mateparaeperforms ahongiwith the Prime Minister at his swearing-in ceremony outside parliament, 31 August 2011

TheConstitution Act 1986provides that "the Governor-General appointed by theSovereignis the Sovereign's representative in New Zealand ".[46]The governor-general is delegated the sovereign'sRoyal Prerogative(royal powers), including thereserve powers,on behalf of the sovereign.[45]All of the executive authority of the New Zealand monarch (except for the appointment of the governor-general) is delegated to the governor-general by the sovereign under theLetters Patent 1983:[47]

...We do hereby authorise and empower Our Governor-General, except as may be otherwise provided by law,— (a) to exercise on Our behalf the executive authority of Our Realm of New Zealand, either directly or through officers subordinate to Our Governor-General; and (b) for greater certainty, but not so as to restrict the generality of the foregoing provisions of this clause, to do and execute in like manner all things that belong to the Office of Governor-General including the powers and authorities hereinafter conferred by these Our Letters Patent.

— Section 3 of the Letters Patent 1983[7]

When he is present in New Zealand the King may exercise his powers personally.[46]

Every power conferred on the Governor-General by or under any Act is a royal power which is exercisable by the Governor-General on behalf of the Sovereign, and may accordingly be exercised either by the Sovereign in person or by the governor-general.

— Section 3 of the Constitution Act[46]

Further constitutional duties are outlined in the Constitution Act.[46]

The governor-general is a nominal chief executive, acting within the constraints ofconstitutional conventionand precedent. Although the governor-general's powers are in theory extensive, they are in practice very limited;[48]most political power is exercised by theNew Zealand Parliament(which is composed of theGovernor-General-in-Parliamentand theHouse of Representatives), through theprime ministerandCabinet.[49]The governor-general does use a number of remaining powers, but almost always on theformal adviceof the prime minister and otherministers.[48]Ministers are, in turn, accountable to the democratically elected House of Representatives, and through it, to the people.[50](The governor-general may refuse to follow ministerial advice only in the event that the prime ministerloses the confidenceof the House of Representatives.[12]) Even when appointing a prime minister, the governor-general rarely exercises discretion; constitutional conventions dictate that they appoint the individual most likely to maintain the House of Representatives' support, usually the leader of the largest party among those forming the government.[51]

Role in executive government

edit
Governor-General Dame Patsy Reddy presides over the swearing in of the newSixth Labour Governmenton 26 October 2017

The governor-general appoints and dismisses Cabinet ministers and other ministers, but exercises such a function only on the prime minister's advice. Thus, in practice, the prime minister, and not the governor-general, exercises complete control over the composition of the Cabinet. The governor-general may, in theory, unilaterally dismiss a prime minister, but convention and precedent bar such an action.[52]

The governor-general presides over, but is not a member of, theExecutive Council of New Zealand.[53]The Executive Council (which comprises all ministers) exists and meets to give legal effect to decisions made by the Cabinet.[49]The primary function of the Executive Council is to collectively and formally advise the governor-general to issueOrders in Council(to make, for example, regulations or appointments), which operate under the authority of "the Governor-General in Council".[53]

Every reference in any Act to the Governor-General in Council or any other like expression includes a reference to the Sovereign acting by and with the advice and consent of the Executive Council.

— Section 3 of the Constitution Act[46]

The governor-general also has custody of theSeal of New Zealandfor all official instruments of His Majesty's Government in New Zealand.[54]

Role in the New Zealand Parliament

edit
Governor-General Sir Jerry Mateparae reads a speech from the throne at the opening of parliament, 2011

The governor-general summons anddissolvesthe New Zealand Parliament, acting in the absence of the sovereign.[12]Eachparliamentary sessionbegins with the governor-general's summons. The new parliamentary session is marked by theopening of parliament,during which the governor-general delivers the 'Speech from the Throne' in theLegislative Council Chamber,outlining the Government's legislative agenda.[55]Dissolution ends a parliamentary term (which lasts a maximum of three years), and is followed by ageneral electionfor all seats in the House of Representatives.[n 3]These powers are almost always exercised on the advice of the prime minister, who also determines the date of an election. The governor-general may theoretically refuse a dissolution, but the circumstances under which such an action would be warranted are unclear.[45]It might be justified if aminority governmenthad served only briefly and another party or coalition seemed likely to have better success in holding the confidence of the House.[n 4]

People tend to think the office of the governor-general is of little significance, which is wrong, or that it represents a substantial check on the excesses of executive government, which is also wrong.

Before a bill can become law, theRoyal Assentis required. The governor-general acts on the monarch's behalf and grants Royal Assent (making the bill law). By modern constitutional convention, the Royal Assent is invariably granted, and bills are never disallowed.[52]A law comes into effect from the date the governor-general signs the bill.[59]

Reserve powers

edit

The governor-general acts with the advice of the prime minister,unlessthe prime minister has lost the confidence of the House of Representatives.[60]These are the so-called 'reserve powers'. These powers include the ability to:

  • Dissolve orprorogueparliament;
  • Appoint or dismiss the prime minister;
  • Refuse a prime minister's request for a dissolution;
  • Refuse assent to legislation.[45][61]

The exercise of the above powers is a matter of continuing debate. Constitutional commentators believe that the governor-general (or the sovereign) does not have the power to refuse the Royal Assent to legislation — former law professor and Prime Minister SirGeoffrey Palmerand ProfessorMatthew Palmerargue that any refusal of the Royal Assent would cause aconstitutional crisis.[58]Constitutional lawyers, such as Professor Philip Joseph, believe the governor-general does retain the power to refuse the Royal Assent to bills in exceptional circumstances, such as the abolition of democracy.[62]The Parliamentary Library notes that due to constitutional convention, the ability to withhold assent has been rendered ineffective, stating "...a Governor-General's powers to withhold the Royal assent to Bills (essential for legislation to be enacted) has been rendered ineffective by convention."[63]

As with other Commonwealth realms, the governor-general's exercise of the Royal Prerogative under the reserve powers is non-justiciable;[64]that is, they cannot be challenged byjudicial review,unlike the actions of other members of the executive (such as the Prime Minister inFitzgerald v Muldoon[65]).

The Queen has the power to appoint and dismiss Ministers and other important office holders, summon and dissolve Parliament, assent to Bills passed by the House of Representatives, and agree to regulations and Orders submitted by Ministers through Executive Council. The Queen delegates most of her powers to her representative, the Governor-General. While the Queen and her representative exercise these powers as a matter of law, as a matter of convention, both the Queen and the Governor-General act on the advice of the democratically elected government, in all but the most exceptional circumstances.

— Former Governor-GeneralDame Silvia Cartwright[66]

Prerogative of mercy

edit

The governor-general also exercises theroyal prerogative of mercy,an ancient right of convicted persons to seek a review of their case where they allege an injustice may have occurred. The prerogative of mercy can be exercised where a person claims to have been wrongly convicted or wrongly sentenced.[67][68]

The governor-general acts on the advice of theminister of justice.The governor-general has power to grant a pardon, to refer a person's case back to the court under section 406 of theCrimes Act 1961,and to reduce a person's sentence. If a person's case is referred back to the court, the court will consider the case in a similar way to hearing an appeal. The court then provides advice to the governor-general as to how to act. In 2000,David Bainwas granted such an appeal to the Court of Appeal, which in turn was appealed to thePrivy Council.[69]

Ceremonial role

edit
Governor-GeneralSir Michael Hardie Boysreceives US PresidentBill ClintonatGovernment House, Wellington,11 September 1999
Governor-General Dame Patsy Reddy andher husbandSir David GascoignewithGovernor-General of AustraliaDavid Hurleyand Linda Hurley in 2021

With most constitutional functions lent to the Government, the governor-general is particularly invested in a representative and ceremonial role. The extent and nature of that role has depended on the expectations of the time, the individual in office at the time, the wishes of the incumbent government, and the individual's reputation in the wider community. The governor-general will host the monarch or their family, as well as foreign royalty and heads of state, and will represent New Zealand abroad onstate visitsto other nations.[70][n 5]At least once during their term, the governor-general visits the other nations within the Realm of New Zealand:Niue,theCook IslandsandTokelau,and theRoss Dependency.[70]Also as part of international relations, the governor-general issues the credentials (calledletter of credence) ofNew Zealand ambassadorsand consuls,[72]as authorised by the Letters Patent.[7]

Increasingly, the governor-general is personally accorded the same respect and privileges of a head of state. This is particularity true when the governor-general visits other nations or receives heads of states.[73]Prior to theLomé Conventionin February 1975, the Queen, rather than the governor-general, would sign treaties on behalf of New Zealand. Following the signing of the convention, the Queen granted "full powers" to the governor-general to sign such instruments.[74]

Under theDefence Act 1990and letters patent the governor-general is also the titularcommander-in-chiefof theDefence Force.[75]The position technically involves issuing commands for New Zealand troops, though the governor-general only acts on the advice of theminister of defenceand other ministers.[76][77]In practice, the commander-in-chief is a ceremonial role in which the governor-general will see troops off to and return from active duty and visitmilitary bases in New Zealand and abroadto take part in military ceremonies.[77]

Community role

edit

The governor-general provides leadership in the community. Governors-general are always the patrons of many charitable, service, sporting and cultural organisations.[78][79]The sponsorship orpatronageof the governor-general signals that an organisation is worthy of wide support. This follows the tradition of royal patronage established by British monarchs; the practice of issuingroyal warrant of appointmenthas been discontinued in New Zealand.[79]Some governors and their spouses founded or supported newcharities;in the early 1900s,Lord Plunketand his wife, Lady Victoria, presided over the creation ofTruby King'sPlunket Society.[80][78]Until the later 20th century, many governors and governors-general weregrand mastersof the Freemasons,[78]and they included visits to lodges as a part of their tours of the country.[81]The governor-general has also had a long association with theOrder of St John,traditionally serving as prior in New Zealand.[82]

Many of the governor-general's community functions have a ceremonial dimension, such as attendance at the official openings of buildings, addresses to open conferences, or launching special events and appeals. The governor-general attendsstate banquetsand receptions, making and hosting state visits, meeting ceremonial groups, andawarding medals and decorations.[83]As well as attending public events, the governor-general hosts many community functions atGovernment House, Wellington,such as a garden reception to markWaitangi Day.[84]According to the official website of the governor-general, in a typical year over 15,000 people will attend such events.[78]

Starting from New Year's Day 2009, the governor-general issues a New Year's Message to bring to attention issues New Zealanders might consider as they look to the future.[85]

Salary and privileges

edit
Government House, Wellington,the primary residence of the governor-general
The official vehicle of Government House in 2010, aJaguar XJ8.During official travel it is the only vehicle in the country not required to use standard number plates.[86]

Cost

edit

The New Zealand Government pays for the costs associated with the governor-general.Monarchy New Zealandstates "[t]his figure is about one dollar per person per year", about $4.3 million per annum.[87]An analysis byNew Zealand Republicof the2010 budgetshows the office of governor-general costs New Zealand taxpayers about $7.6 million in ongoing costs and $11 million for Government House upgrades, a total of $18.6 million.[88]These figures are disputed by Monarchy New Zealand, who claim New Zealand Republic "arbitrarily inflated the cost of the Governor-General".[89]

Salary

edit

As of 2024,the annual salary isNZ$440,000,[1]which is subject toincome taxfrom 2010.[90]Until the end of Sir Anand Satyanand's term, the salary of governor-general was regulated by theCivil List Act 1979.From the start of Sir Jerry Mateperae's term, theGovernor-General Act 2010applies.[91]

Residences and household

edit

The governor-general's main residence isGovernment House, Wellington,and there is a small secondary northern residence,Government House, Auckland.[92]Government House in Wellington closed in October 2008 for a major $44 million conservation and rebuilding project and was reopened in March 2011.[93]In November 2012,Prince Charlesopened a visitor centre at Government House in Wellington to mark theDiamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II.[94]

The viceregal household aids the governor-general in the execution of the royal constitutional and ceremonial duties and is managed by anofficial secretary to the governor-general.[95]All of the governor-general's staff are public servants within theDepartment of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.[96]

Transport

edit

Since the 1960s the New Zealand Government has supplied Government House with anofficial state carto transport the governor-general on official business. It is also used to transport other state officials, as well as visiting dignitaries, including royalty. The governor-general's official vehicle displays a representation ofSt Edward's Crowninstead of standard number plates.[86]The current official car is aBMW 7 Series.[97]It replaced aJaguar XJ8,which was purchased in 2003 for about NZ$160,000. The Jaguar was auctioned off in August 2011.[98]

Symbols

edit
Military personnel holding thegovernor-general's flag.This flag was first flown on 5 June 2008.

Thegovernor-general's flagmay be flown from a vehicle in which the governor-general is travelling, or from a building in which the governor-general is present or is residing. The flag in its present form was adopted in 2008 and is a blue field with the shield of theNew Zealand coat of armssurmounted by a crown in the centre.[99][100]It takes precedence over thenational flag.[101]The national flag is generally employed when the governor-general undertakes a state visit abroad. The national flag is also flown athalf-mastupon the death of an incumbent or former governor-general.[102]

The design of the flag, with the shield and crown in the centre, mirrors thecollarbadge of the New Zealand Order of Merit which can only be worn by the sovereign and the governor-general.[99]

A viceregalsalute,composed of the first six bars of "God Save the King",is used to greet the governor-general upon arrival at, and mark their departure from most official events.[103]

Precedence and titles

edit

In theNew Zealand order of precedence,the governor-general outranks all individuals except the sovereign.[104]The governor-general andtheir spousearestyled"His/HerExcellency"during the term in office, and the governor-general is entitled to the style"The Right Honourable"for life upon assuming the office.[105]From 2006, former living governors-general were entitled to use the style "the Honourable", if they did not already hold the title or the higher appointment of Privy Counsellor.[66]

The incumbent governor-general uses the titles of Chancellor and Principal Knight or Dame Grand Companion of theNew Zealand Order of Merit[106]and Principal Companion of theKing's Service Order.[107]The governor-general is titledSirorDame.[108]

Official dress

edit
Lord Islingtonin the traditional ceremonial uniform

The governor-general is entitled to a specialcourt uniformthat is worn on ceremonial occasions, consisting of a dark navy wool double-breasted coatee with silver oak leaf and fern embroidery on the collar and cuffs trimmed with silver buttons embossed with theRoyal Arms;bullion-edgedepauletteson the shoulders; dark navy trousers with a wide band of silver oak-leaf braid down the outside seam; silver sword belt with ceremonial sword;bicornecocked hat withplumeof ostrich feathers; black patent leather Wellington boots with spurs, etc.[109]There is also a tropical version made of white tropical wool cut in a typical military fashion worn with a plumed helmet.[110]

This dress has fallen into disuse since the 1980s. Initially this was due toSir Paul Reeves,as a cleric, choosing not to wear a military uniform. Although not specifically colonial, the traditional dress was abandoned as overt reminders of a colonial legacy.[110]Usually the governor-general will now wear a black lounge jacket with morning dress trousers for men or formal day dress for women (or military uniform if they are already entitled to it) for ceremonial occasions and normal day dress at other times. The undress form of the uniform is still worn on rare occasions, such as when the governor-general visits military bases.[110]

History

edit

Governors

edit
Document appointing William Hobson as Lieutenant Governor of New Zealand in 1839
William Hobson, first Governor of New Zealand

From 1832James Busbywas assigned the post of officialBritish residentin New Zealand.[111]He played a role in drafting theTreaty of Waitangi,[111]which established British colonial rule over New Zealand. CaptainWilliam Hobsonwas first appointedlieutenant-governorof New Zealand byletters patenton 24 November 1840 (having previously been the Britishconsulto New Zealand), when New Zealand was part of thecolony of New South Wales.While Hobson is usually considered the first governor of New Zealand,Sir George Gippswas the first governoroverNew Zealand, albeit only in his capacity asgovernor of New South Wales,until New Zealand was established as a separate colony on 3 May 1841. Hobson continued in office until his death on 10 September 1842.[42]In Hobson's place theColonial Officeappointed CaptainRobert FitzRoy.FitzRoy struggled to keep order betweenMāoriandsettlerskeen to buy their land, with very limited financial and military resources at his disposal. Outbreak of the first armed conflicts of theNew Zealand Warsand FitzRoy's siding with Māori claims against theNew Zealand Companyand its settlers over land deals led to his recall by the Colonial Office in 1845.[112]

Sir George Grey, twice Governor of New Zealand and later Premier
Hercules Robinson, 1st Baron RosmeadProclamation as Governor (1879)

FitzRoy's replacement,Sir George Grey,is considered by some historians, such asMichael King,[113]to be the most important and influential governor of New Zealand. Grey was the last governor of New Zealand to act without reference to parliament. During his first term (1845–1852), Grey petitioned theBritish Parliamentto largely suspend the complexNew Zealand Constitution Act 1846(Grey briefly took the title "governor-in-chief" under the act but this was eventually reverted to governor), drafting his own constitution bill, which became theNew Zealand Constitution Act 1852.Grey's first term ended beforeresponsible governmentwas implemented, although he established the firstprovincesunder the 1846 Constitution Act, appointing alieutenant-governorfor each of the provinces:George Dean Pittfor theNew Ulster ProvinceandRobert Wynyardfor theNew Munster Province.[114]The office of lieutenant-governor was superseded by electedsuperintendentswith the implementation of the 1852 Constitution Act, in 1853.[115]

The task of overseeing the transition to a responsible government was left to Robert Wynyard, as theadministrator of the Government,who opened the1st New Zealand Parliamenton 24 May 1854.[116]Wynyard was quickly confronted by the demands from members of parliament for the ability to select ministers from among their number—rather than the governor deciding. The parliament passed a resolution to that effect on 2 June. Wynyard and theExecutive Council of New Zealandrefused to allow this, stating that the Colonial Office made no mention of responsible government in its dispatches. Wynyard then offered to add some elected members of parliament to the Executive Council, which he did—a compromise that worked for a few weeks, until on 1 August 1854, parliament again demanded complete power to appoint ministers. Wynyard refused and prorogued parliament for two weeks. Then on 31 August, he appointed more elected members to the Executive Council, but when Parliament met again on 8 August 1855, it moved a motion of no confidence in the members. Fortunately for Wynyard the next governor,Sir Thomas Gore Browne,arrived on 6 September 1855. Gore Browne's tenure saw the introduction of responsible government, which constrained the powers of the governor,[117]who now had to work with apremierand their ministers. In the following years, Gore Browne and PremierEdward Staffordclashed over whether the governor (and hence the imperial government) had control over Māori affairs, a key issue at the time with the ongoing New Zealand Wars. Stafford began the practice ofCabinetmeeting independently of the Executive Council, further reducing the influence of the governor.[118]Sir George Grey returned to New Zealand in 1861 for a second term. Grey struggled to meet the competing demands of the colonial and British governments. The New Zealand Wars had brought many thousands of British troops to New Zealand, and fearing further fighting Grey, with the support of Edward Stafford, evaded Colonial Office instructions to finalise their return to Britain. In the end, the Colonial Office recalled Grey in February 1868.[119]

After Grey, successive governors of New Zealand were derived from the British aristocracy and played a much less active role in government.[120]In only a few instances did the governor refuse the advice of the premier. Ironically this happened mainly during the tenure of Sir George Grey as premier of New Zealand from 1877 to 1879.[121]One famous instance of the use of the governor's powers came during the term ofSir Arthur Gordon.Gordon had left New Zealand on 13 September 1881 for a visit to the Pacific Islands. In his absence, PremierJohn HalladvisedChief JusticeJames Prendergast(well-known for his negative opinions about Māori from his decision in the caseWi Parata v the Bishop of Wellington), acting as the administrator, to order the invasion of the Māori pacifistTe Whiti o Rongomai's village atParihaka,something the Governor had indicated he was opposed to.[122]

Governors-General

edit

British subjects

edit

In 1907Sir Joseph Ward'sLiberal governmentpassed a resolution to create New Zealand as theDominion of New Zealand.This led to new letters patent being issued in 1917, which greatly curtailed the powers of the governor.[123]To reflect these changes, the office was renamed governor-general (equivalent to governors-general of otherdominions), with theEarl of Liverpool,the serving governor, becoming the first to be titled governor-general.[124]

In 1926, following theKing-Byng affairin Canada, an Imperial Conference approved theBalfour Declaration,which defined a British commonwealth as a freely associated grouping known as theBritish Commonwealth of Nations.[45]The Balfour Declaration was ratified by theParliament of the United Kingdomwith theStatute of Westminsterin 1931. The effect of the declaration was to elevate the governor-general from a representative of the British government to a regal position with all the theoretical constitutional powers of the sovereign. New Zealand did not ratify the Statute of Westminster until after theSecond World Warwith theStatute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947being passed on 25 November 1947.[125]

Despite adopting the statute later than most other Commonwealth realms, the functions of the governor-general in representing the British government were gradually reduced prior to the statute passing. For example, beginning in 1939, thehigh commissioner of the United Kingdom to New Zealandreplaced the governor-general as the foremost diplomatic representative of the British government in New Zealand.[45]

In 1945, New Zealand Prime MinisterPeter Frasersuggested thatSir Bernard Freyberg,the British-born commander of New Zealand's armed forces, be appointed governor-general.[14]Until 1967, the precedent was that governors-general were nominated by the British government'sForeign Office(and the predecessorColonial Office) in consultation with the New Zealand prime minister, who then recommended appointments to the sovereign.[126]

New Zealand citizens

edit
Dame Catherine Tizard,the first female governor-general, appointed in 1990

During the 1960s, the British government made strong overtures that the appointment of the governor-general should be made by the New Zealand prime minister and the monarch.[127]AGallup pollfor theAuckland Starnewspaper found 43 percent of respondents preferred Britons for the role, while 41 percent favoured New Zealanders and 6 percent candidates from other Commonwealth countries.[15] In 1967 the first New Zealand-born governor-general,Sir Arthur Porritt(later Lord Porritt), was appointed to the office, on the advice of the New Zealand Prime Minister,Keith Holyoake.[24]Porritt's appointment was followed bySir Denis Blundellin 1972, who was the first fully New Zealand-resident governor-general.[128]The appointment of New Zealand citizens and residents led to concerns that the constitutional convention that governors-general remain "above party politics" might be compromised,[16]especially with the appointment of former prime minister Sir Keith Holyoake to the role in 1977.[129]Despite this appointment, Holyoake was said to have acted in an impartial way, especially following the very close1981 general election.[130]

In 1983,letters patent were issued once again,further reducing the powers of the office.[131]The new letters patent were counter-signed by the New Zealand Prime Minister, symbolising the "patriation"of the office.[24]The governor-general now presided over the "Realm of New Zealand" instead of the "Dominion of New Zealand".[131]

Following the1984 constitutional crisis,the 1852 Constitution Act was replaced by theConstitution Act 1986and the governor-general's powers further limited. For example, section 16 of the 1986 act significantly narrowed section 56 of the 1852 act so that the governor-general has much less discretion to refuse Royal Assent to bills of parliament.[46][132]

With the patriation of the office came an expectation that the officeholders would be representative of New Zealanders generally;[128]since then a more diverse group of governors-general have been appointed. Former AnglicanArchbishop of New ZealandSir Paul Reeves(served 1985–90) was the first Māori Governor-General.[133]Dame Catherine Tizard(1990–96) was the first woman to be appointed to the office.[134]Sir Anand Satyanand(2006–11) was the first Governor-General ofIndianandPasifikadescent,[135]and the first Roman Catholic to hold the office.[136]

New Zealand Governor-GeneralDame Patsy Reddy(front row, leftmost) joins the Queen, other heads of state and heads of government at aD-Daycommemoration in the United Kingdom on 4 June 2019. The governor-general often represents New Zealand at gatherings of national leaders.

Beginning in the late 20th century, the governor-general has been performing more and more of the head of state's functions, such as travelling overseas, representing all New Zealanders at major international events and generally promoting New Zealand interests abroad.[8]The first time such a visit occurred was in 1989 for thestate funeral of the late Japanese EmperorHirohito.[137]New Zealand governors-general could not make state visits until 1992, when the King of Spain invited Dame Catherine Tizard on a State Visit for theSeville Expo '92.[138]Advisers atBuckingham Palacestated thatElizabeth IIwas unable to travel abroad in her capacity as the queen of New Zealand.[138]As a compromise, the Palace agreed that governors-general could accept invitations for state visits,[139]but that it must be made clear that the governor-general is the sovereign's representative.[137]At the 2007 commemorations of theBattle of Passchendaele,Governor-General Anand Satyanand represented New Zealand[140]on behalf of the Queen, while the Queen herself represented the United Kingdom.[141]

Governor-GeneraldesignateDame Cindy Kiroholds avirtual meetingwith the Queen in 2021

Reform of the office is usually only mentioned in the context of aNew Zealand republic.[142]Helen Clark, while defendingDame Silvia Cartwrightafter a political controversy surrounding Cartwright's comments on prison sentences, stated, "[o]ne of the challenges for us is we clearly are no longer a dominion of Britain where the Governor-General is exactly like the Queen. I think we need to consider how the role of Governor-General might evolve further. As you know, my view is that one day there will be a president fulfilling the kind of role the Governor-General does."[143]Others, such as ProfessorNoel Coxhave argued that the governor-general's role needs to be updated, rather than reforming the office.[31]

Some constitutional academics expressed concern that the process ofelectoral reformcould result in the governor-general having greater political influence due to the reserve powers of government formation.[40]In 1993, then Governor-General Dame Catherine Tizard caused controversy by suggesting that under the proposedmixed-member proportional(MMP) electoral system, the governor-general might need to use their reserve powers more often. This is because MMP elections usually do not result in a single governing party with an outright majority, thus requiring the governor-general to identify a minority parliamentary leader to form a government.[144]Following the adoption of MMP at a referendum later in 1993, Prime MinisterJim Bolgersuggested at the opening of parliament in 1994 that one reason New Zealand might move to a republic was that the governor-general would have more influence under the new electoral system.[145]In a 1996 address, Governor-GeneralSir Michael Hardie Boysclarified how he would use his powers in the case of an unclear electoral result; he maintained that politicians must decide who would govern, and only after a public announcement of their decision would he appoint a prime minister.[146]

In December 2009 a review of the Civil List Act 1979 by the Law Commission recommended that part 1 of the act be repealed, and replaced with a new Governor-General Bill to reflect the nature of the modern office of governor-general. The most significant change would be that the governor-general was no longer exempt from paying income tax on their salary. The changes proposed in the report would take effect for the appointment and term of the next governor-general.[147]The bill was introduced into the House of Representatives on 28 June 2010[148]and was granted Royal Assent on 22 November 2010.[149]

In 2020 a poll byCuria,commissioned byNew Zealand Republic,found 32 percent of New Zealanders thought the governor-general was the head of state, and only 18 percent could name the Queen as New Zealand's head of state (25 percent answered that it was the prime minister).[150]

See also

edit

References

edit

Footnotes

edit
  1. ^TheNew Zealand Governmentspells the title "governor-general"with ahyphen,[2]unlike thespelling in Canada,for instance.[3]Asgovernoris thenounin the title, it ispluralised;thus, "governors-general", rather than "governor-generals".[4]Moreover, both terms arecapitalisedwhen used in the formal title preceding an incumbent's name.
  2. ^The monarch's principal residence is in the UK. The King and other members of his family haveoccasionally toured New Zealand.[5]
  3. ^The governor-general issues awritgiving permission for an election to be held. Following the election, the writ is returned to theclerk of the House of Representativeswith the names of all successful candidates who have been elected to electorate seats.[56]
  4. ^See the advice of the Chief Justice,Sir Robert Stoutto the Governor-General,Viscount Jellicoe,in 1923, that "unless the Governor-General was satisfied that a stable Government could be formed as [an] alternative to the present Government it would be proper to grant a dissolution if requested by the Prime Minister"[57]
  5. ^Before a2006 reformof the letters patent, the governor-general had to ask the monarch's permission, via the prime minister, before leaving New Zealand.[71]

Citations

edit
  1. ^ab"Governor-General (Salary) Determination 2023".legislation.govt.nz.Parliamentary Counsel Office. 2023.Retrieved5 March2024.
  2. ^"Governor-General".New Zealand Government. 31 October 2016.Retrieved28 October2018.
  3. ^"The Governor General".Government of Canada.24 October 2018.Retrieved28 October2018.
  4. ^abMcLean, Gavin (28 September 2016)."Governors and governors-general".Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.Retrieved29 June2017.
  5. ^The Royal Household."The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and New Zealand > The Queen's role in New Zealand".Queen's Printer. Archived fromthe originalon 21 March 2015.Retrieved1 January2010.
  6. ^"Dame Cindy Kiro to be the next Governor-General, replacing Dame Patsy Reddy".Stuff.Archivedfrom the original on 24 May 2021.Retrieved24 May2021.
  7. ^abcdefgElizabeth II(28 October 1983),Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor-General of New Zealand,Parliamentary Counsel Office,retrieved11 March2022
  8. ^abMcLean 2006,p. 17.
  9. ^James, Colin(22 August 2006)."The huge challenge ahead of the Maori Queen's successor".The New Zealand Herald.Archived fromthe originalon 6 February 2012.
  10. ^"Republic 'inevitable' – Clark".The Evening Post.4 March 2002.
  11. ^abQuentin-Baxter & McLean 2017,p. 118.
  12. ^abc"Roles of the Governor-General".Government House: Governor-General of New Zealand.Retrieved1 July2017.
  13. ^abQuentin-Baxter & McLean 2017,p. 124.
  14. ^abJoseph 2014,p. 140.
  15. ^abcMcLean 2006,p. 277.
  16. ^abcdefgQuentin-Baxter & McLean 2017,p. 119.
  17. ^Working with David: inside the Lange cabinet by Michael Bassett.Auckland, New Zealand: Hodder Moa. 2008.ISBN978-1-86971-094-1.Archived fromthe originalon 11 February 2010.
  18. ^abcBoyce, Peter John (2008).The Queen's Other Realms: The Crown and Its Legacy in Australia, Canada and New Zealand.Federation Press. pp. 175–176.ISBN9781862877009.
  19. ^abcCox 2001,pp. 10–11.
  20. ^Cox 2001,p. 10.
  21. ^abG.A. Wood (2000)."Holyoake, Keith Jacka".Dictionary of New Zealand Biography.
  22. ^Henderson, John (1980).Rowling: The man and the myth.Australia New Zealand Press.[page needed]
  23. ^Doughty, Ross (1977).The Holyoake years.Feilding.[page needed]
  24. ^abc"Patriated".Ministry for Culture and Heritage.Retrieved12 May2018.
  25. ^abQuentin-Baxter & McLean 2017,p. 123.
  26. ^"Sir Geoffrey popular choice for governor-general – poll".The New Zealand Herald.26 November 2004.
  27. ^"Oath of Allegiance".www.beehive.govt.nz.New Zealand Government.Retrieved30 June2017.[permanent dead link]
  28. ^Keith Sinclair(1986).A Destiny Apart: New Zealand's Search for National Identity.Allen & Unwin.ISBN0868616907.
  29. ^"New Bills".Vol. XLIX, no. 4594.The Timaru Herald.18 July 1889. p. 3.Retrieved8 February2011.
  30. ^James, Colin(17 January 2006)."Election: the democratic way to select our Governor-general".The New Zealand Herald.Archived fromthe originalon 22 July 2006.
  31. ^abCox, Noel(8 February 2006)."Governor-general role needs an update".The New Zealand Herald.Archived fromthe originalon 22 October 2009.
  32. ^"Republic newsletter".February 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 12 October 2008.Retrieved5 May2008.
  33. ^Vance, Andrea."New bill doubles governor-general's severance".The Dominion Post.
  34. ^abNZPA(18 August 2010)."Call for 75% support from Parliament for new GGs".Otago Daily Times.Retrieved18 August2010.
  35. ^New Zealand Government (31 January 2005)."Governor General's term extended".Scoop.co.nz.
  36. ^Ardern, Jacinda (7 December 2018)."Helen Winkelmann appointed Chief Justice of New Zealand".beehive.govt.nz.Cabinet of New Zealand.Retrieved13 April2020.
  37. ^"Administrator of the Government".Governor-General of New Zealand.Retrieved3 September2017.
  38. ^See, for instance,Willoughby Shortland,"sometime acting Governor of New Zealand".
  39. ^Quentin-Baxter & McLean 2017,p. 125.
  40. ^abStockley, Andrew (1996). "Becoming a republic? Issues of Law". In Luke Trainor (ed.).Republicanism in New Zealand.Dunmore Press.
  41. ^ab"Republic: Newsletter of the Republican Movement of Aotearoa New Zealand: Putting the case"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 12 July 2007.Retrieved31 March2007.
  42. ^abSimpson, K.A. (1990)."Hobson, William".Dictionary of New Zealand Biography.
  43. ^Wards, Ian (1990)."FitzRoy, Robert".Dictionary of New Zealand Biography.Retrieved16 February2018.
  44. ^Sinclair, Keith (1990)."Grey, George".Dictionary of New Zealand Biography.Retrieved16 February2018.
  45. ^abcdefMcLean, Gavin."Governors and governors-general – Constitutional duties".Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.Retrieved15 May2018.
  46. ^abcdef"Constitution Act 1986".New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office. 1 January 1987.Retrieved22 October2018.
  47. ^Quentin-Baxter & McLean 2017,p. 136.
  48. ^abQuentin-Baxter & McLean 2017,pp. 178.
  49. ^abEichbaum, Chris (20 June 2012)."Cabinet government – What is cabinet?".Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.Retrieved1 July2017.
  50. ^"Our system of government".New Zealand Parliament.Retrieved30 June2017.
  51. ^McLean, Gavin (13 December 2016)."Premiers and prime ministers".Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.Retrieved30 June2017.
  52. ^ab"Modern duties".Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 14 June 2014.Retrieved1 July2017.
  53. ^ab"Executive Council – Cabinet Manual".Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.Retrieved1 September2016.
  54. ^"Seal of New Zealand Act 1977".
  55. ^"Roles and regalia at the Opening of Parliament".New Zealand Parliament. 13 October 2014. Archived fromthe originalon 25 December 2019.Retrieved24 October2018.
  56. ^Clerk of the House of Representatives (23 August 2017)."Writ-ten in the stars".New Zealand Parliament. Archived fromthe originalon 23 August 2017.Retrieved11 November2018.
  57. ^Memorandum on Interview with Sir Robert Stout,10 July 2013: ANZ R19162235.
  58. ^abPalmer, Geoffrey;Palmer, Matthew(2004).Bridled Power: New Zealand's Constitution and Government(Fourth ed.). Oxford University Press.ISBN0-19-558463-5.
  59. ^"The Royal Assent – turning bills into law".New Zealand Parliament. 5 July 2018.Retrieved19 August2019.
  60. ^Keith, Kenneth(2008)."On the Constitution of New Zealand: An Introduction to the Foundations of the Current Form of Government".Retrieved12 September2011.
  61. ^"The Reserve Powers".Governor-General of New Zealand.Retrieved1 July2017.
  62. ^Joseph 2014,pp. 570–571.
  63. ^John McSoriley (October 2005)."The New Zealand Constitution".Parliament of New Zealand.
  64. ^"The Executive and the Whitlam Dismissal".Northern Territory University.Archived fromthe originalon 13 October 2016.Retrieved22 May2009.
  65. ^Fitzgerald v Muldoon 2NZLR615 (1976)
  66. ^abCartwright, Silvia(23 June 2006)."Modern aspects of the role of the Governor‑General of New Zealand".Governor-general of New Zealand.Retrieved13 August2007.
  67. ^"The Royal Prerogative of Mercy".Governor-General of New Zealand.Retrieved1 July2017.
  68. ^Cox, Noel (December 2007). "The Royal Prerogative in the Realms".Commonwealth Law Bulletin.33(4): 611–638.doi:10.1080/03050710701814839.S2CID143050540.
  69. ^"A timeline of David Bain's case".Radio New Zealand.2 August 2016.Retrieved1 July2017.
  70. ^ab"International Role".gg.govt.nz.Governor-General of New Zealand. 15 June 2017.Retrieved5 November2020.
  71. ^Yang, Unity Elias (2014).Last Great Queen?: Elizabeth II, Mother of leadership, Seen from the crowd.AuthorHouse. p. 189.ISBN9781491895160.
  72. ^Quentin-Baxter & McLean 2017,pp. 282–285.
  73. ^McLean 2006,pp. 16–17.
  74. ^Quentin-Baxter & McLean 2017,p. 147.
  75. ^"Review of Defence Force Standards of Behaviour".State Services Commission.16 July 2002. Archived fromthe originalon 16 December 2007.Retrieved13 July2007.
  76. ^Rolfe, Jim (20 June 2012)."Armed forces – Governance of the New Zealand armed forces".Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.Retrieved7 April2022.
  77. ^ab"The Governor-General's role as Commander-in-Chief".Governor-General of New Zealand. 10 December 2008. Archived from the original on 6 February 2016.Retrieved24 October2016.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  78. ^abcdMcLean, Gavin (28 September 2016)."Governors and governors-general – Community duties".Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.Retrieved29 June2017.
  79. ^ab"Current Vice-regal patronages".Governor-General of New Zealand.Retrieved29 June2017.
  80. ^"Trailblazers: Lady Victoria Plunket".The New Zealand Herald.16 September 2018.Retrieved19 August2019.
  81. ^"Sir Keith Holyoake".Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 15 July 2014.Retrieved5 November2018.Last century most Governors-General were Freemasons, and they included visits to lodges in their tours of the country.
  82. ^"The governance structure of St John".St John New Zealand.Retrieved5 November2018.
  83. ^"Overview of The New Zealand Royal Honours System".www.dpmc.govt.nz/honours.Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.Retrieved27 March2013.
  84. ^"Waitangi Day Garden Reception Ballot information".Governor-General of New Zealand.Retrieved5 November2020.
  85. ^"Governor-General issues New Year message for 2009".Governor-General of New Zealand. 2 January 2009.Retrieved2 January2009.
  86. ^ab"The Governor-General's Rolls-Royce".NZHistory.Ministry for Culture and Heritage.Retrieved21 September2010.
  87. ^"Cost of the Monarchy".Monarchy New Zealand.2009. Archived fromthe originalon 5 February 2013.Retrieved2 October2010.
  88. ^"Vote Prime Minister and Cabinet"(PDF).New Zealand Treasury.May 2010. pp. 269–270. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 26 May 2010.Retrieved2 October2010.
  89. ^"Monarchy New Zealand Calls for the Resignation of Republican Chair"(PDF).28 October 2010. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 22 July 2011.Retrieved15 November2010.
  90. ^"Civil List Act 1979".Knowledge Basket.Retrieved8 August2007.
  91. ^"Governor-General Act 2010 No 122 (as at 01 March 2017), Public Act".New Zealand Legislation.Retrieved30 June2017.
  92. ^Duff, Michelle (27 February 2017)."Government House".Governor-General of New Zealand.Retrieved30 June2017.
  93. ^"Government Houses $44m facelift".28 March 2011.Retrieved18 April2011.
  94. ^"Speech at the opening of the Government House Visitor Centre, Wellington".Government House, Wellington: Governor-General of New Zealand. 14 November 2012.Retrieved30 June2017.
  95. ^McLean, Gavin (28 September 2016)."Governors and governors-general – Vice-regal support".Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.Retrieved24 October2018.
  96. ^"Who we are".Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.Retrieved24 October2018.
  97. ^"The Governor-General on the move".NZHistory.Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 2 September 2016.Retrieved9 November2018.
  98. ^"Jaguar sale".Government House. 16 August 2011.Retrieved9 November2018.
  99. ^ab"New flag for Governor-General".Beehive.govt.nz(Press release). New Zealand Government. 3 June 2008.Retrieved24 October2018.
  100. ^"The Governor-General's flag".Governor-General of New Zealand.Retrieved30 June2017.
  101. ^"Other flags".Ministry for Culture and Heritage.Retrieved24 October2018.
  102. ^"Half-masting the New Zealand Flag".Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 30 November 2017.Retrieved24 October2018.
  103. ^ "Instructions for Playing the Anthem",Encyclopaedia of New Zealand,Ministry for Culture and Heritage, 1966,If the first six bars only are used, as for a salute to the governor-general as the Queen's representative, the anthem is to be played "fortissimo" at M.M. 60 crotchets.
  104. ^"2015 Order of Precedence in New Zealand"(PDF).Governor-general of New Zealand. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 4 March 2016.Retrieved30 June2017.
  105. ^Clark, Helen(17 July 2006)."Changes to rules around use of title".The Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet of New Zealand. Archived fromthe originalon 27 September 2007.Retrieved21 August2007.
  106. ^Statutes of the New Zealand Order of Merit1996, reg 5
  107. ^Statutes of the Queen's Service Order1975, reg 4
  108. ^"Reinstatement of Titles In the New Zealand Honours System Questions and Answers"(PDF).beehive.govt.nz.New Zealand Government.Retrieved19 July2023.
  109. ^Trendell, Hebert A. P. (1912).Dress worn at His Majesty's court: issued with the authority of the Lord Chamberlain.London: Harrison and Sons. pp.49,50.Retrieved28 October2018.
  110. ^abcCox 2001,p. 20.
  111. ^abOrange, Claudia (1990),"Busby James",Dictionary of New Zealand Biography,retrieved25 October2018
  112. ^Wards, Ian (1990),"FitzRoy, Robert",Dictionary of New Zealand Biography,retrieved22 October2018
  113. ^King, Michael(2003).The Penguin History of New Zealand.Penguin.
  114. ^McLean 2006,p. 44.
  115. ^Brett 2016,p. 61.
  116. ^McLean 2006,p. 50.
  117. ^McLean 2006,p. 49.
  118. ^Bohan, Edmund (1994).Edward Stafford: New Zealand's first statesman.Christchurch: Hazard Press.ISBN0-908790-67-8.
  119. ^Sinclair, Keith(7 April 2006)."Dictionary of New Zealand Biography George Grey 1812 – 1898".Retrieved3 July2007.
  120. ^McLean 2006,p. 115.
  121. ^McLean 2006.
  122. ^McLean 2006,pp. 102–104.
  123. ^Joseph 2014,pp. 155–157.
  124. ^"Second Earl of Liverpool".Ministry for Culture and Heritage.Retrieved22 October2018.
  125. ^McIntyre, W. David (20 June 2012)."Self-government and independence – Towards a republic?".Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.Retrieved22 October2018.
  126. ^Joseph 2014,pp. 140–141.
  127. ^McLean 2006,p. 256.
  128. ^abMcLean, Gavin (20 June 2012)."Governors and governors-general – Changing characteristics".Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.Retrieved22 October2018.
  129. ^Quentin-Baxter & McLean 2017,p. 120.
  130. ^Quentin-Baxter & McLean 2017,p. 121.
  131. ^abJoseph 2014,p. 154.
  132. ^Joseph 2014,p. 162.
  133. ^"Sir Paul Reeves".Ministry for Culture and Heritage.Retrieved25 October2018.
  134. ^"The Hon Dame Catherine Tizard, GCMG, GCVO, DBE, QSO".Governor-General of New Zealand. January 1990.Retrieved23 October2018.
  135. ^Leckie, Jacqueline."Anand Satyanand: A prominent son of the Indian diaspora"(PDF).New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies.16(2): 31–46.Retrieved25 October2018.
  136. ^Satyanand, Anand (18 February 2009).Speech to Australasian Network of Pastoral Planners(Speech). Wellington: Government House.Retrieved26 October2018.Much was made of the fact that I was New Zealand's first Governor-General of Asian descent. But there was almost no comment at all on my being New Zealand's first Governor-General who was also a Catholic.
  137. ^abMcLean 2006,p. 315.
  138. ^abTizard 2010,p. 263.
  139. ^Tizard 2010,p. 264.
  140. ^"Governor-General visits Belgium for Passchendaele Commemoration".Government House. 6 July 2007.
  141. ^"Queen Elizabeth II, Belgian royals pay tribute to allied soldiers of Passchendaele battle".International Herald Tribune.Associated Press. 11 July 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 20 February 2008.
  142. ^McLean 2006,p. 347.
  143. ^NZPA(15 August 2002)."Clark foresees president role".The New Zealand Herald.Retrieved23 July2007.
  144. ^Cox, Noel (2002)."The Effect of the Advent of the Mixed-Member Proportional Voting System Upon the Role of the Governor-General of New Zealand".University of Auckland. p. 434.Retrieved27 October2016.
  145. ^Bolger, Jim(March 1994).Address-In-Reply debate, state opening of Parliament.
  146. ^Hardie Boys, Michael (24 May 1996).The Role of the Governor-General under MMP(Speech). Address to the Annual Dinner of the Institute of International Affairs. Wellington.
  147. ^"Review of the Civil List Act 1979: Law Comm Report".New Zealand Law Commission.17 December 2009.Retrieved18 December2009.
  148. ^"Parliament of New Zealand – Order Paper"(PDF).Parliamentary Counsel Office (New Zealand).30 June 2010. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 30 March 2012.
  149. ^"Governor-General Act 2010".legislation.govt.nz.Parliamentary Counsel Office. 22 November 2010.
  150. ^"Most New Zealanders View Gov-Gen As Head Of State | Scoop News".Scoop.co.nz.16 June 2020.Retrieved15 July2020.

Bibliography

edit
edit