Wikipedia

Evolved High Speed Packet Access

(Redirected fromHSPA+)

Evolved High Speed Packet Access,HSPA+,HSPA(Plus) orHSPAP,is atechnical standardforwireless broadbandtelecommunication. It is the second phase ofHSPAwhich has been introduced in 3GPP release 7 and being further improved in later 3GPP releases. HSPA+ can achieve data rates of up to 42.2 Mbit/s.[1]It introduces antenna array technologies such asbeamformingandmultiple-input multiple-output communications(MIMO). Beamforming focuses the transmitted power of an antenna in a beam toward the user's direction. MIMO uses multiple antennas on the sending and receiving side. Further releases of the standard have introduced dual carrier operation, i.e. the simultaneous use of two 5 MHz carriers. HSPA+ is an evolution of HSPA that upgrades the existing 3G network and provides a method for telecom operators to migrate towards 4G speeds that are more comparable to the initially available speeds of newerLTEnetworks without deploying a new radio interface. HSPA+ should not be confused withLTEthough, which uses an air interface based onorthogonal frequency-divisionmodulation and multiple access.[2]

HSPA+ sign shown in notification bar on an Android-based smartphone.

Advanced HSPA+ is a further evolution of HSPA and providesdata ratesup to 84.4 and 168Megabits per second(Mbit/s) to the mobile device (downlink) and 22 Mbit/s from the mobile device (uplink) under ideal signal conditions. Technically these are achieved through the use of a multiple-antenna technique known asMIMO(for "multiple-input and multiple-output" ) and higherorder modulation(64QAM) or combining multiple cells into one with a technique known as Dual-Cell HSDPA.

edit

Evolved HSDPA (HSPA+)

edit
Cellular network standards and generation timeline.

AnEvolved HSDPAnetwork can theoretically support up to 28 Mbit/s and 42 Mbit/s with a single 5 MHz carrier for Rel7 (MIMO with 16QAM) and Rel8 (64-QAM+MIMO), in good channel conditions with low correlation between transmit antennas. Although, real speeds are far lower. Besides the throughput gain from doubling the number of cells to be used, some diversity and joint scheduling gains can also be achieved.[3]The QoS (Quality of Service) can be particularly improved for end users in poor radio reception where they cannot benefit from the other WCDMA capacity improvements (MIMO and higher order modulations) due to poor radio signal quality. In 3GPP a study item was completed in June 2008. The outcome can be found in technical report 25.825.[4]An alternative method to double the data rates is to double the bandwidth to 10 MHz (i.e. 2×5 MHz) by using DC-HSDPA.

Dual-Carrier HSDPA (DC-HSDPA)

edit

Dual-Carrier HSDPA,also known as Dual-Cell HSDPA, is part of3GPPRelease 8 specification. It is the natural evolution of HSPA by means ofcarrier aggregationin the downlink. UMTS licenses are often issued as 5, 10, or 20 MHz paired spectrum allocations. The basic idea of the multicarrier feature is to achieve better resource utilization and spectrum efficiency by means of joint resource allocation and load balancing across the downlink carriers.[5]

New HSDPAUser Equipment categories 21-24have been introduced that support DC-HSDPA. DC-HSDPA can support up to 42.2 Mbit/s, but unlike HSPA, it does not need to rely on MIMO transmission.

The support of MIMO in combination with DC-HSDPA will allow operators deploying Release 7 MIMO to benefit from the DC-HSDPA functionality as defined in Release 8. While in Release 8 DC-HSDPA can only operate on adjacent carriers, Release 9 also allows that the paired cells can operate on two different frequency bands. Later releases allow the use of up to four carriers simultaneously.

From Release 9 onwards it will be possible to use DC-HSDPA in combination with MIMO being used on both carriers. The support of MIMO in combination with DC-HSDPA will allow operators even more capacity improvements within their network. This will allow the theoretical speed of up to 84.4 Mbit/s.[6][7]

User Equipment (UE) Categories

edit

The following table is derived from table 5.1a of the release 11 of 3GPP TS 25.306[8]and shows maximum data rates of different device classes and by what combination of features they are achieved. The per-cell per-stream data rate is limited by theMaximum number of bits of an HS-DSCH transport block received within an HS-DSCH TTIand theMinimum inter-TTI interval.The TTI is 2 ms. So for example Cat 10 can decode 27,952 bits/2 ms = 13.976 Mbit/s (and not 14.4 Mbit/s as often claimed incorrectly). Categories 1-4 and 11 have inter-TTI intervals of 2 or 3, which reduces the maximum data rate by that factor. Dual-Cell and MIMO 2x2 each multiply the maximum data rate by 2, because multiple independent transport blocks are transmitted over different carriers or spatial streams, respectively. The data rates given in the table are rounded to one decimal point.

Notes:
  1. ^16-QAM implies QPSK support, 64-QAM implies 16-QAM and QPSK support.
  2. ^The maximal code rate is not limited. A value close to 1 in this column indicates that the maximum data rate can be achieved only in ideal conditions. The device is therefore connected directly to the transmitter to demonstrate these data rates.
  3. ^The maximum data rates given in the table are physical layer data rates. Application layer data rate is approximately 85% of that, due to the inclusion of IP headers (overhead information) etc.
  4. ^Category 19 was specified in Release 7 as "For further use". Not until Release 8 simultaneous use of 64QAM and MIMO were allowed to obtain the specified max. data rate.
  5. ^Category 20 was specified in Release 7 as "For further use". Not until Release 8 simultaneous use of 64QAM and MIMO were allowed to obtain the specified max. data rate.
edit

Dual-Carrier HSUPA (DC-HSUPA)

edit

Dual-Carrier HSUPA,also known asDual-Cell HSUPA,is a wireless broadband standard based on HSPA that is defined in3GPPUMTSrelease 9.

Dual Cell (DC-)HSUPA is the natural evolution of HSPA by means of carrier aggregation in the uplink.[9]UMTS licenses are often issued as 10 or 15 MHz paired spectrum allocations. The basic idea of the multicarrier feature is to achieve better resource utilization and spectrum efficiency by means of joint resource allocation and load balancing across the uplink carriers.

Similar enhancements as introduced withDual-Cell HSDPAin the downlink for 3GPP Release 8 were standardized for the uplink in 3GPP Release 9, called Dual-Cell HSUPA. The standardisation of Release 9 was completed in December 2009.[10][11][12]

User Equipment (UE) Categories

edit

The following table shows uplink speeds for the different categories of Evolved HSUPA.

Multi-carrier HSPA (MC-HSPA)

edit

The aggregation of more than two carriers has been studied and3GPPRelease 11 is scheduled to include 4-carrier HSPA. The standard was scheduled to be finalised in Q3 2012 and first chipsets supporting MC-HSPA in late 2013. Release 11 specifies 8-carrier HSPA allowed in non-contiguous bands with 4 × 4MIMOoffering peak transfer rates up to672 Mbit/s.

The 168 Mbit/s and 22 Mbit/s represent theoretical peak speeds. The actual speed for a user will be lower. In general, HSPA+ offers higher bitrates only in very good radio conditions (very close to the cell tower) or if the terminal and network both support eitherMIMOorDual-Cell HSDPA,which effectively use two parallel transmit channels with different technical implementations.

The higher 168 Mbit/s speeds are achieved by using multiple carriers withDual-Cell HSDPAand 4-wayMIMOtogether simultaneously.[13][14]

All-IP architecture

edit

A flattened all-IP architecture is an option for the network within HSPA+. In this architecture, the base stations connect to the network via IP (often Ethernet providing the transmission), bypassing legacy elements for the user's data connections. This makes the network faster and cheaper to deploy and operate. The legacy architecture is still permitted with the Evolved HSPA and is likely to exist for several years after adoption of the other aspects of HSPA+ (higher-order modulation, multiple streams, etc.).

This 'flat architecture' connects the 'user plane' directly from the base station to theGGSNexternal gateway, using any available link technology supporting TCP/IP. The definition can be found in3GPP TR25.999.The user's data flow bypasses the Radio Network Controller (RNC) and theSGSNof the previous 3GPP UMTS architecture versions, thus simplifying the architecture, reducing costs and delays. This is nearly identical to the3GPP Long Term Evolution(LTE) flat architecture as defined in the 3GPP standard Rel-8. The changes allow cost-effective modern link layer technologies such as xDSL or Ethernet, and these technologies are no longer tied to the more expensive and rigid requirements of the older standard of SONET/SDH and E1/T1 infrastructure.

There are no changes to the 'control plane'.

Nokia Siemens NetworksInternet HSPA(I-HSPA) was the first commercial solution implementing the Evolved HSPA flattened all-IP architecture.[15]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^"HSPA".About Us.Archived fromthe originalon 2017-07-09.Retrieved2016-03-30.
  2. ^"Ericsson Review #1 2009 - Continued HSPA Evolution of mobile broadband"(PDF).Ericsson.com. 27 January 2009. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 5 June 2014.Retrieved2014-06-01.
  3. ^R1-081546, “Initial multi-carrier HSPA performance evaluation”, Ericsson, 3GPP TSG-RAN WG1 #52bis, April, 2008
  4. ^"3GPP specification: 25.825".3gpp.org.
  5. ^"Dual-Cell HSPA and its Future Evolution - Nomor Research".nomor. 2010-10-10. Archived fromthe originalon 2014-02-01.Retrieved2016-03-30.
  6. ^"2009-03: Standardisation updates on HSPA Evolution - Nomor Research".nomor. 2010-10-10. Archived fromthe originalon 2014-02-01.Retrieved2016-03-30.
  7. ^"Dual carrier HSPA: DC-HSPA, DC-HSPDA".Archived fromthe originalon 2018-11-20.Retrieved2016-03-14.
  8. ^3GPP TS 25.306 v11.0.0http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/25306.htm
  9. ^"Nomor 3GPP Newsletter 2009-03: Standardisation updates on HSPA Evolution".Archived fromthe originalon 2014-02-01.Retrieved2016-03-14.
  10. ^3GPP releases
  11. ^Nomor 3GPP Newsletter 2009-03: Standardisation updates on HSPA EvolutionArchived2014-02-01 at theWayback Machine,nomor.de
  12. ^"Nomor Research White Paper: Dual-Cell HSDPA and its Evolution".Archived fromthe originalon 2014-02-01.Retrieved2016-03-14.
  13. ^Klas Johansson; Johan Bergman; Dirk Gerstenberger; Mats Blomgren; Anders Wallén (28 January 2009)."Multi-Carrier HSPA Evolution"(PDF).Ericsson.com. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 26 May 2013.Retrieved2014-06-01.
  14. ^"White paper Long Term HSPA Evolution Mobile broadband evolution beyond 3GPP Release 10"(PDF).Nokiaslemensnetworks.com. 14 December 2010. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2012-03-18.Retrieved2014-06-01.
  15. ^[1]ArchivedJanuary 2, 2011, at theWayback Machine
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evolved_High_Speed_Packet_Access&oldid=1228677540"